Food Production Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Part 1 docx

FOOD PRODUCTION – APPROACHES, CHALLENGES AND TASKS Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Skalamera Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks, Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-887-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Sustainable Food Production: Case Studies 1 Chapter 1 To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to Multipurpose Semi-Perennial Legumes 3 Henning Høgh-Jensen Chapter 2 Issues in Caribbean Food Security: Building Capacity in Local Food Production Systems 25 Clinton Beckford Chapter 3 Permanent Internal Migration as Response to Food Shortage: Implication to Ecosystem Services in Southern Burkina Faso 41 Issa Ouedraogo, Korodjouma Ouattara, Séraphine Kaboré/Sawadogo, Souleymane Paré and Jennie Barron Chapter 4 Food Security and Challenges of Urban Agriculture in the Third World Countries 55 R.A. Olawepo Chapter 5 Climate Change Implications for Crop Production in Pacific Islands Region 67 Morgan Wairiu, Murari Lal and Viliamu Iese Chapter 6 Strengthening Endogenous Regional Development in Western Mexico 87 Peter R.W. Gerritsen Chapter 7 Enhanced Food Production by Applying a Human Rights Approach – Does Brazil Serve as a Model of Best Practice? 103 Hans Morten Haugen VI Contents Chapter 8 Achieving Household Food Security: How Much Land is Required? 127 P. Ralevic, S.G. Patil and G.W. vanLoon Part 2 Scientific Methods for Improving Food Safety and Quality 143 Chapter 9 Physical Factors for Plant Growth Stimulation Improve Food Quality 145 Anna Aladjadjiyan Chapter 10 Milk Biodiversity: Future Perspectives of Milk and Dairy Products from Autochthonous Dairy Cows Reared in Northern Italy 169 Ricardo Communod, Massimo Faustini, Luca Maria Chiesa, Maria Luisa Torre, Mario Lazzati and Daniele Vigo Chapter 11 Rapid Methods as Analytical Tools for Food and Feed Contaminant Evaluation: Methodological Implications for Mycotoxin Analysis in Cereals 185 Federica Cheli, Anna Campagnoli, Luciano Pinotti and Vittorio Dell’Orto Chapter 12 Natural Hormones in Food-Producing Animals: Legal Measurements and Analytical Implications 205 Patricia Regal, Alberto Cepeda and Cristina A. Fente Chapter 13 Aluminium in Acid Soils: Chemistry, Toxicity and Impact on Maize Plants 231 Dragana Krstic, Ivica Djalovic, Dragoslav Nikezic and Dragana Bjelic Chapter 14 Genetic Characterization of Global Rice Germplasm for Sustainable Agriculture 243 Wengui Yan Preface Contemporary development of mankind is facing two main problems – food insufficiency and energy shortage. Both are consequences of a fast growing of human population – today the world's population has reached 7 billion and the birthrate is expected to prevail in developing countries. The rising human population needs more food and more energy for high-quality life. Both requirements are in concurrence as far as the raw materials for food production and for energy from renewable sources are often the same. This book is dedicated to food production and the problems associated with the satisfaction of food needs in different parts of the world. On one hand, the emerging food crisis requires development of sustainable food production and on the other hand, the quality and safety of the food produced should be guaranteed. The book is divided in two sections; the first section is related to social issues rising from food insufficiency in the third world countries, and is titled “Sustainable food production: Case studies”.The second section is titled “Scientific methods for improving food quality and safety” and covers the problems caused by the use of artificial compounds for increasing food production, and the methods for improvement of food quality and safety. The first section of the book contains 8 chapters. The necessity of innovative approaches in food production and consumption is discussed in Chapter 1 – “To meet future food demands we need to change from annual grain legumes to multipurpose semi-perennial legumes”, written by Henning Høgh-Jensen. This chapter investigates the possibilities for introduction of new models of plant breeding for sustainable food production in Southern and Eastern semi- arid.Food security in the Caribbean and Jamaica, and the necessity of building capacity of local food producers are covered by Clinton Beckford in Chapter 2. The gender issue as a possibility to increase food production and build-up food security and sustainability is also considered. Chapter 3, written by Ouedraogo et al. is focused on food shortage in Burkina Faso and its reflection on the ecosystem as a consequence of population dynamics and land X Preface use changes. The impact of traditional farming systems of four ethnical groups on the ecosystem is investigated. The problems of food security and the impact of urban agriculture in third world countries with the example of Nigeria are in described in Chapter 4, written by Olawepo. The impact of rural-urban migration on food shortage could be decreased if any form of economic activities involving food production, farming, marketing and animal husbandry would be practiced by urban residents, within the city, around it, and in rural land areas surrounding the city. This industry is rather spread-out in the developing countries and could favorably affect food sustainability. It is well known that the plant production depends strongly on climate changes. Implications of climate change on crop production in Pacific Islands region are investigated in Chapter 5, written by Morgan Wairiu, Murari Lal, and Viliamu Iese. The negative impact of globalization on the regional agricultural development of western Mexico, and the perspectives for new rural development as a solution of the problem are discussed in chapter 6, written by Peter Gerritsen. In chapter 7, Hans Morten Haugen studies the impact of human rights on the enhancement of food production in Brazil. Both concurrent possibilities for food (sugar) or energy (bioethanol) production are taken into account. In chapter 8, Ralevich et al. explore what is the minimum land area necessary to satisfy the food and fodder requirements of households’ needs on the basis of primary field data in Southern India . The second section is comprised of 6 chapters. Chapter 9 by A.Aladjadjiyan discusses the substitution of chemical additives for plant protection and soil fertilizers with physical methods of plant treatment. The effectiveness of irradiation with electromagnetic waves from different sources and parts of electromagnetic spectrum, treatment with static magnetic field and ultrasound is also discussed. Chapter 10 refers to food quality and security control. F. Cheli et al. examine possibilities for objective assessment of food quality and security. Authors conclude that existing rapid analytical approaches can be optimized and applied for control of contaminants and undesirable substances in food. Special attention is paid to the sampling procedure. The following two chapters of the book cover animal husbandry. The problems of autochthonous diary cattle breeding in Northern Italy are in the focus of Chapter 11, written by R. Communod et al. The impact of breeding on conservation of biodiversity, and functional and sensory properties of dairy products is discussed. [...]... sustainable and safe food production It will be an interesting and helpful resource to specialists and students in the field of Food Production Dr Anna Aladjadjiyan Agricultural University, Plovdiv Bulgaria XI Part 1 Sustainable Food Production: Case Studies 1 To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to Multipurpose Semi-Perennial Legumes Henning Høgh-Jensen Department of... signifies 10 tonnes farm yard manure per hectare and N signifies 12 0 kg nitrogen and 52 kg phosphorus per hectare in inorganic fertilizers (modified from Kapkiyai et al., 19 99) To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to Multipurpose Semi-Perennial Legumes 7 Soil feeding strategy Particulate organic carbon (mg C kg -1 soil) Total soil organic carbon (tonnes C ha -1) No addition... suffering Natural resource management is in distress and most rural Africans remain poor and food insecure despite widespread macroeconomic, political and sectorial reforms Most predictions are that these Africans will remain food insecure in the foreseeable future (Pinstrup-Andersen & Pandya-Lorch, 20 01) Innovations are, however, changing this landscape much faster than we could expect A market-oriented... annual structure they must be reseeded every season with consequences for investing resources and 4 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks potential susceptibility for unfavourable growth conditions during the renewed crop establishment phase Legume seeds hold a carbon-nitrogen ratio of approximately 10 compared to values up to 30 for cereals Thus from a diet point of view, grain legumes are... (control) 713 24.5 Maize stover retention 748 25.5 FYM 14 59 26.0 No organic material + inorganic fertilizers 695 24.0 Maize stover retention + inorganic fertilizers 942 25.0 FYM + inorganic fertilizers 15 14 26.0 Maize stover retention + FYM + inorganic fertilizers 16 13 28.0 Table 1 Long-term effects on soil organic carbon pools of different soil feeding strategies (after Kapkiyai et al., 19 99) 3 Crop... competitors (Drucker, 19 85, p 27) Or more broadly, some see an innovation in an idea, practice or object that is new to the individual; a newness that gives a value to the individual when implemented (Rogers & Shoemakers, 19 71, p 19 ; Urabe, 19 88, p 3) So we can say that innovation is linked to entrepreneurs and it represents newness, it has a relation to invention or to its process of adoption and is as such... approximately 5 kg of additional grain for each kg of applied inorganic nitrogen The example of Twomlow et al (2 010 ), however, demonstrates that the scientists apparently never checked the socioeconomic conditions for the farmers but only tested the geophysical- 6 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks ecological conditions by trials across multiple farms They did not ask the simple question to the... of Chapter 13 , written by Dragana Krstic et al The role of aluminium in soil acidity and toxicity, and its influence on the insufficient development of maize root is clarified Finally, Chapter 14 , written by Yan Wengui presents genetic characterization of rice germplasm and its impact on sustainable rice production The rice collection of USDA gene bank, geographic analysis of global rice and genetic...Preface Regal, Cepeda and Fente consider the impact of natural hormones in food producing animals on human health in Chapter 12 A comparison of EU and US legislation in this matter, and its impact on the trade is presented The conclusion is that the methods of hormone abuse in livestock production need to be further developed The impact of soil acidity on productivity and quality of maize plants... only change little and slowly but it is in the intermediate carbon pools that the management differences are detectable Similar findings under Asian conditions have been presented by Wen (19 84), by Khan et al (2007 for North American conditions, and under North Scandinavian conditions by Ågren & Bosatta (19 96) Fig 2 Long-term effect of residue/manure management in Kabete, Kenya, after 18 yr on a Humic . FOOD PRODUCTION – APPROACHES, CHALLENGES AND TASKS Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Edited by Anna. at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Sustainable Food Production: Case Studies 1 Chapter 1 To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to. to food production and the problems associated with the satisfaction of food needs in different parts of the world. On one hand, the emerging food crisis requires development of sustainable food