Experimental researches in chemistry and physics

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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

RY

MICHAEL FARADAY, |D.C.L., F.R.S.,

PELLERTAN PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY IN THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BHITAIN HOX MEM R.3.E

LE MEKITE”

"AMB, PRIL., AND MED CHIRUKG, 80CC., F.G.8., ORD BORU6SL “ POUR,

COMMANDER OF THE LEGION OF HONOUR, INSTIT, IP (ACAD SC.)

PARIS, SOCIUS, ACADD IMP SC VINDOR EP PETHOM, REG SC BEROL, TAURIN., HOLM., MONAC., NEAPOL., AMSTELOD}, BRUNELL., BONON., ITAL

MIT, RBG, GOTTING., ET HAFN., UPSAL., HARLEM,

ACA AMER BOST., ET 80C, AMER FHILAD SOCIUS, ACAD, PAXORM,, SOCC GEORG PLORENT., ET PHILOM PARIS., INSTIT, WASHINGTON., ET ACAD

IMP MED PARTS CORRERP ETC

Rereisrep rrow Tie Prsvosopurcan TRANSACTIONS OF 1821—1857 ; ‘Te Jovaxau op tHe Royan IxerirtTiox; Tng PHILOSOPHICAL MÍAGAZINE,

AND OTITER PUBLICATIONS

LONDON;

RICHARD TAYLOR AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVEXSITY UF LONDON,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

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PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND PRANGTS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

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PREFACI

Tue reasons which induce me t

this Volume the various physical scattered in the Philosophical Tr

where, are the same as those which mental Researches in Electricity ’ t

Series As investigations, severa

imperfect ; but it was thought a d as they were, that they might be re

facts, opinions, and dates, as the o

correction of certain phrases and and the addition of some matter he

proper date, is not considered as intention MIG October, 1858 HIGH-QUALITY SAMPLE PAGE Le gather together in nd chemical papers ansactions and else-

caused the ‘ Experi- be collected into one

of them are very

ty to print them just erred to as safely for

The

ypographical errors, riginal papers

e and there with its interfering with this

HAEL FARADAY

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Analysis 0Ÿ native caustie lime | - kh và 1 Eseape of gases through capillary tubes ¬— 3 Passage of gases through tubes 2.6 su KH ng vn 6 Cowbnstion of the diamond bees ¬ "ID: Apparatus for the eoinbustion oŸ the diamond : ul Oxide of silver in ammonia ¬ 13 Combinations of ammonia with chlorides 18 Sounds prodneed by flame in tubes - 31 Action of boracic acid on turmeric 27 Change of vegetable colours as an alkaline property 29 Action of salts on turmeric paper - 3l Decomposition of chloride of silver by hydrogen and by zine đi

Two new conipounds of chlorine aud carbon, & 33

New compound of chlorine and carbon (PAi/fips and Faraday)

Vapour of mercury at common temperatures: ¬—

Allovs of steel (Stodart and Puraday) Sone AZ

Hydriodide of carbon " ¬ 8h Tiydrate of chlorine - sub sờ - " 81 Fluid chlorine - Rh Condensation of several gases into liquids và 89 Liquefaction and solidification of bodies generally existing as gases 96

Historical statement —liquefaction of gases 124 History of the condensation of gases 4L 135 Change of musket balls in Shrapnel shells - 1ÁI Action of gunpowder on lead We Purple tint of plate-giass affected by light : oe 1 Cases of the formation of ammonia | "¬ eee 143 Substitution of tubes for bottles J bea

Composition of erystals of sulphate of soda New compounds of carbon and hydragen | Pure caoutchoue 2 eee si se 4

Mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline 182

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HIGH LITY SAMPLE PAGE vii CONTENTS Vag

Existence of a limit to vaporization cào co nh se no hồ 191 Timits of vaporizalon bene eee "MH1IIỊ Fluidity of sulphur at common temperatnres 313 Fluidity of sulphur and phosphorus at conmnnon temperaftes 213 Perspective ắvial light and shadow vu các 21 Coufinement of dry gases over mereury sẻ TH kh ky 217 Đeconposttion of hydroearbons by expamsion Z1 TTransferenee oŸ heat by change 0Ÿ capaeity gas 22] Labarraque’s disinfecting soda lquid 224 Anhydrous sulphate of soda ¬ ` 23

Manufacture of optical glas 231]

Peculiar class of optical deceptions 291) Sound du xxx SI] Peculiar cÌass oŸ acousiical ÍgYes ào cà 314 Preparation of the luags for holding the breath 358 Veutilation of lighthouse lamps 303 Thoughts ot ibrations vs 886 On ice and freezing water 0.0 0c eee ee eee 374 "` "ae ne eee nee ee 377

HÀ:aiẳđáađáaạàạàặIÁa es 383

Relations ư£ gold and other metals to light Fees 3091 ConservaHon oÏ foree

44: Lecbrre on miềntal education 463

TNDEN ee eee bene eee 4988

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EXPERIMENTAL RESE,

IN

CHEMISTRY AND PH

Analysis of Native Caustic L

Ow THE NATIVE Caustic Lime oF T By rue MARQUIS RIDOLFTL)

THE interesting communication of Dr G

respecting his discovery of caustic lime ir

ancient bath of Santa Gonda, in August 1 visit the spot ‘The following is the result of

The bath is situated in a laguna in the co

the high read to Pisa, which divides the plaj

from the mountains of Cigoli and San Mi

a mixture of clay, calcareous earth, siliceo

table matter There are two sources of

from the bottom of the laguna, and the o}

‘The first is hot, raising the thermometer of

Tt is so saturated with lime, that upon co * Quarterly Jounal of Science, i 260

I reprint this paper at fall length It was the begi

cations to the public, and in its results very important Davy gave ine the analysis to make as a first attempt when iny fear was greater than my confidence, aud bot]

knowledge ; at a time also when I had no thought of paper on science The addition of his own comments|

the paper encouraged me to go on making, from tin communications, some of which appear im this volum

from the ‘ Quarterly ’ into other Journals increased my forty years have elapsed and I can look back on why xunieations haye led to, J still hope, much as their

that { have not, either now or forty years ago, been to to read this book in HIG HIGH-QUALITY SAMPLE PA ARCHES YSICS, ane *, USCANY ovacchino 'Taddei the water of the $15, induced me to f my researches :— rner of a field near In called La Catena

ato The soil is ls sand, and vege- water; one issucs

her from the side Reaumur to 352°, pling the water, it bning of my communi- to me, Sir Humphry in chemistry at a time h far greater then my ver writing an original and the publication of 2 to time, other slight le Their transference

oldness ; and now that

É the suceessive com~ Icharacter has changed,

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8 Analysis of nutive Caustic Lime [1816 deposits a considerable quantity It contains also muriate of lime and muriate of soda The upper spring contains a little carbonic acid gas, some sulphuretted hydrogen, and some sulphate of soda The following is the manner in which the

caustic lime is formed in this bath The lower spring yields

a quantity of lime, but as this spring does not rise freely, but oozes through the bottom of the bath, the lime forms a stra- tum at the bottom of the lagune; which stratum, absorbing

the carbonic acid gas of the water above, pagses to the state of

a carbonate, and thus forms a defencc to |the lime, which is

continually depositing itself underneath, and| prevents it losing its causticity In fact, the caustic lime is found enclosed between the stratum of the carbonate of lime and the clayey bottom of the laguna

Signor Taddei found the masses of caustic lime so large, that he could not get them out but by breaking them into

pieces, He, however, succeeded in removing the whole of it:

and I, having visited the spat two months |after, found small

incrustations of the same substance newly formed

ANALYSIS OF THE NATIVE Caustic Limes By Mr| FARADAY, Asstst-

ANT IN THE LABORATORY OF 1HE Roya INSTITUTION

Tis substance came to England in a bottle filled up with

water, the atmospherical air being perfectly excluded

It is almost entirely soluble in muriati¢ acid without effer-

vescence, leaving nothing but a few light flgcculi The solu- tion, when tested, was found to contain lime|and iron

A clean uniform piece of the substance was dried, as much as could be, by bibulous paper A fragmentiof it being heated red, lost 62°26 per cent of water

The remainder of the original substanee, weighing 188 grains, was dissolved in muriatic acid, and evaporated at a high heat on the sand-bath, acid was again added, and the

evaporation repeated Water was poured on it, and the silica

separated: when well washed, dricd, and heated red, it

weighed 7-5 grains

The filtered solution was precipitated by parbonate of pot- ash, and the precipitate boiled in solution] of pure potash, The solution was separated from the solid matter, neutralized

by sulphuric acid, and precipitated by carbonate of ammonia

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1816.] Analysis of native Caustic Lime 3 The precipitate, when well washed and dried, weighed 0:95 of a grain It was soluble in sulphuric acid, and possessed the properties of alumi

Diluted sulphuric|acid was added to the solid matter not

acted upon by the potash; the whole boiled for some time,

and then filtered [he sulphate of lime obtained weighed,

after being heated red, 136 grains, which, estimating the lime

at 43 per cent., is equivalent to 58-48 grains of lime

The sulphuric solption was precipitated by ammonia, and

two grains of oxide of iron were obtained

Supposing the quantity of water in every part of the piece

first taken to be uniform, it would follow that the 188 grains contained 117-05 of |water; so that 70-95 was the quantity of

dry matter acted upon The results were— Grains Silica 750 lumna 0-95 imc 5848 Oxideofiron 200 68-93

have been derived from the unequal diffusion of water through-

out the piece, the analysis will stand thus :— Grains ime 82-424 Silex 10-570 ron 2°820 lumina 1:340 Loss #846 100-000

It is perhaps worthy of observation, that during the solu-

tion of the substance|in muriatic acid, a part only of the silica

separated ; the greater part remained in solution until heat

was applied, when it gelatinized, as in the case where itis sepa- vated by an acid and|heat from its combination with alkali

B2

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hf native Ce of Montrose was so € subject of inpmediately f cl fal of wea} bined with tel, and from che coloul lof proton] Hay vealed contained rubstance his substal ble, Marmol ind the Lago| ti 8dlfkeers fl give a particula epposits mi 8 of this

ly possible to avoid its geotogi fs disengag len the lin fncipally cảmposel, am idl, which by| panic fres| (0.7010 Forgcaen Rocke (816 to hd me kecodine snalysls: any Je wan in x of the exterior acid Hefore they| peared |that there| ia diffrent parte Jo be 4 saturated fe in quan.| bị snstraum en f analogy

the lo‡ countriex sapolftan States,| thề Ben 3

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1817] Escape of where the pressure Taguna offers the oo

10 enable it to diasolss

extended, 10 thả aur mauntaing rily its ws

‘caustic galeareods matter

gee through Crpilta

comparptively shnall instanced in whith tl

On the Bseope ‘As the mobility of « snore among themsel properties, lithe dele ation of the probabl gues, These bodies| properties, except internal motions gen 1¢ those motions 7 footer increased; bul atinetly verified, the of no peculiar el The apparatus Four atmospheres of and then a fine then reduced to an 4 Carbonic usid OleBent gas Carbonic oxide Common air Cosl-gas Hydrogen ‘There espesinente lgases tried decreases eh

lnaving small planes the plane of motion, latmospheres of dffere * Quan ated in {thew, stout

‘as |a copper| vessel $f tt

able inches nest which a

Axed on by adjusting pieces: the gas wt

voted by a seconds’ pendolon| I required] 156°5 sfinuthel to efeape

are corroborated : others|made a ete ly ‘would arfee in thp wi comptrative mollit being nhờ “hệ if Huy, «hỆch

tarded iq} proportion as this bupposition Howing cryerimobvs, l nay ddsery 8 he gas id vụ ometer thbe, 20|ire Imosphere and a » [lass |, „J3 „ |8 me |300 „ |ấT lend to show, thy 8 their apecifle

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coatinheh cific gta There| tat em The seque but a caussl mena, that gues Ole xagldh acide result and ties bby mal ferent ‘upon and offe

|Zscapd of Gases throug! afer farce was ren

ity incdeasda ; Carbone acid it conti

thereffre qrery re

Jexperifients have been of soma peculiar result have sot Hen able to lnd have prpbably taken

from det arent conne: tuber and th ses at readil onic oxide ined boy dimain} ‘even he chnsiderable pf

¢ peculiar Joss or compet interesting] matter uf dig ftpental Gbeejnations on 1

Tuber}

lconfnunication I ic] taker place w beurEs They cor thdse which trav} ore tard 3H high press * |aaakeny Tom sĩ ith by 4d Tubes, nished a nae, biet, that che ironed an ted tb Furth at low readily char much figther gases

lshiog fe] bore of Fessurds| the effect Passngelef Gave parent fgkbse sehen lr$nighed, thẻ lạngch tịme in pa 6 eqhdl otumes

antlgas passed through kel same tu

feieace ki }O5

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sity Tu of Guses tough Pubes, : Aysregen i lefunt gus in +

but equal voluape $f leach passed [through the Hp at

jn phe follascing| times |— Hydrogen [lo lsBant gus 811%

Again, equal ls of carbonit ux aml sarllunke beid ‘gasde passed at œeelpied, the 7 thrbugh the sing chbe, Hết

ch 124: Sutht lo possetdrs|Cl oxide Lit a

tbande nợ

attentiun abain ekHel to thế sỆhjevt, Đ able to sathty amhel? uf the edicle of Ahislourious efleck kelertbeless, as bsperlnents do nht |llays cowe| their tulte fo fit hypothesiy Íehich| aeeomipsnles | tem, a fey shore obsexeutfoya on some mbile an|this suhjedt mp Le

is ufeags produced by five ashes at low dredafees, bạt Heet not appharfalbeloms to thf werd obstruetide byl ee to the pomhgd of the gas; mỆ late|T beon ablh tp pro-

it without al wife] A very tind ucodfe-hole was ee of phatinn ful, and 30 ure 2 mezen

mmethe, that the produfe uf a small colupm of meedurh font xevdn cubical iuphe} ff the follow cs trough {n] the tian na ettang| " and nheu the prdketkelvas inecossel thơ |Hmes wus du«kvbl- Other experi ne prupdilnls in gave

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8 Poasage of Gasep throug) 818

key xere patsellchrojgh diseaof as ncrengol ods tonsa the obi ite paper, and fb] nue pedesure firslring-paper 8 ố cjlbioal thches of» and quantity of gas rebnaining, đe

66 |, fu off swith thro dives the hyữbgen iseel To

olefipnt gay „ roger) „ {Rant gpa

lof obstruction, fused 0 tabe ¢il peas ucertais

|nhmosl, rat to

sân bị sending the gas threlngh aoelafter] the oth hức rn ưnunuEet ve

ich yave for hydrogen] Bh te dbtained, the merb of wl

” a | for qlefinnt gas fH 7 Jt sould seem trom these efperiments ch met tion, with 4 sư gng

Ín bathe cauan of the| effect obeervell in apes, for tubes are removed, and] abstrpetions hich [retard

heed for them, the effect ie the sane! aperture Pepdobes no difference|of off vakiatlons between diffrent low preeboHto, thợ 1d probrblfbe re-

fetred to sorae other

h tien endeavoured fing on tubes kobes prbdlto the the circa and a metal tub t aeem to have hast, esos th it altered 9 to pes more so hether lereasel time be of tube, oF Preased Je well [ned by putting doveral very fin fr the

julne effect is thut incregned whil ned

‘Tyo prass planes werd ground togetl fatches

tupde|dawn one of thet s0 ad to form rough tHeselolefant gas panskd in 2472, and IThkee glass twhes were tallen of ai Mi cụt inko fuch lengths 1 passed lequsl quaqifies of

hờ Igen gas in equal: le sunle prelaure thỆờ|jbngthe

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1318) Pusshag of Gases Arousal Tues} 9

pydrogen in | .| 3° le seeond in] «| te amailet f0 «

and Ín|severalothel experl pe neatly an equal gffect, when the quadtity re fe same time

was th lim) he epecific geaejty ofthe gaggy might have

seem pe he ne

of the Hme density; seme Ince, buf chin

sarborle oxide and fplefant| gas ar

nna iff the offect teen nh nearly|the same for both [of th lveighi||Í- chould be this is| bt 203 seven ccubiea} inches of Jearbonje ox} pied 4] minutes to

ant epi be 27d

pass through a tuby hy the Hoe quantiy of olefant gas under the in 8:4 fhinates, cach gas hdving been placed of 1 for bhine time pre

viously s end oxygen requi rough the same tube 545 nfinuies 1 pltced three gapges in|ditfetent paris of a thle, of such a of timp ize tht it passed blefiant) and fiyslrogeh gas jy [nearly equal be gaues pave wey abbllnt [ib ube sppure of the gas in|tbe diGerent|psrts of the kube, thịt I could [not perceive any difference hetwpen thelefee| of thq Hilererk|gaacs

Buch are rome jet and pro- duce this curious | fh tubes shot 6 in passing he pressure et nating F the same| 1|Ệnd that ahis is, that the variatipn differ hich passes swith the greatert ith tbe least at bigh pressure Te nfay be deduedd ftom|the dsterieldmtx a¢ high pressures and of obstruetionb, that the ety the gH |baa Ride or nothing to do in thhs cate, lfor vheke iy lone chh| have an in- Wueneb, the Índieatlens and the dante a4 fil preapbres, and the teat densy posnda In BF shes OPH tie core

he ot ie il Iydrogen whole ready men ine I 2984p 2, tick ko nt

differ fmuch fram cách other, Hough (le timed)| pressure, dh- Strveijons, and quaptitice af gas}eded defy very|thesiderably

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10 Neither] i the ratio abl nexion- esl of nhủe peim adverse to ng acid goa ahd ei fs order of fe TẾ s mi xe chi tion of g te, to khát its pare eer, th vi duaed, iBtzent ghaee till other, hat ịc spedfie gÌar|ú however, Times ill belas the spfeife gebviy Now, fx fo that fhe gaara paps

pressure ahi velocity pill varg throughout [ts fare being| gheatesta1{the intarnal orlènnbct

th the othe xiremicg while the velpelty fs leat a towarde the| reorvoir, and greatest [st tie ber ratio by whigh the prehaure anil velotRy depretse and appensa diffrent for qud pecyfiar to bach bes] Ac d the ong 04 the lear gs face ove Fay ty gem, chongh] the pressure st if if the a Shorten the fube, and fet Chat igh pre cxiet confi the genet in thei the iy till sorpage fhe ofeRane ges in velocity aa far ba of Fe would afen, thereftre, that in the the p elasticity of fle olefigne gar din ply of the hyd spe or pt in Perhapd theee effehis moy ore r by

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1818] conte ‘the Diahoad " Con} ad the Diarfpad *

Sin H Davy wee the |Rr{ > show that] the diemopd spas eapshle of eupportirg| ite ofr] combustipn|in oxygen pithput the comineed apolitao ff prtraneodp fet, and Wo thus obviated one of the exhiblaẢl ty this bodl

eompared with oi sbserved, is easily exh} he telon, thong) perforated cup, be f

‘af hydrogen can be 4 jet, to hext the’ gen} into a globe or flack ord, supportet 30 that o} he hydrogen the diamor it) rexpin

Doering until neach and, the format

Dbuntion xe chus very danily be

Description of a Ned i Dh jamondt tat for the |Combustion of the

In the course of the lekpetinencs which Sir Huophey Divy rade nt Florence on|thq cofsbhstion offthe diarond,| $ covered! that when the| dem hegan to both ih an atmoay pure oxygen, laving [fice {czas to it n|all sides, i iF

đ

continue buming, 4 original[obree of he

removed, until the too ren cooled by 4 xe rend¢ted x0 small rdy which supperfed

them (Philosophie } = 557.) I4 corhes quence of this oben , that if the diamdnd ‘were well heated, intb oxygen, it wopld goon buroing, and|a} oof exhibiting] its combustibility Uptr il fo be the ease, 1 notice to that effey| I fsce above},| Sihoe then, en spparstus fected, and ls ow represented in Plate

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subustion of the Diamond Liss

the centre of the globe ; this islestingd lam of hyflrogen or other inflazsable|gds rine of very ale distance ftom bath

this jet, ang are intended lestzical dpseks; one of them orm to Fight|the stfeam te jet, tệ nhe: endoed an InURM length ine glass tube : the table and upper paft of the stopcock, ax utside in h ball or ring, D, at whi fim che maghine, cither directly or l the jet is fixed, by x little sock}

ide of platinifos fol This capsole| oe,|and serve} as a grate co Mold ¢

sich estates of an fch fag eam, Dy whic ts suppee nd ream Ihydrogeu shall not ock ly is lower terrsinatio}

d lane at the side of thín|pi ich Ja bladder, filed with gas may bd tay

apparatus, the diamond is to be placed in| 1 Jen the globe tleing acrewedl on to thp stopepet, ib 4albe fersoved fom the pillar and plaped on| ile pore ¢ is then to be exhausted and| ne

fe okygen: of, lest the atream of loxyge blow meay khe dinnond, the globe may laxs|firet, and] then, desterously takjng out] the Jy short time, the diamonds may he lintrodjegd kk xtplaced |The apparatas is then fa be Gxad il g Uladder bf hydrogen gas attaches! to] the pxing a cufrent of sparks between the wirep, of hydeogen id to be thvown in, hel] inant nts [the expsile and diamonds whife-hots tHe then boter into fombustion, and the liydrogen hs

Nf feted ff sf he sider detaches rue to bug, producing e strong (rhite H

Aellucel in size ha to be cooled ton lbw by ich they Hie fn contact

una of hydrogen i used to eat th iano atl water wi Ue found in the globe; but thịs

Trang 29

ao Ty se that gas ba lother sourcel an nh, On the St ease wi tmmonia, and 2 ‘ake I have beet ign to the thang lhjbet When the oxide of kaline earths, is pived, pradoding Ixpoved in ah of thai st o fa its produgtion athajonin by the dnd Flom” tore a sliver and that ở

ata] froma other biret ayfalfse some of [the ki ola mmall glash re lbeen dried for ti ges liberated [recs HỆ geal of oxygen umabere as the TRIR) site of Sitver in u 4 of cathonic oxide edeftcese ary ce been detected br

td, produced Uy tHe combustion, iy

ngting ond darigerqux substances

sna presentall by thexe bales, 2 1 believe, drigìnal, may no

an|oxide of silver,

olnon osile, dt địat previansly dị

except in artenfpts to deta: le heptin ager may be eollect tation of Silaer frequent for stock of infor lin 4mnonil' I the compounds of silver ation of il perhaps ‘be unace ation publ

silves, precipitated either ut into solutias pala brownish a vessel «br removed, is 9 the metal le se to be depende phere equivalent to tions of the by Joural oF 8 of ammeni Hit pelliel arated wax notices Jements in ‘alse ie oars rey t it ntieely olution, Tf thit Falution xe|lssolved le phá- not of lệhd om thịa ben la ther aod

pace which exiale betxeen |thi| olution ‘off the nitrate wheh treated by| prttipitants, pratances, U wap induced ct and oxide, to ascerfain its ideqpitgfith che keotved Ib gthibe that ome hows on fhe sand-balb, [Pere put ort, chey were econronedly sant ived over water} it equalled @fb|cubical silver remained in the relpre|/4nd the

Trang 30

14 St se tt [teta Josh being suppoted| fo be vater, wone of

in fhe neck of the rplort Nowt- Oxygen 455

Whe same meth Procipitated by noth wel! washed and da

88/4 grains of silver femnained, ertine, and |<hch hai cbldene Sim 36-4 very neath sa chemist be no error in thr mode of emdnls seems to con}4ia less oxy

allaties Again, grains of the dzide of + weed put fnlo ø rỆ hr, nn deEomposod with ddery preoaolion ae eer let

sedighed 27-4 graind land the qugatity of | 2 4-194 eubical inches, T 4depected chyt a sinal offsilver had been ldixế with the oxid kbonal sn nigeal solution as posed ean rake of ammonia a Tormed i des were thkrefure placed ove} solution of potaslh ar # lueed i nlik to 8-B98, which wax pure dxygen fs equi vajent to 1/2825 gelland [-2825|; 27-4: 7 al propo ida of silver stil] higher than in thel ject, but which may be accosted far bự khe purfloabi |and thị ofall quantity of offgcn chat repnained [n t [in a third ch 24 grains off sil lefts 4 cxical inches of bbe wore given off, khử edo were rep ts equ ge oral vn 18a Hy fron fuean df rifrous gas of knofqn purity, ad gavel

pure oxygen equal to 118] 5: 1888

‘or two othpr experi r proporti 1s to the ail

aihảng Rơm the th in the retort, th

phanh to $ In pfder to estfmate do proportion $F azo: rf:

Cres

Trang 31

ý 1818.) of Siher En Annonip l6

There i found in ti k baut tựo-Đirde the dưndự ý bhượnm 3m, theyefore, sie, dr thất obtaingl by mộ ifation to believe this 2 pedthaie from the ard therf are also other cìteEmdthnses bearable] favour thi ion and dusing its] forvsatipn| hich

‘When ¢ ms of the sorfice bF an atmppiacal tution fancous| evaporation, # takes b drjatal ine form, bole aut i quickly lost By is corenihk the it is of a grey colohr Hy re- ected ti leerlent ; the] Hight erpnapitted rouge th yellow coloug | When heated ‡radonllyi là ‘Of oxygen without dhahke of

form; but sutton of fure, it perhars might [be! fused ft faseo first, gd leaeds 4 leolid ithout dey

Potash tien of oxide of siledr 4] am honia nhí ind white throw down pfecipitatds, bf Brat mbearbonate lnore aUnddply,

bite, but

y heat ipitate uni te of ammonia does |not| pre hour « when dry, they| detbmaste laed Tincthre of gilkị kiver very toi precipifate, different lin appedrahke to Khác chơi {nh of silver by| adding

H

ter the tihetute| Sélution $f iodine in waler gives rurdy precipitate, ba th nitfate of silrer a hollow t ar atte 8 altdys form chloride of sil

Iti ble, from these |circumstances,| that pa iver oxied {n tha solution in fhe state of prqtoxide, Jos is give the solhtion of the ofiginal o portion o M Bert land water have been formed the paper before refejred to, dex

falrminati of silfer and ammonia, obtail

elutions si te ftom|shich the aos eee, it to fe bis opinion

ind of pofoxide of filver axid aromonia là ìn the ck powder when oxid sotred in at ferexide wpb lotoride was fo jt might be ø

Trang 32

cantact si greater part is fulerioating silver; j old of potash and

all the earborie acid

anata certain degre prefens i hat

results Ta arder to gain 20 oxide combined with endeavoured to asce pound

fulminacing silver, but mer it gave off azote, and nore

oer iy Áannowdd BIB

cing » combined protakide, ie fering off porn gf ed Jcompound Ha teen tl pry- nitrate by alkatick, or Hee vớ, and om leasd ì

tea or tulve |houwd lack powded rertains,

solution be heatda, afote is of đhÌminating sÄver lis obj may be rmed fro Jr ey, roe maida 1 polost a ky live been unit rp the its solution fo tHe ame

cured bby the other lance|respecting the npture lammbnis in Rlmtnatihg sĩ none of Forma every cat lf its mai nia, thou le thdiesolre and when ‘fis thrown d tion of azot ink, compound

Trang 33

Nieer la 4amonla "

tion a fourth and ĐRh đÌưe “The Fefore, does not belong efclusively ting silver, Lut seems father 10 Jf protoxide, dininating silver by vsing|the prot part of this paper, but tould not a black powiler from it, hich ap- sille in another form 1 endeavoured liver trons those portions] of oxide Inait pre- presume ‘When the filminiing com- acids, it gives off a gat whicl I Teauld not werk with huant point, Perhaps to thesp rensone silver 10 be a compoumd rather lprotoxide, may be added] the ewy fin ammonia, and tbe diffult solu pound km by boiling solution of silver

id to be 0 protoside i ua evaporation This azote during its format 1oftlon of ammonia by oxy; I forming fulminating co the fallowing ci ba| he inside with the oxide, lpoting dilute nitric acid in he hecame fi + ontinued nh jt thie phenomenon to the red {de by another, which was|thus xen-

Trang 34

18 Combinatic vides |[1814 of silver lof chit arte, to He purl to the coating, ft kind might be appl poses of ornemient Combi Tr hes been alre that severat of th phosphorus, densing it when L| Đan mmpourde of chlorine, as those

strong affinity fpr — coo]

fous tate, and neuicalising it ion whfch_will

of } dfesene|kind, anti if they desery ‘any attention, it wift be i ie of thq weakness] of thị Power which ia ekertell|i formation, and the| sligh| change of propertids ind 1h bas heen frequent [eiperved [by chemists, thất # well Wubstancbs by uaiot fused i laced fx srxmohincn! gas sd

is rapid absorpfon off th gas, hind the thloride become covered with a whit TỶ mmmonls be repdatedh added until the bdortio ofases, the rnaes d ehloriốe swelli cevacks, splits irelliola, and] at last forms a white put vorulent substance, Exposed to thy at

rapidly as ebloride forming a strong af

ve, it| deliquefEes, but pot 1 ‘brown into water it dispolves ion | Heated,] it given ff am

9 unghanged | Placed i} chlo and|burus wih a pale bellow

ma suffer f very alight ebacge in afmarifea gaa ì 5 alley mr than a fortnight, the chiofidd of stcgntium, wpighing abput grains, had abeorbad only{« feubical inch of kas, and a] stight efflorescent appeardace ‘A piece of fusdd chifride wh dben on fhe brokdn edge of silver, weighing abgut 3 grains, pliced in dmmodlacll than 40 cubical igches gas, radually abrorbed| mor jon touk| piuce over the

at the fraktared| ‘erumblell into| tite, but it whole surface of tHe mai

edges The chloritie sv

1G 2010 Forgosen Books | wore forgotenbooks.0g

Trang 36

rinight ; » shaell quancity of g cia} combjnation hal been fa

Pp fder ws heafed out of the coy

Trang 38

inde produced'by Flame in Thưet (1818, jer, ang, may result from the uetipn of any! lmake'a few experiments on this pubject, in request of Mr, J Stodart thet] it should fe of the-exenimg meetings of the Members Royal Institution ; and vas sooh sotisfied Janstion had heen given ‘That the sounds| any vetion of equeous vapour, fas shown] Je tube above 212°; and still mot in which I sucecedad in produ

ie aside, ‘That they đo not o ibe, caused by the current of own by using cracked glass tu lcloth ; and 1 have obtained med at the snoment by rolling

sfaper, and keeping it in fois by jounds have been accounted for, ty af proitucticn by hyilrog} {pid current of air through the {

tok, is shown by using tubes clo

» a9 described by Mr Higgins Find, on may first trials with otper gasee,

lube these sounds from them whicH had been| erated exclosively by hydrogen | and this, ley of the explanations that tind yet lieen| fo search after the cause af an effect which] juced generally by all furne, sntively the appearance of a Akme when| lube, it will commonly be found, that, on] Iaperture, a current of air is ebtablished compresses the flame int œ múclk uy Tengthened, but ita dlamerer il het: on being introduced a little further, ldxlomes wamm, thÍs effert ís incresseB, and the, mpreseed a little abuve its comifencentent|

life jet, more than ot any other pat bbe heard, and a it increases,

Trang 39

the Sounds |praddced by Flame in Tet

Mon; these jncrede with the soond,

fy loud, aod ff the| igme be further intrpduced into te generally blown out Such ve the geheral arith hye Ita jet of olefiant $r coaLgas, ch T hav 1d may be used successfully, vử, tien, in to those appearances, if will , that es 1 Aare of the gay entert the dour is d and it burns with|Tess Tight kodng che: mủ infammeble †apou‡ for

d using other vesedls chan tubes, I yas endbled the offects, as fo perceive more distinctly frat fn the Bamel at d nd was nothing

|Dkvy hes explaine fro thất ít llalea tmospherds |nbinatian tker explosive spixu Plosian, tHe co ls considera the mechan

f rearing Awe trong fÌaun

ldraught of: limfammablel maul

dang gen s2

larious nartiof hệ 8hơne as long as the

1 believe a axaptly analogous to jn hat havk beep qulled the singing re co vane mia Ệ a

combination of tinued ame, 8 successively, made In what| ation takes city of mixture, thos soddenly by nts some of the c In on by the mout oF other me re made to mix Í itieg at once, and fo explosions

lacing the flame ih the tube, a strong, ined up i,| whet

Jarcent ia etrpnger in rt, in consequencs o

Trang 40

bf the tube an additional effect] of the

nthe Sounde produced by Mame in the edge obstructing the air whi therefore propelled on to [he fi inflammable etter ext

ing mixtures, which are fired bh paris, and produce sound,| in the | with @ roaring flame; onfy, the

re uniform, and the detondtions wal regularly, and in smaldr gu s|contisuous end rausical, and fe rend

t of the tube in forming a1 echo ¢ roaring flame gives soun

an bardly he doubte

fubical tone is easily shown in imp with a comuon cotton Wit 4; Hight if, and hole a tube of id is a thin tube of glass about ar

, the draught will be suffgiently if the current be oat

Íu lanp at the bottom of the Igh irregularly; then, by a fi

jority, it may be impelled o 20 as to produce & rough roi ‘and unifann, of 0

ty be easily done from 4 sm jo may be brought out more

tly resemble those of hyd ilar experiment may be ma

very little larger than th

ln it v0 as nearly to include i: lel on the exterval part of the Ban) cof combustion # little way fp fro boro tbe ot M hhị A,

ty and an irregular tone wil