TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch09

Chapter: Chapter 09: Language and Thought Multiple Choice Which of the following areas refers to the meaning of words? a) Phonology b) Semantics c) Morphology d) Pragmatics Ans: b Feedback A: Sounds of language Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Smallest units of language that have meaning Feedback D: Social norms of language Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Easy True/False Language can be spoken, signed, or written Ans: True Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank Humans make new sentences each time they speak This refers to the concept that language is creative or Ans: generative Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What are the two main components of language? Ans: Production and comprehension Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Essay Why is animal communication not a language? Ans: Animal vocalizations are innate and not change, whereas human speech is generative Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice How many phonemes does the English language have? a) Approximately 15 b) Approximately 25 c) Approximately 40 d) Approximately 50 Ans: c Feedback A: Too few Feedback B: Too few Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Too many Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium True/False Languages with more phonemes are capable of producing more complex ideas than languages with fewer phonemes Ans: False Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank The study of phonemes is called Ans: phonology Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Easy Short Answer What are the smallest units of meaning within a language called? Ans: Morphemes Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Essay 10 Define lexical meaning and describe how it changes over time? Ans: Lexical meaning refers to the dictionary meaning or words within the study of semantics Over time, additional meanings may be added to words Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 11 Colin received his paper back from his English teacher, Ms Taylor She informed him that adverbs follow the verbs they modify in sentence order What level of language analysis does this represent? a) Syntax b) Semantics c) Morphology d) Pragmatics Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Meaning of words Feedback C: Smallest units of language that have meaning Feedback D: Social norms of language Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium True/False 12 Pragmatics refers to the practical use of language Ans: True Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 13 One aspect of pragmatics is our use of body language such as facial movements and gestures that may affect the meaning of the words we speak The use of body language is a type of communication Ans: nonverbal Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 14 What makes the word “dog” different from the word “dogs”? Ans: Morpheme of “s” indicates plurality Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Essay 15 Provide an example of nonverbal communication that you have encountered and explain how it actively changed the connotation of the words that were spoken Ans: Provide an example in which the verbiage is similar, but the nonverbal component affected the interpretation of the words For example, a sincere smile versus a sneer may influence whether a person will accept an apology Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 16 By what age normally-developing babies begin to babble? a) month b) months c) months d) months Ans: c Feedback A: Babies babble after this age Feedback B: Babies babble after this age Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Babies babble before this age Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium True/False 17 Babies can initially produce all of the phonemes of different languages Ans: True Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 18 Babies typically begin speaking simple words such as mama and dada around the age of year(s) old Ans: one Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 19 Alphonso, who is years old, frequently asks his mother for a drink by using two-word phrases such as “More milk.” What type of speech does this represent? Ans: Telegraphic Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Essay 20 Describe Chomsky’s theory of the language acquisition device (LAD) Ans: Chomsky believed that language acquisition in human infants is biologically programmed The ease with which a child learns language is due to the presence of an innate language acquisition device that is unique to humans Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 21 What does a “critical period” in language development refer to? a) Period during which the brain is receptive to language learning b) Period during which children are proficient in their first language c) Period during which children must receive stimulation to learn language d) Period during which the brain forms neural connections for language learning Ans: c Feedback A: Sensitive period Feedback B: No specific term is associated with this Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Neural connections form continuously Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Which of the following statements regarding chimpanzees language abilities is true? a) The language comprehension skills of chimpanzees are equivalent to that of humans b) The language production skills of chimpanzees are equivalent to that of humans c) The language comprehension and productions skills of chimpanzees are limited in comparison to that of humans d) Chimpanzees communicate through hand gestures rather than through vocalizations Ans: c Feedback A: The language comprehension skills of humans exceed that of chimpanzees Feedback B: The language production skills of humans exceed that of chimpanzees Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Chimpanzees communicate through vocalizations Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Hard Research shows that compared to children from middle- and upper- socioeconomic backgrounds, poor children have deficient vocabularies These differences are apparent when children _ a) enter elementary school b) enter middle school c) graduate from middle school d) enter high school Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: The language deficits of low SES children are apparent when children enter elementary school Feedback C: The language deficits of low SES children are apparent when children enter elementary school Feedback D: The language deficits of low SES children are apparent when children enter elementary school Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Amy is a 5-year-old from a socioeconomically disadvantaged background Here cousin Amanda is the same age but comes from higher socioeconomic background According to research on language exposure which of the following statements is most likely true? a) Amy and Amanda are both exposed to about 2,000 words per hour b) Amy is exposed to about 1,000 words per hour while Amanda is exposed to approximately 2,000 words per hour c) Amy is exposed to about 200 words per hour while Amanda is exposed to approximately 2,000 words per hour d) Amy is exposed to about 2,000 words per hour while Amanda is exposed to approximately 200 words per hour Ans: b Feedback A: Research shows that on average, low SES children are exposed to 50% fewer words Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Research shows that on average, low SES children are exposed to 50% fewer words Feedback D: Research shows that on average, low SES children are exposed to 50% fewer words Section Ref: Language Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages and parts of the brain that are active in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills Difficulty: Medium Essay Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 173 Millie is stumped by a problem in her pre-calculus text She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem Millie’s strategy most closely resembles the problem solving heuristic of _ a) forming subgoals b) trial and error c) working backward d) using an anology Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Millie is using a strategy of working backward, rather than forming subgoals Feedback B: Incorrect Millie is not proceeding by trial and error She is using a strategy of working backward Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Millie is working backward, rather than using an analogy Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 174 A political science professor attempts to facilitate her students’ completion of a term paper assignment by requiring to first submit a topic statement, then a list of references, then a draft of the introduction, then, finally, the completed paper The professor is encouraging her students to use the problem solving strategy of _ a) forming subgoals b) using an analogy c) working backwards d) trial and error Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The professor is encouraging her students to form subgoals Feedback C: Incorrect The professor is encouraging her students to form subgoals Feedback D: Incorrect The professor is encouraging her students to form subgoals Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 175 Corinne is trying to resolve an ongoing conflict with her girlfriend, She recalls a similar situation with one of her exes and attempts to solve in her current problem in the same way To solve her problem, Corrine is: a) using an analogy b) trying incubation c) relying on automatic processing d) using an algorithm Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Corrine is not trying incubation, but is using an analogy Feedback C: Incorrect Corrine is not relying on automatic processing She is using an analogy Feedback D: Incorrect Corrine is not using an algorithm She is using an analogy Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 176 Which of the following best expresses the relationship between incubation and insight? a) Insight precedes incubation b) Insight follows incubation c) Insight is synonymous with incubation d) Insight and incubation are unrelated Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Insight follows rather than precedes incubation Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Insight is not synonymous with incubation Insight follows incubation Feedback D: Incorrect Insight and incubation are related Insight follows incubation Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 177 Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is CORRECTLY matched with its definition? a) functional fixedness – the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist b) mental set – the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its customary use c) confirmation bias – the tendency to favor existing hypotheses and to ignore evidence favoring alternatives d) confirmation bias – the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Functional fixedness refers to the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its customary use The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist is called mental set Feedback B: Incorrect Mental set refers to the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its customary use is called functional fixedness Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to favor existing hypotheses and to ignore evidence favoring alternatives The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist is called mental set Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 178 Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is INCORRECTLY matched with an illustrative problem? a) mental set – 9-dot problem b) functional fixedness – Wason’s 2-4-6 task c) mental set – string problem d) confirmation bias – 9-dot problem Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Functional fixedness is illustrated by the string problem Wason’s 2-4-6 task illustrates the confirmation bias Feedback C: Incorrect Mental set is illustrated by the 9-dot problem The string problem illustrates functional fixedness Feedback D: Incorrect The confirmation bias is illustrated by Wason’s 2-4-6 task The 9-dot problem illustrates mental set Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 179 Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between mental and functional fixedness? a) Functional fixedness is really a specific instance of mental set b) Mental set is actually a specific instance of functional fixedness c) Functional fixedness and mental set are the same thing d) Functional fixedness and mental set are distinct problem solving impediments Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Functional fixedness is a specific instance of mental set, not the other way around Feedback C: Incorrect Functional fixedness and mental set are not the same thing Functional fixedness is a specific instance of mental set Feedback D: Incorrect Functional fixedness and mental set are not distinct Functional fixedness is a specific instance of mental set Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 180 Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver Which of the following statements best characterizes Alyssa’s problem solving? a) She is constrained by a powerful mental set b) She has been released from functional fixedness c) She is in a period of incubation d) She is forming subgoals Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Alyssa’s problem solving illustrates release from functional fixedness Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Alyssa’s problem solving illustrates release from functional fixedness Feedback D: Incorrect Alyssa’s problem solving illustrates release from functional fixedness Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 181 We take evidence that is consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with our beliefs This is known as the: a) confirmation bias b) availability heuristic c) representativeness heuristic d) selection bias Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The tendency to take evidence consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with our beliefs is known as the confirmation bias, not the availability heuristic Feedback C: Incorrect The tendency to take evidence consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with our beliefs is known as the confirmation bias, not the representativeness heuristic Feedback D: Incorrect The tendency to take evidence consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with our beliefs is known as the confirmation bias, not the selection bias Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 182 Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate Nigel appears prone to: a) functional fixedness b) mental set c) confirmation bias d) the representativeness heuristic Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Nigel illustrates the confirmation bias, not functional fixedness Feedback B: Incorrect Nigel illustrates the confirmation bias, not mental set Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Nigel illustrates the confirmation bias, not the representativeness heuristic Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 183 We are often prone to judge an individual by the extent to which they resemble our representation of a group or category of people; that is, we are prone to the _ when forming impressions or making decisions about others a) availability heuristic b) representativeness heuristic c) confirmation bias d) stereotypic bias Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect This question illustrates the representativeness heuristic, not the availability heuristic Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect This question illustrates the representativeness heuristic, not the confirmation bias Feedback D: Incorrect This question illustrates the representativeness heuristic There is no “stereotypic bias.” Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 184 Stereotypes spring to mind easily Therefore, we sometimes use them to judge the frequency of certain events, such as crimes in a given neighborhood This example BEST describes the use of the heuristic a) frequency b) representativeness c) confirmation d) availability Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect This example reflects the availability heuristic There is no “frequency heuristic.” Feedback B: Incorrect This example reflects the availability heuristic, not the representativeness heuristic, Feedback C: Incorrect This example reflects the availability heuristic It does not illustrate the confirmation bias Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 185 You always clam up when I ask you what’s wrong,” Iris tells her boyfriend Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn’t tell her what was bothering him Iris is using the _ heuristic a) representativeness b) availability Commented [w2]: I don’t like this ques tion It’s too easy to assume that s tereotypes are representative of a particular group and thus make the assumption that this is related to representativeness heuristic I would recommend putting a different alternative to b) such as Mental set c) frequency d) confirmation Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Iris is using the availability heuristic, not the representativeness heuristic Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Iris is using the availability heuristic There is no “frequency heuristic.” Feedback D: Incorrect Iris is using the availability heuristic She is not reflecting the confirmation bias Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 186 Following the Sept 11, 2001 Twins Towers attacks, many Americans elected to drive rather than fly: The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying This example illustrates the a) availability heuristic b) representativeness heuristic c) confirmation bias d) stereotype bias Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect This example illustrates the availability heuristic, not the representativeness heuristic Feedback C: Incorrect This example illustrates the availability heuristic, not the confirmation bias Feedback D: Incorrect This example illustrates the availability heuristic There is no cognitive heuristic termed the “stereotype bias.” Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 188 You decide which course to take at 11 on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays the following semester by multiplying, for each course option, the priority level of the course (e.g., required course = 3; elective in major = 2; free elective = 1) and your estimated likelihood of getting into the course You attempt to enroll in the course with the highest product You are following the _ model of decision making a) metacognitive b) utility c) bounded rationality d) rational Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect You are following the rational model of decision making There is no description of decision making termed the “metacognitive” model Feedback B: Incorrect You are following the rational model of decision making Utility is not a model of decision making, but rather one of the parameters used making decisions Feedback C: Incorrect You are following the rational model of decision making The bounded rationality model suggests we make passable decisions without the demanding computations specified in the rational model Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 189 Katie is weighing several job offers She multiplies each job’s score on several criteria by the importance of the criteria, then sums the products In the terminology of problem solving, Katie is attempting to use a(n) to make her decision a) schema b) analogy c) algorithm d) heuristic Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Katie is trying to use an algorithm, not a schema, to make her decision Feedback B: Incorrect Katie is trying to use an algorithm, not an analogy, to make her decision Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Katie is trying to use an algorithm, not a heuristic, to make her decision Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 193 The public might think the economic situation is not as bad as it really is if the government reported employment at 88 percent, rather than saying that the unemployment rate is 18 percent Which of the following factors is influencing the public’s judgment in this situation? a) a confirmation bias b) framing effects c) mental set d) the availability heuristic Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect This situation reflects framing, not the confirmation bias Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect This situation reflects framing, not mental set Feedback D: Incorrect This situation reflects framing, not the availability heuristic Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 194 Which of the following alternatives best summarizes your text’s discussion of the influence of emotion on decision making? a) People sometimes rely on emotion to guide decision making This is invariably a bad idea b) People sometimes rely on emotion to guide decision making This is sometimes a good idea c) People often rely on emotion to guide decision making This is sometimes a good idea d) People often rely on emotion to guide decision making This is invariably a bad idea Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect According to your text, people often rely on emotion to guide decision making Emotion sometimes has a beneficial effect on decision making Feedback B: Incorrect According to your text, people often rely on emotion to guide decision making Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect According to your text, emotion sometimes has a beneficial effect on decision making Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 195 Shannon is trying to determine how she might earn a better grade on her next German vocabulary test She realizes that mental images seem to help her remember lists of unfamiliar items, so she tries to form a distinct image in her mind for each word she tries to learn Shannon is demonstrating: a) metacognition only b) problem solving only c) both problem solving and metacognition d) both decision making and metacognition Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Shannon is demonstrating not only metacognition, but also problem solving Feedback B: Incorrect Shannon is demonstrating not only problem solving, but also metacognition Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Shannon is demonstrating metacognition and problem solving, not decision making She is trying to reach a goal rather than choose among options Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Hard 197 According to your text, metacognitive abilities reflect: a) controlled processing b) automatic processing c) the application of algorithms d) the use of heuristics Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Your text suggests that metacognitive abilities reflect automatic rather than controlled processing Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Your text suggests that metacognitive abilities reflect automatic processing They don’t depend on the application of conscious strategies such as algorithms or heuristics Feedback D: Incorrect Your text suggests that metacognitive abilities reflect automatic processing They don’t depend on the application of conscious strategies such as algorithms or heuristics Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 198 A fairly sophisticated theory of mind emerges in children by the time they are years old a) 2-3 b) 3-5 c) 5-7 d) 7-9 Commented [w3]: I don’t agree with this – metacognition reflects thinking about thinking You can this automatically or with controlled processing as when you are trying to think about how to go about something Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect A fairly sophisticated theory of mind emerges in children by the time they are to years old Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect A fairly sophisticated theory of mind emerges in children by the time they are to years old Feedback D: Incorrect A fairly sophisticated theory of mind emerges in children by the time they are to years old Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 199 Lying to avoid punishment is essentially universal among children by the time they are about years of age a) b) c) d) Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Lying to avoid punishment is essentially universal by the time children are about years old Feedback B: Incorrect Lying to avoid punishment is essentially universal by the time children are about years old Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Lying to avoid punishment is essentially universal by the time children are about years old Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 200 A developmental psychologist investigates the reasons that elementary-school children lie Which of the following coefficients is she most likely to find between age and lying to avoid punishment on the one hand, and lying to make others feel better, on the other? a) age and lying to avoid punishment: -.28; age and lying to make others feel better: -.25 b) age and lying to avoid punishment: -.28; age and lying to make others feel better: +.25 c) age and lying to avoid punishment :+.28; age and lying to make others feel better: -.25 d) age and lying to avoid punishment: +.28; age and lying to make others feel better: +.25 Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Your text suggests a positive correlation between age and lying to make others feel better Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Your text suggests a negative correlation between age and lying to avoid punishment, but a positive correlation between age and lying to make others feel better Feedback D: Incorrect Your text suggests a negative correlation between age and lying to avoid punishment Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Hard 203 Obsession is to compulsion as _ is to a) cognition; perception b) perception; cognition c) cognition; behavior d) behavior; cognition Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Compulsions are behavioral, not perceptual Feedback B: Incorrect Obsessions are cognitive, not perceptual Compulsions are behavioral, not cognitive Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Obsessions are cognitive, not behavioral Compulsions are behavioral, not cognitive Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy Exposure and response prevention techniques may be used to effectively treat which of the following psychological disorders? a) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder b) Schiozophrenia c) Dissociative Identity Disorder d) Major Depressive Disorder Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Exposure and response prevention techniques may be used to effectively treat obsessive compulsive disorder Feedback C: Exposure and response prevention techniques may be used to effectively treat obsessive compulsive disorder Feedback D: Exposure and response prevention techniques may be used to effectively treat obsessive compulsive disorder Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition Difficulty: Medium 204 Which of the following neurotransmitters seems to be involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder? a) serotonin b) dopamine c) glutamate d) norepinephrine Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Serotonin, not dopamine, is involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder Feedback C: Incorrect Serotonin, not glutamate, is involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder Feedback D: Incorrect Serotonin, not norepinephrine, is involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 205 The ritualistic behavior typical of obsessive compulsive disorder is maintained because it reduces anxiety; that is, the behavior is maintained by _ a) primary reinforcement b) positive reinforcement c) negative punishment d) negative reinforcement Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Because it relieves anxiety, obsessive compulsive behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement The relief of anxiety is secondary negative reinforcement; relief from physical pain would exemplify primary negative reinforcement Feedback B: Incorrect Because it relieves anxiety, obsessive compulsive behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement, not positive reinforcement Feedback C: Incorrect Because it relieves anxiety, obsessive compulsive behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement, not negative punishment Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Hard 206 Hallucination is to delusion as _ is to a) perception; cognition b) cognition; perception c) perception; behavior d) behavior; cognition Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Hallucinations are perceptual, not cognitive Delusions are cognitive, not perceptual Feedback C: Incorrect Delusions are cognitive, not behavioral Feedback D: Incorrect Hallucinations are perceptual, not behavioral Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Easy 208 Medications blocking receptors for the neurotransmitter _ relieve some of schizophrenia’s positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions Other cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated by newer medicines targeting the neurotransmitter _ a) dopamine; serotonin b) serotonin; glutamate c) dopamine; glutamate d) glutamate; dopamine Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Other cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated by medicines targeting glutamate, not serotonin Feedback B: Incorrect Medications blocking receptors for dopamine, not serotonin, relieve some of schizophrenia’s positive symptoms Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Medications blocking receptors for dopamine, not glutamate, relieve some of schizophrenia’s positive symptoms Other cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated by medicines targeting glutamate, not dopamine Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium 209 Neuroleptic medications can produce tardive dyskinesia, a permanent motor disturbance of the Tardive dyskinesia may reflect the restructuring of neural systems involving the neurotransmitter _ a) hands and feet; serotonin b) hands and feet; dopamine c) mouth and tongue; serotonin d) mouth and tongue; dopamine Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Tardive dyskinesia is a permanent motor disturbance of the mouth and tongue, not the hands and feet It may reflect the restructuring of dopamine, not serotonin, systems Feedback B: Incorrect Tardive dyskinesia is a permanent motor disturbance of the mouth and tongue, not the hands and feet Feedback C: Incorrect Tardive dyskinesia may reflect the restructuring of dopamine, not serotonin, systems Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Thought Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making and metacognition Difficulty Level: Medium ... obscenities or disgust words Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: The amygdala activates when we read obscenities or disgust words Feedback D: The amygdala activates when we read obscenities or disgust words... terms are synonymous and used interchangeably b) Nonverbal communication includes pragmatics and gesturing c) Pragmatics includes nonverbal communication, which is synonymous with gesturing d)... the children become in language use – discredits learning theory approach b) Children are reinforced not only when they use language correctly, but also when they use it incorrectly – supports