Economic valuation of biodiversity conservation

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY DO THI NGOC AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF BIODIVERSTIY CONSERVATION: THE CASE OF NHA TRANG BAY MARINE PROTECTED AREA MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA – 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY DO THI NGOC AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: THE CASE OF NHA TRANG BAY MARINE PROTECTED AREA MASTER THESIS Major: Marine Ecosystem Management & Climate Change Topic allocation Decision Decision on establishing the Committee: Defense Date: June 2018 Supervisors: OLA FLATEEN BUI BICH XUAN Chairman Nguyen Thi Kim Anh Faculty of Graduate Studies: QUACH HOAI NAM KHANH HOA – 2018 UNDERTAKING I undertake that the thesis entitled: “Economic Valuation of Biodiversity Conservation: The case of Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area”, is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted Khanh Hoa, 3rd June, 2018 Do Thi Ngoc An i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof Ola Flateen and Dr Bui Bich Xuan, who have guided me throughout the project The words of encouragement, sincere advice, and expert instructions have helped me firmly to complete this topic Moreover, they persisted in helping and did not give up in times of discouragement This acknowledgment to them is written from the bottom of my heart I would also like to thank lecturers in the Norhed Master’s Program for imparting their knowledge during the two years of study With the knowledge acquired during the learning process is not only a foundation in the field of study, it is also a valuable asset for me to enter into a solid and confident life The next acknowledgment, goes to my classmates They have always been by my side; always encouraging, caring, sharing, and helping me in during this thesis writeup Special gratitude to my classmate Charles for helping me improve my English writing skills On a personal note, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents for their support and encouragement Maybe my parents may not read this acknowledgment but only look at my thesis book, stroking the green cover and the letter complimented with words perfectly printed in each page within their hearts To them, their joy is simple; that is to see me mature and complete my master program Either way, I am particularly grateful to my parents and my appreciation goes to all my family members whose endless support, patience, sacrifices and enthusiasm kept me going Writing an acknowledgement is very difficult It is not easy to express, emotion and gratitude rather than knowledge load I would like to thank you all again for guiding me to this point I would like to wish all of you good health and success in your noble cause Thank you sincerely! Khanh Hoa, 3rd June, 2018 Do Thi Ngoc An ii TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF SYMBOLS v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS viii LIST OF TABLES ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Study method 13 1.3 Definitions 14 CHAPTER LITRATURE REVIEW 16 2.1 Theoretical background of environmental and natural resource valuation 16 2.2 Contingent valuation method (CVM) 20 2.3 The situation of applying CVM in the world 21 2.4 The situation of applying CVM in Vietnam 23 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Area of study 25 3.1.1 The scope of protection of NTB MPA 27 3.2 Population and sample size 29 3.3 Methods of data collection 31 iii 3.3.1 Sources of Secondary data 31 3.3.2 Sources of Primary data 31 3.4 Theoretical concepts on the research process of implementing the referendum question 34 3.5 Questionnaire pre-test and questionnaire development 38 3.6 Research process and sample questionnaire 40 3.7 Model specification 43 3.7 Data analysis 45 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46 4.1 Results 46 4.1.1 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents 46 4.1.2 Households' attitude towards the NTB MPA 49 4.1.3 Estimates of Willingness to Work and Willingness to Pay 51 4.1.4 Results from the logistic regressions to find the factors affecting the WTW values 55 4.2 Discussion of results 56 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 58 Conclusion 58 5.2 Recommendations 59 REFERENCES 61 APPENDICES 66 iv LIST OF SYMBOLS k number of independent variable n sample size A Time for change b marginal utility of time Z utility of the ecosystem service exp exponential (e = 2,71828) v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BV Bequest value CC Climate change CVM Contingent Valuation Method DUV Direct use value EV Existence value FGD Focus group discussion IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUV Indirect Use Value MLE Maximum likelihood estimation MPA Marine Protected Area NTB Nha Trang Bay NUV Non-use value OV Options values PCKHP People's Committee of Khanh Hoa Province SMART Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time bound TEV Total economic value UV Use value VND Vietnamese Dong WCPA World Commission on Protected Area vi WTA Willingness to Accept WTP Willingness to Pay WTW Willingness to Work vii LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS Figure 2.1 Total Economic Value 17 Figure 3.1 The locations and boundaries of the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area, Vietnam 26 Figure 3.2 The zoning scheming of the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area in 2005 27 Figure 3.3 Taking primary data from individual interview 33 Figure 3.4 The step implemented during the evaluation process 35 Figure 3.5 Bar chart of the frequencies of the bids in the pre-testing WTW 39 Graph 4.1 Bar chart of the frequencies of income in VND on the horizontal axis 48 Graph 4.2 Bar chart of the BID density in groups Yes and No 53 viii fishing in the reserve The residents are generally aware of the importance and role of NTB MPA and they have shown a strong interest in the MPA itself, which is significant in assessing the value of NTB MPA Therefore, the demand for NTB MPA rehabilitation appear to be agreed upon by the majority of the population 5.2 Recommendations Firstly, fisheries resources have declined significantly, affecting the communities’ livelihoods As known, the objective of the establishment of NTB MPA aims to preserve a typical model of marine biodiversity of international importance of the fisheries stocks which are under threat Policy makers should come up with more ways to engage stakeholders to effectively protect and manage marine biodiversity in NTB MPA, creating a collaborative management model for Vietnam MPAs3 Moreover, MPAs management might be enhanced of clear objectives and goals are defined in SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time bound) way are crafted and communicated to residents of MPA Further, monitoring, compliance and enforcement must be enhanced (Upton, 2016) Secondly, NTB MPA management should engage the residents in more awareness programs to improve the community participation in marine biodiversity management This may be achieved by holding workshops advocating for more community participation in marine biodiversity This may help improve the interest to participate in state program A study by Michigan University students in the USA, indicated that for affective MPA management through community engagement, the principle of community engagement must be followed, namely, being proactive, having clearly defined purposes and time, understanding, validating and speaking to community http://tapchimoitruong.vn/pages/article.aspx?item=B%E1%BA%A3o-t%E1%BB%93n-v%C3%A0-ph%C3%A1ttri%E1%BB%83n-Khu-b%E1%BA%A3o-t%E1%BB%93n-bi%E1%BB%83n-v%E1%BB%8Bnh-Nha-Trang-38481 59 members, being responsive, being inclusive, and building stronger relationship between management and the community (Davis et al., 2014) Thirdly, the NTB MPA should come up with community based-marine biodiversity management to make the communities more active in the conservation of their resources Such a program would ensure that all social economic, ecological and environment factors are brought out to ensure that full attention is paid to them Limitation, despite limited time and manpower, the study has attempted to overcome the limitation of the study to the lowest level Nevertheless, the research still has some limitations such as not analyzing the impact of some other socio-economic factors on WTW, for instance some more qualification of the approach used, and how it may have impacted on the results would be useful However, if it is going in the future, surely the study will overcome the limitations and complement more fully 60 REFERENCES Ahlheim, M., & Fror, O (2003) Valuing the non-market production of agriculture Bewertung nicht-marktlicher Agrarproduktion Anderson, D (2010) Environmental economics and natural resource mangement.pdf Anh, 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90.25 3rd Qu.:64.0 3rd Qu.:4.159 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.000 Max :120.00 Max :80.0 Max :4.382 Max :1.000 Max :1.000 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 Reason.for.yes Reason.for.no Gender Age LogA Min :0.00 Min :0.000 Min :0.000 Min :19.00 Min :2.944 1st Qu.:0.00 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:34.00 1st Qu.:3.526 Median :1.50 Median :0.000 Median :1.000 Median :38.00 Median :3.638 Mean :1.45 Mean :1.592 Mean :0.525 Mean :39.16 Mean :3.646 3rd Qu.:3.00 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:45.25 3rd Qu.:3.812 Max :4.00 Max :4.000 Max :1.000 Max :65.00 Max :4.174 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 Edu Working.Days LogWD Working.hours LogWH Min :0.000 Min :20.00 Min :3.296 Min :160.0 Min :5.075 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:24.00 1st Qu.:3.296 1st Qu.:192.0 1st Qu.:5.257 Median :2.000 Median :26.00 Median :3.296 Median :208.0 Median :5.338 Mean :1.817 Mean :25.41 Mean :3.296 Mean :203.3 Mean :5.310 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:26.00 3rd Qu.:3.296 3rd Qu.:208.0 3rd Qu.:5.338 Max :4.000 Max :30.00 Max :3.296 Max :240.0 Max :5.481 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 Income LogIn MPA Interested Importance Min :2000000 Min :14.51 Min :0.00 Min :2.000 Min :2.00 1st Qu.:3500000 1st Qu.:15.07 1st Qu.:1.00 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.00 Median :4500000 Median :15.32 Median :1.00 Median :4.000 Median :4.00 Mean :4336667 Mean :15.24 Mean :0.85 Mean :4.317 Mean :4.35 3rd Qu.:5000000 3rd Qu.:15.42 3rd Qu.:1.00 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:5.00 Max :9000000 Max :16.01 Max :1.00 Max :5.000 Max :5.00 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 Evaluation Org Affected.by.CC Min :0.000 Min :0.000 Min :0.0000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:1.0000 Median :1.000 Median :1.000 Median :1.0000 Mean :0.975 Mean :0.875 Mean :0.8583 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 Max :1.000 Max :1.000 Max :1.0000 NA's :4 NA's :4 NA's :4 Initial function value: -83.17766 Initial gradient value: 67 [1] 456 initial value 83.177662 iter value 81.807174 iter value 63.238155 iter value 62.449778 iter value 62.289174 iter value 62.283698 iter value 62.283698 final value 62.283698 converged Maximum Likelihood estimation BFGS maximization, 22 iterations Return code 0: successful convergence Log-Likelihood: -62.2837 free parameters Estimates: Estimate Std error t value Pr(> t) [1,] 2.634051 0.501317 5.254 1.49e-07 *** [2,] 0.051327 0.009534 5.384 7.30e-08 *** Signif codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ -> meanE meanE [1] 51.31904 > > vcov(mle) [,1] [,2] [1,] 0.251318628 4.290083e-03 [2,] 0.004290083 9.089452e-05 > seWTP seWTP [1] 0.3276127 > teststat teststat [1] 2.35113 Deviance Residuals: 68 Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -2.3002 -1.0208 0.5614 0.9164 1.6890 Coefficients: Estimate Std Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) 1.74670 3.42515 0.510 0.6101 Gender 0.97096 0.41678 2.330 0.0198 * Age -0.07269 0.03710 -1.959 0.0501 Edu 0.31391 0.33812 0.928 0.3532 Working.hours -0.02334 0.01155 -2.020 0.0433 * Interested 0.86884 0.56077 1.549 0.1213 Affected.by.CC 1.59361 0.73938 2.155 0.0311 * Signif codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1) Null deviance: 163.65 on 119 degrees of freedom Residual deviance: 139.36 on 113 degrees of freedom (4 observations deleted due to missingness) AIC: 153.36 Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: b Questionnaire Hello, my name is Do Thi Ngoc An I am the data collector in this study We are conducting a study on the economic valuation of biodiversity in the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area (NTB MPA) NTB MPA is established for the biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement of local communities However, after more than 15 years protection, biodiversity in this area has not improved due to different causes such as overexploitation around the MPA, poaching within the MPA especially using destructive fishing practices, toxic substances discharged directly to the sea by human activities, eradication, and climate change Effective local enforcement depends on both committed and financially supported local institutions such as sea watchers and municipal government This is the background for this survey 69 This survey will help us to better understand the situation and will contribute to the conservation of the NTB MPA Your answer are completely confidential and participation is voluntary So, please answer the most sincere and the most enthusiastic Because your honest answer to these question will help us to better understand the situation and you will contribute to improve the conservation NTB MPA and it also help to my master’s thesis We’re not from any government or private institution This survey is for educational purpose We greatly appreciate yours with this study Thank you for everything I Questions about the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area Do you know what is the Marine Protected Area?  Yes  No How are you interested in Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area? 70 Don’t know (1 Not very interested, Not interested, Neither interested nor not interested Interested, 5.Very interested) How you rate the importance of biodiversity conservation? Don’t know (1 Not important, Less important, Neither important nor not important, Important, Very important) How you think fisheries resources have changed during the last 10 years?  Increased  No Change  Reduced  I don’t know Do you think that climate change is one of the reasons causing the reduction in coral reefs and reef fish abundance?  Yes  No Have you ever participated in a program or project related to the conservation of Nha Trang Bay?  Yes  No If yes, please give the specific name of the program or project that you have participated in………………………………………………………… II Willingness to work for Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area To improve the sustainability of the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area suppose that there is a proposal to ask the help of local residents in patrolling and maintaining the MPA on a voluntary basis which means you will not be given a salary or incentives You will contribute your time but not your boat or other personal properties You will not be able to go fishing or go to work during the day or time you are assigned to patrol Would you be willing to work for patrolling of the Nha Trang Bay MPA with time hours/month (1day/month) to conserve marine biodiversity? (the same content with different bid: 24 hours/month (3 days/month), 40 hours/month (5 days/month), 64 hours/month (8 days/month), 80 hours/month (10 days/month), so we will get questionnaires)  Yes → go to question  No → go to question If you answered yes to question 1, what is the main reason that you said yes?  I have the capacity to patrol work for the reserve  I hope that volunteering for the MPA will contribute to sustainable livelihoods for local people  I hope that volunteer work for the MPA will protect biodiversity and provide aquatic breeds  I hope that by accepting volunteer work, I can better fulfill my civic duty If you answered no to question 1, what is the main reason that you said no?  I not think I will receive benefits from the fisheries resources after volunteering for the reserve  Volunteering will waste my time  I not care about the Marine Protected Area  I need all the time for my own work/fishing III Question about you? Your gender?  Male  Female Year of birth? ………… What is the highest grade you completed in school?  Not completed primary school  Primary school  Secondary school  High school  Undergraduate  Graduated How many days you work for livelihood in a month? days How much money you earn per month? VND ... Some of key reasons of the importance of this study are: (1) to encourage support for conservation of biodiversity from local communities in the NTB MPA; (2) to ascertain the economic value of biodiversity. .. waste, etc The focus of this study is the valuation of the valuation of biodiversity conservation by eliciting the willingness to work of the residents in the NTB MPA And Marine Biodiversity Wiki...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY DO THI NGOC AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: THE CASE OF NHA TRANG BAY MARINE PROTECTED AREA