Evaluating the economic benefit of mangrove restoration in light of climate events in de gi lagoon, binh dinh province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY TO THI BICH LOI EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF MANGROVE RESTORATION IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE EVENTS IN DE GI LAGOON BINH DINH PROVINCE MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA – 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY TO THI BICH LOI EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF MANGROVE RESTORATION IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE EVENTS IN DE GI LAGOON BINH DINH PROVINCE MASTER THESIS Major Marine Based-Ecosystems Management and Climate Change Code Topic Allocation Decision Decision on establishing the Committee Defense Date Supervisors: Professor: Margrethe Aanesen Professor: Kim Anh Nguyen Thi Chairman of the Committee Faculty of Graduate Studies KHANH HOA – 2018 UNDERTAKING I state that this thesis entitled “Evaluating the economic benefit of mangrove restoration in light of climate events in De Gi Lagoon, Binh Dinh Province” is my own work Up to this date the work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment Khanh Hoa, 14th June 2018 Author To Thi Bich Loi i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Professor Margrethe Aanesen (Tromso University) and Professor Kim Anh Nguyen (Nha Trang University), I would like to express my deepest appreciation for your supporting my research, for your dedication, patience, motivation and immense knowledge Your guidance was essential in assisting me in completing my study in a timely manner I am fortunate to have you all as my supervisors I also would like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals and institutes for the valuable contributions made to my study: - Nha Trang University and University of Tromso for giving me the opportunity to study the Norhed Master’s Program in Marine-based Ecosystem Management and Climate Change - The Faculty of Graduate Studies of Nha Trang University for helping and giving me the best conditions to finish my thesis - The provincial government of Binh Dinh Province, especially government officials of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Department of Natural Resource and Environment and People’s Committee of Phu My and Phu Cat District for helping me, providing valuable information and necessary data for my study Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my family and friends for supporting me spiritually throughout the period of writing this thesis Khanh Hoa, 14th June 2018 Author To Thi Bich Loi ii TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF SYMBOL v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLE viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Objectives of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 2.1 Ecosystem goods and services .5 2.2 Methods of valuation of ecosystem goods and services 2.3 Reasons for valuation of ecosystem goods and services 2.4 Goods and services provided by mangrove forests 2.5 Loss of mangrove forests and restoration programs 2.6 Previous studies on mangrove forests valuation 11 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13 3.1 Research approaches 13 3.2 Study area 13 3.3 Data collection 15 3.3.1 Primary data 15 3.2.2 Secondary data 16 3.3 Methods to achieve the objectives 16 3.4 Sample size 17 3.5 Data analysis .17 iii 4.1 Results 19 4.1.1 Socio-economic information on the respondents 19 4.1.2 Benefits provided by mangrove forests in De Gi Lagoon 21 4.1.3 Determination of the economic benefit of mangrove forest restoration in De Gi Lagoon .22 4.1.4 Perception on mangrove restoration’s role in increasing the benefits to the community members 26 4.1.5 Respondents’ opinion on mangrove restoration being a good strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation 28 4.2 Discussion 30 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 32 5.1 Conclusion 32 5.2 Recommendations 33 REFERENCES 35 APPENDICES iv LIST OF SYMBOLS CO2 Carbon dioxide e Margin of error n Sample size N Total number of households rx the variance of x ry the variance of y x x-variable y y-variable ρxy the correlation coefficient between x and y σx standard deviation of x σy standard deviation of y v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACCCRN Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network BV Bequest value CVM Contingent valuation method DMV Deliberative monetary valuation DUV Direct use value EV Economic value GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility ISET – I Institute for Social and Environmental Transition - International IUV Indirect use value MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MFF Mangrove for the future MP Market price NGOs Non-government Organization NUV Non-use value OUV Option use value SP Stated preference TEV Total economic value UNEP United Nations Environmental Program US$/USD US dollar UV Use value VND Vietnam dong VNU Viet Nam National University WTP Willingness to pay vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Total economic value of ecosystem goods and services Figure 2.2: Mangrove coverage in hectares between 1943 and 2008 in Viet Nam 10 Figure 3.1: Map of Binh Dinh Province 14 Figure 3.2: Map of De Gi Lagoon 15 Figure 4.1: Gender of the respondents 19 Figure 4.2: Educational level of the respondents 20 Figure 4.3: Employment status of the respondents .20 Figure 4.4: Distribution of respondents by annual income, measured in 1,000 VND 21 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Restoration and protection of mangrove forests project in Binh Dinh Province from 2006 to 2016 Table 2.1: Ecological functions and goods and services provided by mangrove forests .9 Table 2.3: Summary Of The Various Mangrove Restoration Intervention Programs In Vietnam 11 Table 4.1: Distribution of the respondents by commune 19 Table 4.2: Benefits provided by mangrove forests in De Gi Lagoon expressed as percentages of the total respondents 21 Table 4.3: Respondent's opinion on restoration of mangrove forests in De Gi Lagoon .23 Table 4.4: Reasons for restoration of mangrove forests in De Gi Lagoon 24 Table 4.5: Respondent’s willingness to participate in the mangrove forest restoration program in De Gi Lagoon 25 Table 4.6: Distribution of WTP of the respondents, measured in 1,000 VND .25 Table 4.7: Respondent's perception of how mangrove restoration will increase the benefit they may receive .27 Table 4.8: Respondent's perception of benefit that will be increased by the mangrove restoration program 28 Table 4.9: Respondent's opinion on mangrove restoration being a good strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation 29 Table 4.10: Respondent's opinion about the ways mangrove restoration would be a good strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation 29 viii REFERENCES Barbier, E B., Acreman, M., Knowler, D., Edward B Barbier, Acreman, M., & Knowler, D (1997) Economic valuation of wetlands: Aguideline for policy makers and planners Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India (Vol 26) Brander, L M., Wagtendonk, A J., Hussain, S S., Vittie, A M c, Verburg, P H., Groot, R de, & Sander, van der P (2012) Ecosystem service values for mangroves in Southeast Asia: A 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ngập mặn bị suy thoái vùng ven đô miền Trung Việt Nam: So sánh kết thôn Tyler, S (2017) Reducing Flood Risk in Quy Nhon City Retrieved from https://www.acccrn.net/sites/default/files/publication/attach/iset_pb_qn_reduce_fl ood_risk_171206.pdf Valiela, I., Bowen, J L., & York, J K (2001) Mangrove Forests: One of the World’s Threatened Major Tropical Environments BioScience, 51(10), 807 https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2 Viet Nam Environment Protection Agency (2005) Overview of Wetlands Status in Viet Nam Following 15 Years of Ramsar Convention Implementation., 72 Retrieved from http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/vietnam_wetlands_status_english.pdf Viet Nam National University (VNU) (2015) Evaluating present status and socioeconomic effects of mangrove forests in communities of Tan Thanh, Bang La and Dai Hop-Hai Phong city 37 APPENDICES Appendix 1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS Appendix 1.1: Distribution of respondents by annual income Distribution of respondents by annual income Below 100,000 VND 100,000 VND to 200,000 VND 200,000 VND to 300,000 VND 300,000 VND to 400,000 VND 400,000 VND to 500,000 VND Over 500,000 VND Total No respondent % 1% 55 37% 44 29% 29 19% 19 13% 1% 150 100% Appendix 1.2: Employment status of respondents Employment status of respondents Self-employed Government Worker Farmer Retiree Others Total No % 121 12 151 5% 2% 80% 8% 5% 100% Appendix 1.3: Educational level of the respondents Educational level of the respondents None Primary Secondary Technical College University Total No of respondent 50 83 12 150 % 1% 33% 55% 8% 2% 0% 100% Appendix 1.4: Age of the respondents Age 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 50 50 over Total No of respondent 10 74 66 150 % 0% 7% 49% 44% 100% Appendix 1.5: Marital status of the respondents Marital status Single Married Others Total No of respondent % 141 150 5% 94% 1% 100% Appendix 1.6: Gender of the respondents Gender of the respondents Female Male Total No of respondent % 38 112 150 25% 75% 100% Appendix 1.7: Employment status of respondents Employment status of respondents Self-employed Government Worker Farmer Retiree Others Total No % 121 12 151 5% 2% 80% 8% 5% 100% Appendix 1.8: Number of people in household No of people in household No 7 26 38 56 18 Total 150 Average number of people in a household No of people in household* Number of people 14 78 152 280 108 35 667 Appendix 2: BENEFITS PROVIDED BY MANGROVE FORESTS IN DE GI LAGOON Benefits Seafoods Income from fishing Aquaculture Recreation Forestry productions and maintenance earnings Habitat for wildlife and bird species Flood and storm protection Benefits for future generation None Some Don’t know Plenty 7 17 104 78 78 74 11 61 61 50 4 26 Total 150 150 150 150 119 19 84 36 79 58 107 59 150 150 150 150 Appendix 3: POPULATION OF COMMUNES SURROUNDING DE GI LAGOON Commune Population Year Period (2017) Rate=1% My Chanh 14,428 1999 18 17,273 My Cat 7,013 2002 15 8,148 My Thanh 9,473 1999 18 11,341 Cat Khanh 13,661 2015 13,937 Cat Minh 15,145 2015 15,451 Total 59,720 Number of households in 2017 66,150 13,230 Appendix 3: REASONS FOR RESTORATION MANGROVE IN DE GI LAGOON Reasons for restoration Absolutely Very mangrove in De Gi Lagoon important Important Important Absolutely Not important not Total important Mangrove forests are a source of goods which support local livelihoods 17 57 61 10 145 10 40 45 38 12 145 20 26 37 59 145 73 34 27 10 145 15 48 46 30 145 45 56 32 145 10 63 51 20 145 42 57 32 10 145 Mangrove forests are a source of services which support local livelihoods Mangrove forests are a source of recreational services Mangrove forests are source of regulating services, such as storm protection, flood protection, erosion Magrove forests are good filter of sediments Mangrove forests are a good carbon sink Mangrove forests may provide benefits for future generations Mangrove forests provide habitats and breeding ground for several plants and organisms APPENDIX 4: QUESTIONNAIRE PART A SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND INFORMATION In this section of the questionnaire you are required to provide your biographical as well as socio-economic information Your information is specifically for statistical applications only What is your gender?  Male  Female Marital status  Single  Married  Others What is your age?  From 15 to under 20 yrs  From 20 to under 30 yrs  From 30 to under 50 yrs  More than 50 yrs What is the educational level you completed?  None  Primary  Secondary  Technical institute  College  University  Others; Specify: …………… What is your employment status?  Self-employed – other business  Government worker  Private company employee  Farmer; specify: ………………  Retiree  Others; specify: ……………… Number of people who live in the household : Number of people who depend on the household for the sustenance:…………… What is your total annual income (sum total of income like: wages, salaries, pensions, interest on savings, and any others?  Under 100,000,000 VND  From 100,000,000 VND to under 200,000,000 VND  From 200,000,000 VND to under 300,000,000 VND  From 300,000,000 VND to under 400,000,000 VND  From 400,000,000 VND to under 500,000,000 VND  More than 500,000,000 VND Which is your commune?  My Thanh  My Cat  Cat Minh  Cat Khanh  My Chanh PART B: CLIMATE CHANGE For how long have you been living in this area?  Under years  From to under 10 years  From 10 to under 20 years  From 20 to under 30 years  More than 30 years Have you heard about climate change?  Yes  No If yes (question 2), where have you received your information on climate change?  TV/ radio  Newspapers  Government information brochure  Conferences/community meetings  Others, specify:…………………… What effects or changes have you been informed?  Salt water intrusion  Disappearance of some species  Changes in temperature  Change in pH  Increased frequency of tornadoes  Increased erosion  Others, specify: …………………… Do you think climate change has affected De Gi Lagoon  Yes  No If yes (question 5), what effect have you observed? or been informed about?  Salt water intrusion  Disappearance of some species  Changes in temperature  Change in pH  Increased frequency of tornadoes  Increased erosion  Others, specify: …………………… If yes (question 5), you think these changes have affected your income?  Yes  No  Not sure If yes (question 7), can you estimate the annual loss of income from aquaculture and fishery in the last years?  Less than 10% (dưới 10%)  From 10% to under 20%  From 20% to under 30 %  From 30% to 40%  From 40% to 50% More than 50% If yes (question 7), will you support government efforts which will mitigate these impacts of climate change on your income?  Yes  No  Not sure 10 Do you think mangrove restoration will be a good strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation for De Gi Lagoon?  Yes  No  Not sure 11 If yes (question 10), in what ways you think mangrove forest restoration will be a good strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation for De Gi Lagoon?  Stabilization of salinity levels  Removal of toxins  CO2 sequestration Prevention of mud intrusion  Control of pH level  Others, specify: …………… PART C: ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY What you think is the current state of biodiversity in De Gi Lagoon  Extremely degraded  Moderately degraded  Degraded  Not degraded Have you observed any changes in the structure of the wetland of De Gi Lagoon in the past 10 years?  Yes  No If yes (question 2), what structural changes have you observed?  Mud water intrusion  Reduction in mangrove forest area  Change in the growth pattern of mangrove  Others, specify:………… Do you understand the function of a?  Yes  No  Not sure If yes (question 4), in the past 10 years, have you observed any changes in the function of the wetland in De Gi Lagoon?  Yes  No  Not sure If yes (question 5), what type of changes have you observed?  Not able to give enough income  Not able to support some of the species of animal life  Increase in disease amongst the fish species  Others, specify: …………… Khác, cụ thể:…………… Do you agree that mangrove forests support biodiversity  Yes  No  Not sure If yes (question 7), in which ways you think mangrove forests support biodiversity?  As breeding ground for species  As a brooder for juveniles  Removal of toxins from the water  Others, specify: ……………… Do you think that mangrove conservation and restoration will increase the benefit you receive?  Yes  No  Not sure 10 If yes (question 9), which benefits will be increased?  Increased species  Increased quantity of fish for harvest  Reduced diseases  Others, specify: …………………… PART D: BENEFITS FROM MANGROVE FOREST AND THEIR BIODIVERSITY Which one of the following benefits from the mangrove forest area is important for you? Benefits None Some Plenty Do not know Seafood Income from fishing Aquaculture Recreation Forestry products Habitat for wildlife and bird species Flood and storm protection Benefits for future generation Other, specify: …………… PART E: MANGROVE RESTORATION Have you heard about the mangrove forest restoration programme in De Gi Lagoon?  Yes  No Do you agree that the mangrove protection and restoration programme should be implemented in De Gi Lagoon?  Absolutely agree  Agree  Neutral/abstain  Disagree  Absolutely disagree How important are the following reasons for protecting and restoring the mangroves in De Gi Lagoon? Reasons for mangrove restoration and protection Absolutely Very important important Important Not Absolutely not important important Mangrove forests are a source of goods which support local livelihoods Mangrove forests are a source of services which support local livelihoods Mangrove forest are a source of recreational services Mangrove forest are a source of regulating services, such as storm protection, flood protection, erosion Mangrove forest are a good filter of sediments Mangrove forests are a good carbon sink Mangrove forests may provide benefits for future generations Mangrove forest provide habitats and breeding ground for several plants and organisms WTP - Are you willing to pay for mangrove protection and restoration in De Gi Lagoon?  Yes  No If yes (question 4), how much are you as a maximum willing to pay for restoration 50ha of mangrove forests per?  1,000 - 50,000 VND  50,000 – 100,000 VND  100,000 – 150,000 VND  150,000 – 200,000 VND  200,000 – 250,000 VND  300,000 – 350,000 VND  350,000 – 400,000 VND  400,000 – 450,000 VND  450,00 – 500,000 VND  More than 500,000 VND If yes (question 4), what is the reason for your willingness to pay?  Beneficial to my family  Beneficial to my community  Beneficial to the future generations  It is an interesting program  Others, specify:…………  Not sure What methods of collection of the payment you prefer?  Included in electricity bill  Included in the water bill  Included in the land rates  Cash payment per month  Others, specify:………… If no (question 4), what is the reason for not WTP?  My family doesn’t have any money for this contribution  I don’t believe that this program will have any good results  I think it is Government responsibility  I think this program is not important  I don’t get any benefit from mangrove forest  I think my payment is not necessary for this program  Others, specify:………  Not sure ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY TO THI BICH LOI EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF MANGROVE RESTORATION IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE EVENTS IN DE GI LAGOON BINH DINH PROVINCE. .. climate office of Binh Dinh Province (2017) The specific area of this study was in De Gi Lagoon, Binh Dinh Province Figure 3.2 is the map of De Gi Lagoon De Gi Lagoon is a low-lying area which is... study is the De Gi Lagoon, the second largest lagoon in Binh Dinh Province De Gi is one of the most diverse lagoons, and has favorable conditions for economic development The total area of De Gi Lagoon