INTRODUCTION After reforming and opening up, Vietnams economy has changed positively. The economy developed at a rapid rate, about 7% in recent years, that led to the demand for energy in the economy increased to 12% 13%, almost twice the GDP growth. According to the General Electric Company in Vietnam (EVN), if the economy remains at this level of growth, Vietnam electricity can not supply enough and have to import with expensive price. The demand for power was and still is a hot issue. If Vietnam wants to develop sustainable economics, the electricity must be one step ahead. What are solutions to the energy problem? In our country, the Party and the Government, on the one hand improve the efficient exploitation of natural resources to serve traditional power production, on the other hand also gradually exploit new energy sources such as solar, hydro tidal, geothermal, and wind resources. It really is a smart solution and suitable for energy thorny problem, a solution that humanity is applied and has achieved many successes. Among the direction starting from renewable energy sources, the wind energy is particularly interested. According to the research evaluation of World Bank, Vietnam has the largest potential exploitation of wind energy in Southeast Asia. The exploitation of wind resources also bring longterm benefits of economic, environmental and social. Our country with a long coastline is to exploit the wind strength. Under the perspective of an environmental student, expected to consider Vietnam wind potential in coastal areas objectively, the authors selected the topic Assessment the potential of wind energy development in coastal areas Vietnam”.
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ASSESSMENT THE POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS VIETNAM Undergraduate thesis Environmental sciences Advanced progarm Hanoi – 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the period of studying at VNU Univeristy of Science, receiving enthusastic help from all the teachers in Faculty of Environmental Science, I not only accqiured knowledge but also have grown up and am more mature in life I sincerely thank Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Chu Hoi for his amazing inspiration, thoughtful and dedicated guide during my thesis I honestly thank to all professors in Faculty of Environmental Sciences, especially to professors from Environmental Management Department for devoting teaching equip us the important knowledge during the study and pratice at the university It is my grateful thank the support and love from my family and friends who always understand me and cheer me up to complete the thesis Though having put a lot of effort on scientific reasearch, the thesis certainly has flaws due to personal limited knowledge, the author wishes to receive comment and feedback from teachers and friends Hanoi, 30th Novemeber 2014 Student LIST OF TABLES Table Electric consumption by sectors during 2006-2010 in Vietnam Table The average wind speed in some locations in Vietnam (m/s) Table The wind average speed in some locations at 65m Table Wind energy potential distributed by area Table The potential of wind energy at 65m height in Vietnam Table The potential of wind energy at 80m height in Vietnam LIST OF FIGURES Figure Percentages of electricity production sources in Vietnam 2012 Figure Vietnam wind resource based on seasons Figure Distribution of wind resources at the ground (altitude 10m) Figure Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 30m Figure Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 65m Figure Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 80m Figure Binh Thuan province map Figure Ninh Thuan province map CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter – OVERVIEW .2 1.1 Needs of electricity in Vietnam 1.2 Status of electricity productionsources in Vietnam .3 1.3 Characteristics of wind regime in Vietnam coastal areas Chapter – METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study object 2.2 Scope of the study .5 2.2.1 Geographical Scope .5 2.2.2 Issue Scope 2.3 Methods of study 2.3.1 Data collection .5 2.3.2 Theorical research 2.3.3 Systhesis and process information .6 Chapter – STUDY RESULTS AND DISUCSSION 3.1 Benefits of wind energy use 3.2 General assessment the potential of wind energy in Vietnam coastal areas 3.2.1 Based on seasons 3.2.2 Based on altitude 3.2.2.1 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 10m .10 3.2.2.2 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 30m .12 3.2.2.3 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 65m .14 3.2.2.4 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 80m .18 3.3 Hotspot areas .19 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .22 REFERENCES 24 APPENDIX 26 INTRODUCTION After reforming and opening up, Vietnam's economy has changed positively The economy developed at a rapid rate, about 7% in recent years, that led to the demand for energy in the economy increased to 12% -13%, almost twice the GDP growth According to the General Electric Company in Vietnam (EVN), if the economy remains at this level of growth, Vietnam electricity can not supply enough and have to import with expensive price The demand for power was and still is a hot issue If Vietnam wants to develop sustainable economics, the electricity must be one step ahead What are solutions to the energy problem? In our country, the Party and the Government, on the one hand improve the efficient exploitation of natural resources to serve traditional power production, on the other hand also gradually exploit new energy sources such as solar, hydro tidal, geothermal, and wind resources It really is a smart solution and suitable for energy thorny problem, a solution that humanity is applied and has achieved many successes Among the direction starting from renewable energy sources, the wind energy is particularly interested According to the research evaluation of World Bank, Vietnam has the largest potential exploitation of wind energy in Southeast Asia The exploitation of wind resources also bring long-term benefits of economic, environmental and social Our country with a long coastline is to exploit the wind strength Under the perspective of an environmental student, expected to consider Vietnam wind potential in coastal areas objectively, the authors selected the topic "Assessment the potential of wind energy development in coastal areas Vietnam” CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1.1 Needs of electric in Vietnam The average growth rate of electricity production in Vietnam for 20 years now reached a very high level, 12-13% / year – is almost twice the GDP growth rate of the economy And according to forecasts of the General Electric Company in Vietnam (EVN), if the growth rate of the average GDP continues to be maintained at 7.1% / year, the demand for electricity produced in Vietnam in 2020 will be about 200,000 GWh, in 2030 was 327,000 GWh [7] Concerning the consumption structure, industry continued to take the biggest share of from 47.4 % to 52 % in total consumption in 2006 and 2010, respectively (Table 1) Household consumption occupied the second largest share but slightly reduced due to fast industrialization in Vietnam, from 42.9% in 2006 to 38.2% in 2010 Altogether service, agriculture and other sectors occupied approximately 10% of electricity consumption Table Electric consumption by sectors during 2006-2010 in Vietnam [12] List Agriculture Industry Services Household consumption Other 2006 (%) 1.1 47.4 4.8 2007 (%) 1.0 50 4.8 2008 (%) 1.0 50.7 4.8 2009 (%) 0.9 50.6 4.6 2010 (%) 1.1 52.5 4.5 42.9 40.6 40.1 40.1 32.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 The growth rate of power consumption is far exceeding the GDP growth rate in the same period For example, during 1995-2005 the annual growth rate of power consumption was over 14.9% while GDP growth rate was only 7.2% The highest growth of power demand was found in the industrial sector (16.1%) then followed by the residential sector (14%) In the future, according to the National Power Development Master Plan VII, the electricity demand of the country will be continued to grow by 14 - 16% per year in the period 2011-2015 and then slow down to 11.15% per year in the period 2016-2020 and 7.4 – 8.4% per year in 2021-2030 [14] 1.2 Status of electricity productionsources in Vietnam It can be seen, the main source of eletricity production in Vietnam is hydroeletricity Vietnam currently has 75 large hydropower plants and more than 470 works of small and medium hydropower capacity from 1000-3000 MW Figure Percentages of electricity production sources in Vietnam 2012 [17] According to the development planning of national electricity in 20112020, vision to 2030, Vietnam will continue to prioritize the development of hydropower resources, bringing the total capacity of 14,000 MW from hydro sources at present to 21,300 MW in 2020 However, this energy to sustainable development, Vietnam must a good job of planning, construction process and full disclosure to the people However, besides the benefits of renewable energy sources is not limited in time, but operators are limited in scale mining [7] Hydropower plans affect large residential areas, loss of local ethnic cultrure,… Gas and thermal electric (oil, gas, coal) are the next highest proportion in electricity production sources But the raw materials used in electricity production is fossil fuel They can not provide permanent power sector because stocks are limited In addition, these materials cause environmental pollution, CO2 emissions caused greenhouse effect, is a huge disadvantage Therefore, these electrcity production sources should not be used widely Vietnam has to import electricity because production is not enough while Vietnam has a lot of potentials in renewable resources The other part (nuclear, wind, solar,…) takes only 0.2% in total 1.3 Characteristics of wind regime in Vietnam coastal areas Vietnam climate is humid tropical rain with northeast and southwest monsoon The coastline is long therefore amount of wind annual is relative large with wind speed 8-10 m/s In Vietnam, the region where can develop wind energy is not spread evenly over the entire territory With the influence of the monsoon, wind regime is different If in northern Hai Van Pass, the main wind season coincides with the northeast monsoon season, in which the most potential areas of Quang Ninh (Quang Binh) and Quang Tri In the southern part of the Hai Van Pass, season coincides with the monsoon winds southwest, and the most promising areas of Highland plateau, the coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta, and especially the coastal areas of the both Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan [2] CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 10 Figure 3: Distribution of wind resources at the ground (altitude 10m) [14] 17 Table The average speed of the wind (m/s) in some locations in Vietnam [15] Location Lai Chau Lao Cai Ha Noi Co To Island Nam Dinh Bach Long Vi Hon Ngu Hoi An Khe Sanh Phu Quy Average Wind Speed (m/s) 2.9 4.2 2.0 4.2 3.8 7.1 3.9 6.0 3.0 6.5 Location Nha Trang Truong Sa Ho Chi Minh City Buon Me Thuot Phu Quoc Vung Tau Pleiku Rach Gia Hon Dau Quy Nhon Average Wind Speed (m/s) 2.8 5.9 3.8 2.3 6.2 3.1 2.8 2.3 5.0 4.9 3.2.2.2 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 30m At this altitude,there are some suitable places for motors, wind turbines with medium to large capacity On land, mountains and plateaus Tay Nguyen connected with South Central coastal strip has the most abundant potential Next position is the southern coast (Fig 4) 18 Figure 4: Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 30m [16] With the increase of altitude, at 30m above the ground, half of the territory has potentially greater than 400KWh/m2 annual In many coastal areas, total wind energy potential is greater than 700KWh/m Total energy capacity is larger than 1000KWh/m2 that areappeared in the coastal provinces 19 of North Delta, Southwest coast and some parts of the coast Thuan Hai and east coast of the South Thus, at this altitude, there are some suitable places for motors, wind turbines with medium to large capacity On land, mountains and plateaus Tay Nguyen connected with South Central coastal strip has the most abundant potential Next is the southern coast 3.2.2.3 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 65m Table The wind average speed in some locations at 65m Area 1 Area Area 10 11 12 Location Wind average speed at altitude 65m Mong Cai – Quang Ninh Van Ly – Nam Dinh Sam Son – Thanh Hoa Ky Anh – Ha Tinh 5.80 6.88 5.88 6.48 Quang Ninh – Quang Binh Gio Linh – Quang Tri Tuy Bong – Khanh Hoa Phuong Mai – Binh Dinh 6.73 6.53 5.14 7.30 Phuoc Ninh – Ninh Thuan Da Lat – Lam Dong Tuy Phong – Binh Thuan Duyen Hai – Tra Vinh 7.22 6.89 6.89 4.47 Source : EVN (2007) It can be seen that, the locations were selected by EVN, wind resources is abundant, wind speeds at almost locations are 5m/s Some places have high wind speed as Phuong Mai - Binh Dinh (7.30 m/s), Phuoc Minh City - Ninh Thuan (7.22 m/s), Da Lat - Lam Dong (6.89 m/s ), Van Ly - Nam Dinh (6.88 m/s), The wind speed in the South is dominant than the other areas (Fig.5) 20 Figure Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 65m [16] The table shows that the wind energy potential is differently distributed by area from Noth to South The Central and southern parts have technical potential of the wind energy higher than in the northern part 21 Table Wind energy potential distributed by area [14] Area North Central South Technique Potential (MW) 50 880 855 Total : 1785 The table presents the potential of wind energy at 65m height in Vietnam and shows that at this altitude, many parts of the territory has high potential In the North, many locations have the potetial total energy use is larger than 600KWh/m2 On the northern coast, the total energy can reach to 1300KWh/m2 In Central, the potential total energy use is larger than 900KWh/m on narrow coastal strip from Nghe An to the provinces Quang Binh-Quang TriHue.Southern coast has a rich potential, the potential wind energy is larger than 900KWh/m2 In many coastal location, it is larger than 1500KWh/m2 Table The potential of wind energy at 65m height in Vietnam [14] Average wind speed Low < m/s Medium 6-7 m/s Area (km2) Area (%) Potential (MW) 197.242 60.60% 100.367 30.8% Relatively high 7-8 m/s 25.679 7.9% - 401.444 102.716 High 8-9 m/s Very high > m/s 2.178 0.7% 111 > 0% 8.748 452 3.2.2.4 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 80m At this altitude (Table 6, fig 6), the wind energy potential in the territory is generally very rich In many locations, the total annual of the wind energy is larger than 1000KWh/m2 The coastal areas have great potential, 22 especially coasts from Tuy Hoa to Phan Thiet and the coasts connect deeply to south western plains Table The potential of wind energy at 80m height in Vietnam [14] Average wind < 4m/s 4-5 m/s 5-6 m/s 6-7 m/s 7-8 m/s 8-9 m/s > 9m/s speed (m/s) Area 95916 70868 40473 2435 220 20 (km2) Area 45.7 33.8 19.3 1.2 0.1 0.01 >0 (%) Potentia 965161 708678 404732 24351 2202 200 10 l (MW) 23 Figure Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 80m [16] 3.3 Hotspot areas In Vietnam, the location can develop wind energy is not spread evenly over the entire territory With the influence of the monsoon, wind regime is different.mIf in northern Hai Van Pass, the main wind season coincides with the northeast monsoon season, in which the most potential areas are Quang Ninh (Quang Binh) and Quang Tri In the southern Hai Van Pass, strong wind season coincides with southwest monsoon and the heighest potential area are 24 the coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta, and especially the coastal areas of Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan According to research by World Bank in Vietnam, there are two most potential for developing wind energy are Son Hai (Ninh Thuan) and sand hills at a height of 60-100m in the west Ham Tien to Mui Ne (Binh Thuan) (Fig 7, 8) High average speed of the wind, the amount of storms is less than the others, wind tends to stabilize in these areas are favorable conditions for development wind energy During the monsoon months, the proportion of south and southeast winds up to 98% with an average speed is 6-7 m/s that is able to build the wind farm capacity of to 3.5 MW Figure : The wind energy potential locations in Binh Thuan province [17] The areas has a total wind energy larger than 1000KWh/m2 corresponds to an average wind speed of m/s or more is there greater potential energy The energy extraction is very good and could use machines wind generators, wind turbines with large capcacity 25 Figure : Ninh Thuan province map [17] The area has a total wind energy 600-1000KWh/m where is quite potential, the effective exploitation can use all kinds of generators, wind turbines have medium capacity The area has a total wind energy in smaller 600KWh/m corresponding to the annual average wind speed is less than 3.5 m/s is the weak potential spot, the operators should use these types of wind generators, wind turbines have small capacity In fact, if the total energy is smaller than 200KWh/m 2, the exploitation of wind energy are not effective because the exploitation is too little glide, the value used is not worth much, while quite expensive for spending equipment costs It was only really interested in this energy when the total energy in approximately 300KWh/m2 or more or when the average wind speed is larger than 2.5m/s CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 26 Conclusion - Wind and wind resources are an inexhaustible natural resources, the solution for the replacement of the resources have been depleted by the process of economic development In the world, the wind resources exploitation brings significant meaning, especially in the context of the world energy crisis The exploitation of natural resources serve the purpose of wind power generation born is widely used - With the current growth rate, Vietnam will have to import electricity shortages and electricity prices are very expensive - Vietnam has many abundant renewable energy resources, particularly wind resources, is rated as the highest potential in Southeast Asia, according to the World Bank - Using wind energy has many long-term benefits to the environment and society - Vietnam wind resource is rich but points complex, seasonal changes and elevation (the wind average speed over 50m can exploitation of the wind energy) - Vietnam has wind resources segmentation by region, especially the coastal areas The greatest potential is the coastal area of the provinces of Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan Recommendations - Vietnam needs effective investment for the construction and development of wind power to supply not only enough power to national but also can export electricity - Improving the use of conventional turbine where potentially the most abundant use of grafted hybrid system - Disadvantages of wind power plants are causing noise pollution, so when planning to calculate reasonable distance to residential areas 27 - When planning should seriously study the wind regime, terrain and wind without the turbulence which negatively affects the transmitter.Wind power but increasingly useful but may not be the main energy MAIN REFERENCES 28 In Vietnamese Trần Văn Bình, Nguyễn Thế Việt (2010), Phong điện lượng tái tạo cho Việt Nam, NXB Trẻ, TP Hồ Chí Minh Lê Hồi Chí (2008), Nghiên cứu tổng quan lượng gió nhà máy điện gió Phương Mai, Việt Nam, Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Đại học, trường Đại học Kỹ thuật cơng nghệ TP Hồ Chí Minh, TP Hồ Chí Minh Mạc Thị Chinh (2013), Đánh giá tài nguyên gió phục vụ sản xuất điện Việt Nam, Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Đại học, trường Đại học Tây Bắc, Sơn La Nguyễn Hoàng Dũng (2011), Sổ tay hướng dẫn quy hoạch điện gió, Dự án lượng gió GiZ/MoIT PECC3, Hà Nội Tạ Văn Đa (2006), Đánh giá tài nguyên khả khai thác lượng gió lãnh thổ Việt Nam, Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài KHCN cấp bộ, Hà Nội Nguyễn Hướng Điền (2012), Profile gió lớp sát mặt đất Tuy Phong – Bình Thuận mùa, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQG Hà Nội – Khoa học tự nhiên công nghệ, (số 3S), tr 23-29 Nguyễn Chu Hồi (2005), Cơ sở Tài nguyên Môi trường biển, Giáo trình NXB Đại học Quốc gia, Hà Nội Nguyễn Chu Hồi (2013) Kinh tế biển Việt Nam nhìn từ góc độ tài ngun mơi trường Tạp chí Lý luận Chính trị, số 5-2013, Trang 30-41, Hà Nội Nguyễn Thu Hường (2014), Phát triển thủy điện bền vững Việt Nam, Báo Công Thương http://baocongthuong.com.vn/nang-luong/56602/phat-trien-thuy-dien-benvung-o-viet-nam.htm#.VHsmXdKsV64 10 Đàm Quang Minh, Vũ Thành Tự Anh (2006), Năng lượng gió Việt Nam, tiềm triển vọng, Tạp chí Tia sáng, Hà Nội 29 11 Trần Trí Năng (2008), Triển vọng phát triển nguồn điện gió Việt Nam, Viện Khoa học vật liệu ứng dụng – Viện Khoa học Công nghệ Việt Nam, Hà Nội 12 Phan Mỹ Tiên (1994), Phân bố tiềm năng lượng gió lãnh thổ Việt Nam, Luận án Phó tiến sĩ khoa học địa lý - địa chất, Hà Nội In English 13 Advantages of Wind Energy http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_WindEnergy.php 14 AWS Truepow (2011), Wind resource atlat of Vietnam, 436 New Karner Road Albany, New York 15 Government of Vietnam (2011), National Power Development Master Plan VII Preserved in the EVN, Ha Noi 16 True Wind Solutions (2000), Wind resource map of Southeast Asia, LLC New York 17.www.google.com APPENDIX 30 Wind turbine in Bac Lieu Wind turbine in Binh Thuan 31 ... at 65m Table Wind energy potential distributed by area Table The potential of wind energy at 65m height in Vietnam Table The potential of wind energy at 80m height in Vietnam LIST OF FIGURES Figure... maintenance of wind turbines[12] 13 3.2 General assessment of the potential of wind energy in Vietnam coastal areas 3.2.1 Based on seasons Wind resources are affected by the monsoon in the months... With the influence of the monsoon, wind regime is different If in northern Hai Van Pass, the main wind season coincides with the northeast monsoon season, in which the most potential areas of Quang