PENGUIN BOOKS HITLER is Professor of Modern History at the University of Sheffield For services to history he was given the German award of the Federal Cross of Merit in 1994 He was knighted in 2002 and awarded the Norton Medlicott Medal by the Historical Association in 2004 IAN KERSHAW He was the historical adviser to three BBC series: The Nazis: A Warning from History, War of the Century and Auschwitz His most recent books are Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris and Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis, which received the Wolfson Literary Award for History and the Bruno Kreisky Prize in Austria for the Political Book of the Year, and was joint winner of the inaugrual British Academy Book Prize; Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and Britain’s Road to War, which won the Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography in 2005; and Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940–41 IAN KERSHAW Hitler PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, England www.penguin.com Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris first published 1998 Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis first published 2000 This one-volume abridgement with a new Preface first published by Allen Lane 2008 Published in Penguin Books 2009 Copyright © Ian Kershaw, 1998, 2000, 2008 All rights reserved The moral right of the author has been asserted Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser ISBN: 978-0-14-190959-2 Contents List of Illustrations Glossary of Abbreviations Maps Preface to the New Edition Reflecting on Hitler Fantasy and Failure Drop-out Elation and Embitterment The Beerhall Agitator The ‘Drummer’ Emergence of the Leader Mastery over the Movement Breakthrough Levered into Power 10 The Making of the Dictator 11 Securing Total Power 12 Working Towards the Führer 13 Ceaseless Radicalization 14 The Drive for Expansion 15 Marks of a Genocidal Mentality 16 Going for Broke 17 Licensing Barbarism 18 Zenith of Power 19 Designing a ‘War of Annihilation’ 20 Showdown 21 Fulfilling the ‘Prophecy’ 22 Last Big Throw of the Dice 23 Beleaguered 24 Hoping for Miracles 25 Luck of the Devil 26 No Way Out 27 Into the Abyss 28 Extinction Epilogue Main Published Primary Sources on Hitler Index List of Illustrations Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders The publishers will be glad to make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their attention (Photographic acknowledgements are given in brackets.) Adolf Hitler in his Leonding school photo (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) Klara Hitler (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) Alois Hitler (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) Karl Lueger (Hulton Getty, London) August Kubizek (The Wiener Library, London) The crowd in Odeonsplatz, Munich, August 1914 (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) Hitler with Ernst Schmidt and Anton Bachmann (Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin) German soldiers on the Western Front (Hulton Getty, London) Armed members of the KPD Sektion Neuhausen (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 10 Counter-revolutionary Freikorps troops entering Munich (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 11 Anton Drexler (Hulton Getty, London) 12 Ernst Röhm (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 13 Hitler’s DAP membership card (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 14 Hitler speaking on the Marsfeld (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 15 NSDAP mass meeting, Munich, 1923 (Collection Rudolf Herz, Munich) 16 Paramilitary organizations on ‘German Day’, 1923 (Collection Rudolf Herz, Munich) 17 Alfred Rosenberg, Hitler, Friedrich Weber and Christian Weber (Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin) 18 Armed SA men manning a barricade (Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich) 19 Armed putschists from the area around Munich (Stadtsmuseum, Landeshaupstadt Munich) 20 Defendants at the trial of the putschists (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 21 Hitler immediately after his release from imprisonment (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 22 Hitler in Landsberg (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 23 Hitler in Bavarian costume (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 24 Hitler in a raincoat (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 25 Hitler with his alsatian, Wolf (Collection Rudolf Herz, Munich) 26 The Party Rally, Weimar, July 1926 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) 27 The Party Rally, Nuremberg, August 1927 (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 28 Hitler in SA uniform (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 29 Hitler in rhetorical pose (Karl Stehle, Munich) 30 Hitler speaking to the NSDAP leadership (Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin) 31 Geli Raubal and Hitler (David Gainsborough Roberts) 32 Eva Braun (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 33 Reich President Paul von Hindenburg (AKG London) 34 Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning with Benito Mussolini (AKG London) 35 Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen with State Secretary Dr Otto Meissner (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz) 36 Gregor Strasser and Joseph Goebbels (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 37 Ernst Thälmann (Hulton Getty, London) 38 Nazi election poster, 1932 (AKG London) 39 Candidate placards for the presidential election (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz) 40 Discussion at Neudeck (AKG London) 41 Reich Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher (AKG London) 42 Hitler in evening dress (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 43 Hitler bows to Reich President von Hindenburg (AKG London) 44 SA violence against Communists (AKG London) 45 The boycott of Jewish doctors (AKG London) 46 An elderly Jew being taken into custody (AKG London) 47 Hindenburg and Hitler on the ‘Day of National Labour’ (AKG London) 48 Hitler with Ernst Röhm (Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich) 49 Postcard designed by Hans von Norden (Karl Stehle, Munich) 50 Postcard: ‘The Führer as animal-lover’ (Karl Stehle, Munich) 51 Hitler justifying the ‘Rưhm purge’ (Bildarchiv Preischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin) 52 Hitler, Professor Leonhard Gall, and architect Albert Speer (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 53 Hitler with young Bavarians (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 54 The Mercedes-Benz showroom at Lenbachplatz, Munich (Stadt-archiv, Landeshauptstadt Munich) 55 Hitler with Karl Krause, Albert Vogler, Fritz Thyssen and Walter Borbet (AKG London) 56 ‘Hitler in his Mountains’: Heinrich Hoffmann publication (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 57 New recruits at the Feldherrnhalle, 1935 (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 58 German troops entering the Rhineland (AKG London) 59 Adolf Hitler, September 1936 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) 60 Hitler discussing plans for Weimar, 1936 (Corbis/Hulton-Deutsch Collection) 61 The Berlin Olympics, 1936 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) 62 Hitler meets the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, 1937 (Corbis/ Hulton-Deutsch Collection) 63 Werner von Blomberg (Corbis/Hulton-Deutsch Collection) 64 Werner von Fritsch (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 65 Hitler addresses crowds in the Heldenplatz, Vienna, 1938 (AKG London) 66 Hitler, Mussolini and Victor-Emmanuel III, 1938 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 67 Hitler in Florence, 1938 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 68 ‘The Eternal Jew’ exhibition, Munich, 1937 (AKG London) 69 ‘Jews in Berlin’ poster, Berlin, 1938 (Corbis/Bettmann) 70 Synagogue on fire, Berlin, 1938 (Corbis/Hulton-Deutsch Collection) 71 Jewish Community building, Kassel, 1938 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) 72 Looted Jewish shop, Berlin, 1938 (AKG London) 73 Joseph Goebbels and his family, 1936 (Corbis/Hulton-Deutsch Collection) 74 Goebbels broadcasting to the people, 1939 (Hulton Getty) 75 Eva Braun, c.1938 (Hulton Getty) 76 Wilhelm Keitel greets Neville Chamberlain (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 77 German troops, Prague, 1939 (Bibliothek fur Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 78 Hitler’s study in the Reich Chancellery (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 79 Göring addresses Hitler in the New Reich Chancellery, 1939 (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich) 80 Hitler presented with a model by Ferdinand Porsche, 1938 (Hulton Getty) 81 Heinrich Himmler presents Hitler with a painting by Menzel, 1939 (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz) 82 Hitler with Winifred Wagner, Bayreuth, 1939 (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich) 83 Molotov signs the Non-Aggression Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany, 1939 (Corbis) 84 Hitler in Poland with his Wehrmacht adjutants (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 85 Hitler reviewing troops in Warsaw, 1939 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 86 Hitler addresses the Party’s ‘Old Guard’ at the Bürgerbräukeller, Munich, 1939 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 87 Arthur Greiser (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz) 88 Albert Forster (Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich) 89 Hitler reacting to news of France’s request for an armistice, 1940 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 90 Hitler visiting the Maginot Line in Alsace, 1940 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 91 Hitler in Freudenstadt, 1940 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 92 Crowds in the Wilhelmplatz, Berlin, 1940 (Bibliothek fur Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 93 Hitler bids farewell to Franco, Hendaye, 1940 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin) 94 Hitler meets Marshal Pétain, 1940 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 95 Ribbentrop talking to Molotov, Berlin, 1940 (Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin) 96 Hitler meets Matsuoka of Japan, 1941 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 97 Hitler talks to Alfred Jodl, 1941 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 98 Hitler and Keitel, en route to Angerburg, 1941 (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin/Walter Frentz) 99 ‘Europe’s Victory is Your Prosperity’, anti-Bolshevik poster (Imperial War Museum, London) 100 Walther von Brauchitsch and Franz Halder (AKG London) 101 Keitel with Hitler at the Wolf’s Lair (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 102 Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich (Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich) 103 Nazi propaganda poster featuring Hitler’s ‘prophecy’ of 30 January 1939 (The Wiener Library, London) 104 Hitler salutes the coffin of Heydrich, 1942 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 105 Hitler comforts Heydrich’s sons (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 106 Hitler addresses 12,000 officers at the Sportpalast, Berlin, 1942 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 107 The officers reacting (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 108 Fedor von Bock (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin/Walter Frentz) 109 Erich von Manstein (Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin/Walter Frentz) 110 Hitler speaks at ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ at the Armoury on Unter den Linden, Berlin, 1942 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 111 Motorized troops pass a burning Russian village on the Eastern Front, 1942 (Hulton Getty) 112 Hitler greets Dr Ante Pavelic, 1943 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 113 Hitler with Marshal Antonescu, 1942 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) 114 Hitler greets King Boris III, 1942 (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart) Stettin 555, 575 Stevens, Richard H 545 Stieff, Hellmuth 821, 846, 847 Stockholm 792, 943 Stolzing-Cerny, Josef 147 Stoßtrupp Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler Assault Squad) 172–3, 457, 458, 466 Strasbourg 884 Strasser, Gregor: awarded NSDAP badge of honour 249 background and views 166–7, 245–6 and DVFP 141 and Goebbels 245 H proposes for Labour Ministry 232 on H’s leadership style 210, 211–12 and H’s refounding of NSDAP 163, 170 murdered 249, 312, 314 and NSDAP in north Germany 166–7, 170 and NSDAP programme 169, 171 organizational leadership of NSDAP 188, 190 and party funding 225 Propaganda Leader of NSDAP 170, 187–8 Reichstag deputy 190, 208 resignation of all his party offices 245–9 Schleicher’s overtures to 244, 245, 246, 251 Strasser, Otto 193, 200–201, 207, 216, 219, 545 Strauß, Adolf 666 Strauß, Johann 20, 800 Strauß, Richard 490 Streicher, Julius: and Albert Forster 492 antisemitism 109, 340 and ban on intermarriage 342–3 boycott of Jewish businesses 285, 287, 339–40 and Goebbels 170–71 and GVG 141, 144 H’s gratitude to 110 and H’s refounding of NSDAP 164 and north German NSDAP 167 and NSDAP during H’s imprisonment 140 and putsch attempt (1923) 131 transfers to NSDAP 109 trial and execution 109, 964 ‘Strength through Joy’ 594 Stresa Front 337, 338, 339, 349, 350 Stresemann, Gustav 194–5, 297, 300 Strones, Waldviertel Stroop, Jürgen 764, 965 Stuckart, Wilhelm 345, 412, 522 Student, Kurt 608 Stülpnagel, Karl Heinrich von 836, 863, 875 Stülpnagel, Otto von 542 Stumpfegger, Ludwig 870, 951–2, 960, 961 Stumpff, Hans-Jürgen 963 Sturmabteilung see SA Stürmer, Der (newspaper) 109, 340, 343, 344 Stuttgart 171, 885 Styria 406 Sudetenland: crisis (1938) 385, 386–7, 419, 424–47, 474, 493, 816 Sudeten Germans 154, 417, 419, 420, 424, 426, 431, 432–3, 436, 437, 446 Suez Canal 567, 580, 727 Sukhinichi 723 Ser, Ramón Serrano 580–81 Swabia 132 swastika: adopted by army 304 armband 174 at Nuremberg rallies 345 flown on Viennese churches 413 Jews banned from raising flag 341 and NSDAP banner 88, 109, 278, 281 used by New Templar Order 28 Sweden 487, 551, 586, 630, 775, 896–7, 943–4 Swinemünde 481 Switzerland 118, 944 Sword Beach 805 Syria 485, 580 Szalasi, Ferencz 876, 877, 878 Sztojay, Döme 795 ‘T4’ (‘euthanasia action’ code-name) 534–5 ‘table talk’ monologues xxx Taganrog 719 Tannenberg Memorial, East Prussia 318, 502 Tarnopol 796 tea 650 Tedder, Arthur W 963 Tegernsee 221, 309, 311 Tempelhof aerodrome 834, 935 Terboven, Josef 309 Thälmann, Ernst 226–7 Theresienstadt 775 Thierack, Otto Georg 705–6, 707, 848, 925, 950 Third Reich: administrative anarchy 571–2, 746–7, 750 Anschluß a defining moment 414–15 ‘breach of civilization’ 274 characteristics of H’s regime 421–2, 571–3, 738, 746–7, 750, 753, 900, 966–9 constitution 207, 276 corruption 326–7 ‘cumulative radicalization’ 285, 320–22, 572–9, 705–9, 744, 749–50, 854–7 development of foreign policy 297, 321, 330–39, 361–4, 368–71, 384–91, 416–23, 471–3 distortions of truth 738 dominant role of party in last months of regime 853–4 eastern expansion 712–13 end of 916–18, 924–5, 935, 949–50, 961–3, 969 Four-Year Plan 364–8, 397, 402, 403, 460, 461, 474, 634 ‘New Order’ 632–5, 650–51, 654, 712–13, 775 rearmament 265–7, 270, 297–9, 331, 333–7, 350, 359–60, 362, 364, 472 shortages 502, 573, 680, 705, 854, 886 Total War Effort 746–7, 854–60 Thomas, Georg 589, 590, 597 Thule Society 81–2 Thunderclap, Operation 735 Thuringia 163, 188, 197, 226, 307, 630, 730 Thyssen (corporation) 451 Thyssen, Fritz 117, 193, 223–4, 224–5, 243 Tiger tanks 743, 756, 767 Times, The 968 Timoshenko, Semyon 649, 721 Tiso, Jozef 476, 758 Tito, Josip Broz 867 Tobruk 717 Todt, Fritz 272, 425, 586, 650, 655, 702–3, 719 Topf, J A and Sons 687 Torch, Operation 732 Torgau 935 Torgler, Ernst 239 Tornow, Fritz 952 ‘total war’ 705–6, 745–7, 749–51, 808–10, 854–60 Toulon 866 trade unionism 38, 178, 246, 269, 276, 288–9 trains: H’s special 327, 434, 478, 515–16, 544, 556, 568, 581–2, 607, 730, 894, 895 proposed double-decker expresses 709 ‘Traitors before the People’s Court’ (film) 847 Traunstein, POW camp 68–9 treaties: Berlin (1926) 331 Brest-Litovsk (1918) 152 German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1939) 517 Locarno (1925) 182, 337, 350–51, 352, 354 Rapallo (1922) 182, 331 St Germain (1919) 401 Versailles (1919) 86–7, 89, 90, 93, 151, 298, 331, 332, 334, 338, 350, 353, 420, 470, 475, 511 Treblinka extermination camp 262, 469, 688, 697, 715, 775 Treitschke, Heinrich von 145 Tresckow, Henning von: background 819 and ‘Commissar Order’ 601–2, 819 July 1944 assassination plot 818, 820 Kluge’s sympathy for 865 March 1943 assassination plot 821 Operation Valkyrie 826–7 opposition to H 819, 824, 825, 826 suicide 846 Treviranus, Gottfried 208 Tripartite Pact (1940) 580, 584, 603, 604–5 Tripolitania 591 ‘Triumph of the Will’ (film) 319 Trondheim 553 Trotsky, Leon 49 Trott zu Solz, Adam von 824 Tscherniakowski, Ivan 879 Tubeuf, Anton Freiherr von 59 Tunis 581, 730, 736, 743, 757, 760–61 Tunisia 732 Turkey 487, 580, 585, 586, 862, 867 Typhoon, Operation 644, 649–50, 652 Tyrol 151, 183–4, 426, 540, 799, 964 U-boats: bases 863 building of 550, 889 losses in Atlantic 761, 861, 863 successes in Atlantic 645, 717, 743 UFA (film company) 193 Uffing 132–3 Ukraine: Battle of Kiev 632, 643–4, 648 German loss of 775, 797–8 German occupation 644 German plans to take 590, 629, 630, 636, 639, 642, 643 Nazi atrocities 634–5, 674–5, 715, 826, 827 and Poland 481, 516–17 and Romania 619 Ulex, Wilhelm 524, 525 Ulm 804 ‘Ultra’ decoder 761 ‘unconditional surrender’ terms 754, 822, 959, 962–3 unemployment 191, 196, 222, 261, 349, 372, 650 ‘Law for Reduction of Unemployment’ (1933) 270 United Patriotic Associations (Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände) 194 United States of America: air-raids on Germany 801, 861, 894, 900–901 and Allied assault on Germany 892–3, 908, 914, 919, 935, 961 and Allied invasion 805–6, 808, 879 American Jewry 576–7, 764, 862 and Ardennes offensive 883, 884–5 armaments programme 712 arrival of American troops in European war 730 atomic weapon research 874 boycott of German goods 285, 286 economic power of 184, 551 enters war after Pearl Harbor (1941) 606–7, 656–8, 660 German declaration of war against (11 December 1941) 658–60, 690, 693–4 grant of destroyers to Britain 570–71, 580 Himmler’s overtures to 860 isolationism 551, 552, 571 Jewish emigration to 463 landing in Italy 769 looming threat of 563, 571, 579, 580, 655, 702, 712 naval power 563, 656, 712, 761 Wall Street Crash (1929) 193, 195, 196 universities: and alleged negative characteristics of Jews 451–2 purges of 291–2 Upper Silesia 266, 697, 709, 899, 911, 914 Urbšys, Joseph 481 Urfahr, Linz 14, 16–17 USPD (Independent Social Democrats) 66–7, 69 Ustasha Movement 607 V1 flying bombs 791–2, 803, 806–7, 808, 809 V2 rockets 791, 810, 873, 878 Valencia 384 Valkyrie, Operation 826–7, 829, 833–41, 846 van der Lubbe, Marinus 274 Vatican 290, 295, 769, 776 VB see Völkischer Beobachter Veesenmeyer, Edmund 795, 876, 877 vegetarianism 160, 212, 214, 380, 625, 720 Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 612 venereal disease 23 Venezuela 453 Verdi, Giuseppe 20, 21 Verdun 107 Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände (United Patriotic Associations) 194 Versailles Treaty (1919): breaches of 334, 338 concessions on 298 Erzberger and 86–7 H’s attacks on 89, 90, 93, 353 H’s desire to overthrow 151 and Memelland 475 and Polish Corridor 470 provides basis for H’s demands 511 revision of 331, 350, 420 and Saarland 332 Viaz’ma 649 Vichy government 561, 578, 579, 580–83 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 762, 768, 769 Vienna: antisemitism in 24, 32, 37, 42–3 Central Cemetery 221 coup attempt (1944) 841 Court Opera House 19, 20 deportation of Jews 574, 575, 595, 686, 687, 689, 691 H first visits (1906/7) 13–15 Heldenplatz 413 H’s hatred for 7, 47–8 H’s indolent lifestyle in 16–20 H’s triumphant arrival after Anschluß 413–14 Jewish community 32, 40–41, 42–3, 415–16, 464 Meidling hostel 30–31 Men’s Home, Meldemannstraße 22, 29, 31–4, 40–41, 43–5, 50 middle-class morality 23 multi-lingualism 27 Nazi terror wave 415–16, 450, 452 Popular Opera House 21 population 401 prostitution 23–4 Red Army takes 918, 919 ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 490 St Maria am Gestade church 19 St Stephen’s cathedral 19 Schloß Belvedere 603 sixth district 25 Vienna Academy of Fine Arts 13, 14, 19–20, 26 Vienna Conservatoire 19, 20 Vienna State Opera 710–711 Vilna 626, 671, 814 Vimy 58 Vinnitsa 720, 752 Vistula river 499, 517, 521, 575, 868, 888–9, 891 Vitebsk 810, 811 Vogel, Werner 830 Vögler, Albert 243 Volga Germans 683–4 Volga river 630, 683, 719, 722, 723 Volkdeutsche 153 völkisch movement: adulation of H 78, 136, 156, 292 and Einsatzgruppen 618 factionalism 132–3, 139–42, 143–4, 145, 156, 162, 164–6, 185 in Franconia 110, 132–3 and genocide 149 and ‘heroic-leader’ idea 157, 185 H’s scorn for völkisch sects 29 H’s supremacy in 194 loses figurehead of Ludendorff 165–6 in Munich 81–2, 84, 95, 121, 132–3, 136 and National Socialism 81 and Otto Dickel 101 in Thuringia 163 Völkischer Beobachter (VB; newspaper): and assassination attempt (1939) 546 bought by NSDAP 95 and car-ownership 271 and Führer cult 111 funding of 100, 117, 118 and German Workers’ Party mass meeting 87 H’s contributions 97, 99, 162, 180, 217, 225 and H’s leadership of NSDAP 103–4 lifting of ban on (1925) 162 and Mein Kampf 147 and Otto Dickel 101 and refounding of NSDAP 162 and Reichstag fire (1933) 276 renaming of 82 and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 248 and Wall Street Crash 196 Völkischer Block 132–3, 141–2, 144, 164, 190 Volksauto 271 Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 519 Volksgemeinschaft (‘national community’) 182, 198, 203–4, 272, 323, 327 Volkssturm (people’s militia) 858–9, 860, 925, 934, 937 Volkswagen 490 ‘People’s Car’ 628 Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 858 Voronezh 719 Voß, Erich 939, 941 Vyschinsky, Andrei 845 Waffen-SS 397, 618, 759, 769–70, 891, 913 Wagener, Otto 210–11, 213 Wagner family 490 Wagner, Adolf 278, 310, 457 Wagner, Eduard 520, 638, 651, 843, 846 Wagner, Gerhard 344–5, 347, 530–31 Wagner, Richard: and Bayreuth 116 effect of music on H 160 and ‘great men’ theory 157 H’s admiration for 11, 12, 20–21, 33, 115, 157, 701, 710, 800 Wagnerian redeemer-figure 851 The Flying Dutchman 13, 490 Götterdämmerung 490, 566 Lohengrin 12, 20 Rienzi 491 Tristan and Isolde 13, 490 The Valkyrie 490 Wagner, Robert 578 Wagner, Siegfried 116, 376 Wagner, Walter 948 Wagner, Winifred 116, 194, 218, 376, 491 Wahrmund, Adolf 91 Wall Street Crash (1929) 193, 195, 196 Walter, Bruno 709–10 Wannsee 690, 829, 920 Wannsee Conference (January 1942) 690, 695, 696–7 Warburg (bank) 451 Warlimont, Walter 567–8, 599, 602, 624 Warm Springs, Georgia 918 Warmbold, Hermann 232 Warsaw: German forces evacuate 890 ghetto 579, 759, 764, 965 Ribbentrop visits (January 1939) 475 rising (1944) 868 shelling of 516, 557 Soviet advance on 811, 888 Warthegau 517, 526–7, 575, 677, 681–2, 688–9, 776, 890, 891, 894 Weber, Christian 97–8 Weber, Friedrich 134, 135 Weber, Max xxviii-xxix Wedekind, Frank 23 ‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 426–7 Wehrmacht: and the Anschluß 410–11 Ardennes offensive 884 atrocities in Poland 523 backing of genocidal programme 668, 672 ban on intermarriage 343 and Battle of Britain 570 and battle for Stalingrad 737 ‘Case Green’ 418 ‘Case X’ 384 and deportation of Jews 595, 668, 670, 690 directive for liquidation of Czechoslovakia (21 October 1938) 473 drive for Moscow and Leningrad 639, 648, 649, 702 establishment of 305, 335–6 H takes over leadership 397–8, 422–3, 498 H’s proclamation (March 1945) 910 invasion of Soviet Union 600–601, 623, 626, 635, 749 last report 963 losses 711, 749, 861, 867 occupation of Italy 773 and opening of Eastern Front 567–8, 589, 598 and Operation Bagration 811 and Operation Citadel 774 proclamation on H’s death 959 rearmament 384, 386 and Soviet counter-offensives 879, 889–90 spring offensive (1942) 710–11 and SS 519, 523–4, 671–2, 673–4 and V1 attacks 807 weakness in organization 809 winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 662 see also German army; Reichswehr Wehrmacht High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW): aligned with genocidal programme 672, 699 and Allied invasion 804, 813 Ardennes offensive 881 battle for Stalingrad 727 change of command (June 1944) 813–14 flawed communications with armed forces 553–4, 755, 804 and German surrender 962, 963 and occupation of Italy 772 and Operation Barbarossa 600–601, 626–7, 645, 646–8 and Operation Citadel 755, 756, 766 Operations Staff 604, 607, 624, 636, 638, 766, 772 spring offensive (1942) 711 transfer to new headquarters (April 1945) 924, 930, 937, 953 weakness 788, 809 winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–42) 652 Weichs, Freiherr Maximilian von 525, 727, 728, 734 Weidling, Helmuth 934, 939, 941, 952, 953, 954, 959 Weilheim 877 Weimar: conferences 143 party rally (July 1926) 172–3, 174, 180 Weimar Republic: Constitution 199, 235, 252–3, 255, 276, 278 crisis-ridden 110 democracy 98, 178, 192, 199, 226 disintegration of 206, 222, 224, 226, 230–31, 258, 262 Ebert’s presidency 165 economic crisis 190–92, 372 electoral system 277 fall of Müller administration 199 ‘golden years’ 190 Hindenburg elected President 165 H’s public attacks 202, 206 protest movements 196, 209 relations with Soviet Union 331 self-destructiveness 199 unique circumstances allowing H’s rise to power 256–9 welfare state 191 Weiß, Rudolf 952 Weizsäcker, Ernst von: ambassador to Switzerland 331 appoints von Etzdorf 536 and declaration of war on United States 659 on H’s absence from Berlin 492 and H’s Czech policy 418, 426, 430, 439, 477 and Molotov 584 and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 435, 439, 442, 444 and opening of Eastern Front 566 and opening of Western Front 541 opposition to H 542 and Polish crisis (1939) 500–501 and Polish non-aggression pact (1934) 331 and Soviet non-aggression pact (1939) 488, 489 and Spain 582 Welczek, Johannes von 433 Wels, Otto 282, 289 Weltpolitik 154 Wenck, Walther 891, 927, 930, 931, 934, 935, 939–40, 941–2, 946, 952, 953 Wendt, Hans Friedrich 206, 208 Werwolf (Führer Headquarters) 720, 723, 725, 752 Werwolf (quasi-guerrilla organization) 917 Wesel 892, 893 ‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübing’) 552–4 West Prussia 519, 522 Westerplatte peninsula 508 Westphalia 918 ‘Westwall’ 424–5, 427, 431, 702, 879, 882 White Book (British government) 333–4 ‘White Rose’ opposition-group 740–41 Wiedemann, Fritz 54, 324–5, 326, 340, 356, 375, 393, 397 Wikingbund 120 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 731 Wilhelmshaven 704 Willikens, Werner 320, 321, 323 Wilson, Sir Horace 439–40, 441, 444, 509–10 Windau (Ventspils), Latvia 499 ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 395, 648, 665, 728 Winter Olympics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1936) 348, 351 Wirth, Joseph 98 Wittenberg 935 Witzleben, Erwin von 544, 834, 846, 847–8 Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 681 Wöhrden 191–2 Wolf (dog) 145 Wolf (puppy) 903, 923 Wolf, Hugo 701 Wolf, Johanna 923, 925 Wolf, Karl Hermann 32 Wolf, Paula (née Hitler; H’s sister) 3, 5–6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 34 Wolff, Karl 465, 961 wolfram 863 Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze; Führer Headquarters) 624–6, 700–701, 720, 736, 742, 748, 792–3, 814–15, 829, 833, 850, 879–80, 881 women: conscription for work 749, 857 H’s attitude towards 12–13, 22–3, 55, 175, 212, 218–19, 325, 378 work-creation schemes 266, 270 Workers’ Committee for a Good Peace 82 working classes: H’s sense of superiority to 36 in Munich 82, 92 and national socialism 167 ‘racial inferiority’ of English lower class 692 Social Democracy and 36 support for Nazi Party 205 ‘Working Community of the North- and West-German Gaue of the NSDAP’ 168–9, 170, 171, 201 ‘Working Community of the Patriotic Fighting Associations’ (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vaterländischen Kampfverbände) 120 ‘working towards the Führer’ concept xxix–xxx, xl, 262, 320–23, 360, 368, 371, 383, 421–2, 451, 463, 515, 526, 534, 572, 676, 711, 757, 792, 965 working-class movement 36, 274 World Disarmament Conference (Geneva, 1932–34) 254, 297–300 World Economic Conference (London, 1933) 290 Wriezen 908 Wuppertal-Barmen 762 Württemberg 227–8, 278 Würzburg 894 Yalta Conference (1945) 893, 904 Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 823–4, 846, 847 Young, Owen D 193 Young Plan 183, 193, 196, 198, 199 Ypres 53, 58 Yugoslavia 487, 585, 603–5, 607–8, 609–10, 961 Z-Plan 471, 550 Zagreb 607 Zakreys, Frau (Viennese landlady) 18, 19, 21, 26 Zander, Wilhelm 952 Zaporozhye 772, 774 Zeitz, Thuringia 100, 102 Zeitzler, Kurt: and battle for Stalingrad 728, 729, 733, 734, 737 dismissal 814 and dismissal of Manstein 797 doubts H’s word 786 nervous breakdown 813–14 and Operation Bagration 810 and Operation Citadel 756, 766 promoted to General of the Infantry 726 Zentrum: Brüning and 199 dissolution 290 and Enabling Act (1933) 263, 281–2 possible coalition with NSDAP 238, 263 Reichstag elections 204–5, 232, 241–2, 277 support of democracy 258 and vote of no confidence in government 240 weakness of 198 Zhukov, Georgi 888, 892, 920, 934, 935, 958, 963 Ziegenberg 882, 888, 894 Zionism 43, 330, 453 Zitomir 623 Zoppot 516 Zossen 536, 542, 543, 605, 895, 920 Zurich 118 Zyklon-B (poison gas) 687 ... subsequent purchaser ISBN: 97 8-0 -1 4-1 9095 9-2 Contents List of Illustrations Glossary of Abbreviations Maps Preface to the New Edition Reflecting on Hitler Fantasy and Failure Drop-out Elation and Embitterment... Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 53 Hitler with young Bavarians (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 54 The Mercedes-Benz showroom at Lenbachplatz, Munich (Stadt-archiv, Landeshauptstadt Munich) 55 Hitler with Karl... two-volume biography, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, and Hitler, 193 6-1 945: Nemesis, published in 1998 and 2000 respectively, was so well received, as also in the numerous countries where foreign-language