Robert hughes rome (v5 0)

ALSO BY ROBERT HUGHES The Art of Australia (1966) Heaven and Hell in Western Art (1969) The Shock of the New (1980) The Fatal Shore (1987) Lucian Freud (1988) Frank Auerbach (1990) Nothing If Not Critical (1990) Barcelona (1992) The Culture of Complaint (1993) American Visions (1997) Goya (2003) Things I Didn’t Know (2006) THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A KNOPF Copyright © 2011 by Robert Hughes All rights reserved Published in the United States by Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc English translation of Giuseppi Belli’s “L’illuminazione de la cuppola” courtesy of Anthony Merlino eISBN: 978-0-307-70058-2 Front-of-jacket image: Roman face, marble, first century Jacket design by Chip Kidd v3.1 B.C.E Marafona/Shutterstock For Doris, with love, again Contents Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments Prologue Foundation Augustus Later Empire Pagans Versus Christians Medieval Rome and Avignon Renaissance Rome in the Seventeenth Century High Baroque (Bernini, Borromini, Etc.) Eighteenth-Century Rome, Neo-Classicism, and the Grand Tour 10 The Nineteenth Century: Orthodoxy Versus Modernity 11 Futurism and Fascism 12 Rome Recaptured Epilogue Photo Inserts Bibliography Index Illustration Credits Acknowledgments The last and I daresay only book I’ve written about a major city was published over twenty years ago That book was Barcelona, a city I’d visited frequently due to my longstanding friendship with the sculptor Xavier Corbero, and it was through his eyes that I discovered the Catalan gem that was to steal my heart and lure me back with its siren song, so magical and alluring Several years ago, my literary agent, Lynn Nesbit, called on a bright, early spring day and proposed a book on the subject of Rome Her enthusiasm and vibrant energy rhymed with the emerging greens of the early spring unfolding outside, making it impossible to decline Lord Weidenfeld, the formidable publisher of Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, had been conceptualizing this book for many years and decided it must be done and done as a complete history, to be called “The Seven Hills of Rome.” Being handed his vision of this project was a privilege and an honor of which I am eternally grateful Rome is a city where I have spent much time, but unlike Barcelona, I had not had the opportunity to live and breathe the air for months on end My knowledge of the history came to me by my profession as a writer and critic of art It was the visual language in my travels in and around the city that built the foundation for my historical reference, and in taking on this challenge my internal reservoirs could begin to ow into a cohesive stream of history—Rome in chronology and through my own eyes, the eyes that have seen the priceless art and architecture, the structure of a city that, historically, will never be complete Master craftsmen, artists, rulers, warriors, and social anthropologists, now long gone, bestowed the world with one of the greatest treasures known to man Early on, during one of my rst research visits to Rome, I realized what a mammoth undertaking this book was to be, something that was not lost on my wife, Doris Downes I am deeply grateful on many levels: for her support as a partner, her loyalty, her friendship, and her own knowledge of the city Because of my compromised state of mobility, the e ects of a car wreck in the Australian outback thirteen years ago, I relied heavily on her and on my many friends in Rome to help negotiate the sites and research facilities as well as the politics For these noble tasks, I would like to thank Peter Glidewell, advisor for the Foundation for Italian Art and Culture (FIAC), who spent his lifetime in this city and seemed to know every coin in every fountain with his sophisticated views on what Rome had been and what it is today He spent much time organizing my agenda in and around a city that is not and can never be “disabledfriendly” without razing every street of its paving stones His knowledge and patience in working with me, as well as his loyalty, I will never be able to fully repay In addition, I would like to thank my friends Alain Elkann and Rosy Greco for their hospitality in our visits to the city by o ering their grace and generosity in providing me with a spectacular space in which to hang my hat, and to Lucio Manisco, my dear old friend and journalist in Rome Anyone who is familiar with my past acknowledgments knows that they are never complete without my thanking a major hospital and entire wing of specialists and interns This time, the gong goes to Policlinico Umberto Primo, located within the city proper Without their careful attention, I would not have been able to complete this book I would also like to give my heartfelt appreciation to Doris, who, putting her own important work aside, ew back to Rome to navigate the medical labyrinth of this sprawling teaching hospital and managed for us a safe return back to New York I am deeply indebted to my indefatigable editors at Knopf First, to Peter Gethers, a tireless and most talented editor, made this book entirely possible, along with Claudia Herr I thank them for their patience and professionalism throughout this long process, as well as editorial assistants Christina Malach and Brady Emerson, production editor Kevin Bourke, jacket designer Chip Kidd, publicist Kathy Zuckerman, and my assistant Ian McKenzie Nor could it have gone to print without the continued generosity of the New York Public Library in giving me access to the Allen Room, with its rare treasures, that helped to bring this book to life in so many ways In closing, I would like to thank my stepsons, Garrett and Fielder Jewett, for their love and encouragement during the years of writing intermixed with my many bouts of self-doubt that it would ever come to completion Prologue I have eaten, slept, looked until I was exhausted, and sometimes felt as though I had walked my toes to mere stubs in Rome, although I have never actually lived there I only ever lived outside the city; not on the mediocre periferia that grew up to accommodate its population surge in the fties and sixties, but in places along the coast to the north, like the Argentario Peninsula I quite often came into Rome itself, rarely for more than a week or two, and not often enough to qualify as a resident by paying rent to anyone but a hotel owner, or having a kitchen wall on which to permanently hang my wicker spaghetti-strainer, which remained in Porto Ercole For a time in my adolescence—not knowing Rome in any but the sketchiest way—I longed to be a Roman expatriate and even felt rather hypocritical, or at least pretentious, for having any kind of opinions about the city Everyone, it seemed to me then—this being a time that began in the early fties—knew more about Rome than I did I was nuts about the idea of Rome, but to me it was hardly more than an idea, and a poorly formed, misshapen idea at that I had never even been to the place I was still in Australia, where, thanks to an education by Jesuits, I spoke a few sentences of Latin but no Italian whatever The only semi-Romano I knew was actually Irish, a sweet, white-haired, elderly Jesuit who ran the observatory attached to the boarding school I had attended in Sydney, and who from time to time would travel to Italy to take charge of its sister institution, belonging to the pope (Pius XII, aka Eugenio Pacelli) and situated at Castelgandolfo, outside the Eternal City From there, doubtless enriched with recent astronomical knowledge whose dimensions I had no idea of, he would bring back postcards, sedulously and with obvious pleasure gleaned from their racks in various museums and churches at ten to twenty lire each: Caravaggios, Bellinis, Michelangelos He would pin these up on one of the school notice boards Naturally, they were Old Masters of the chaster sort: no rosy Titianesque nudes need be expected I have no idea what success these gestures might have had in the direction of civilizing the robust cricket-playing lads from Mudgee and Lane Cove who were my schoolfellows But I know they had some on me, if only because having such things in a church, however distant, seemed (and was) so exotic, and therefore, if only in miniature reproduction, so attractive The religious art one encountered at a Catholic Australian school like mine (and, indeed, throughout Australia) was of a very di erent kind from this It was made of plaster and conceived in a spirit of nauseating piety by a religious-art manufacturer named Pellegrini, and it was all of a sweetness and sickliness that I hated then and whose remote memory I still resent today: cupid-lipped Madonnas robed in a particularly sallow shade of light blue, simpering Christs on or o the cross who looked like some gay-hater’s fantasy with curly chestnut hair I don’t know how this bondieuserie was sold Maybe Pellegrini’s had some kind of primitive mail-order catalogue Or maybe there was a salesman with a Holden panel van, lugging the Pascal, Blaise Pasquino Passionei, Cardinal patricians, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Paul, Saint, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1 Paul III, Pope, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1 Paul IV, Pope Paul V, Pope Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 Paulus, Julius Paz, Octavio, “Piedra del Sol” (Sunstone) Pelham, Thomas, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 Pellico, Silvio Penone, Giuseppe Perrault, Claude Perseus, king of Macedon, 1.1, 3.1 Perugino, Pietro, 6.1, 6.2 Perusine War Petacci, Clara Peter, Saint, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1      burial site of      martyrdom of, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1      and St Peter’s Basilica, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2 Petrarch, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1      “Spirito gentil” Petronius, Satyricon, 2.1, 3.1 Pforr, Franz, 10.1, 10.2 Pharsalus, Battle of Phidias, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1 Philip IV, king of Spain, 7.1, 7.2 Philippe IV, king of France Philippi, Battle of, 2.1, 2.2 Philo of Alexandria, 2.1, 2.2 Piazza del Popolo, 7.1, 7.2 Piazza Navona, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2 Picasso, Pablo, 8.1, 12.1      Guernica, 7.1, 12.1 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Picts Piero della Francesca Pierre de Castelnau Pietro da Cortona pilgrimages, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2 Pinturicchi (Bernadino di Betto) Piombo, Sebastiano del Pirandello, Luigi Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4      Antichità romane, 9.1, 9.2      Carceri d’invenzione (Imaginary Prisons) Pisano, Andrea Pistoia, Giovanni da Pitt, Thomas, 9.1, 9.2 Pius, Metellus Pius IV, Pope Pius V, Pope Pius VI, Pope, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2 Pius VII, Pope, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1 Pius IX, Pope, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 Pius X, Pope Pius XI, Pope, 11.1, 11.2 Pius XII, Pope, prl.1, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1 Platina, Bartolomeo Plautus plebeians, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Pliny the Elder, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 11.1 Plutarch, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1       Life of Cato the Elder poets and patronage Polignac, Cardinal Poliziano, Angelo Pollaiuolo, Antonio del Polybius, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Pomarancio (Niccolò Circignani) Pompeii, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2 Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 4.1 Pontormo Pope, Alexander Portland Vase Portman, John Pound, Ezra Poussin, Nicolas, 2.1, 7.1       The Death of Germanicus       The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem       Diana and Endymion       Landscape with Saint Matthew       Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus       The Massacre of the Innocents       The Seven Sacraments Pozzo, Andrea, 8.1, 8.2 Pozzo, Cassiano del Praetorian Guard, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1 Prampolini, Enrico, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 Praz, Amario Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Propertius, Sextus, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1 Protestant Reformation, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2 Psammetichus I, Pharaoh public baths, 3.1, 7.1, 12.1 Publius Claudius Pulcher Punic Wars:      First, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3      prisoners of      Second Pythagoras Quintus Fabius Maximus “Cuncator” Quintus Fabius Pictor Quintus Marcius, Emperor, and aqueducts, 2.1, 2.2 Quo Vadis (film) Raffaeli, Giacomo Raggi, Antonio Raimondi, Marcantonio Rainaldi, Carlo, 7.1, 8.1 Rainaldi, Girolamo Rameses II, Pharaoh Raphael, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1       Ansidei Madonna      antiquities preserved by      and Belvedere Courtyard      death of      devotional paintings       Fire in the Borgo      and Julius II, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3       The Liberation of Saint Peter      Loggetta, Vatican      Loggia Farnesina       The Mass at Bolsena       The Meeting of Leo the Great with Attila      Saint Peter’s Basilica, 6.1, 6.2       The School of Athens       Triumph of Galatea      Vatican Palace, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1 Rauschenberg, Robert Raymond VI of Toulouse, Count Reeves, Steve Reformation, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2 Religion, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2 Rembrandt van Rijn Renaissance style, prl.1, prl.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1 Reni, Guido, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1       Atalanta and Hippomenes       Aurora Renzi, Mario de Respighi, Ottorino, Le fontane di Roma Reynolds, Sir Joshua Rhea Silvia Ribeiro da Silva, Ana Ribera, Jusepe de (Lo Spagnoletto), 7.1, 7.2       The Five Senses Ricci, Renato Richard I, king of England Rinuccini, Archbishop Giovanni Risorgimento road system, 2.1, 3.1 Robert, Hubert Robert Bellarmine, Saint Robert de Clari, 5.1, 5.2 Rodin, Auguste, 9.1, 11.1 Roma città aperta (Rome, Open City) [film], 12.1, 12.2 Roman army, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4      armor of      barbarians in      and defense      emperor’s control of      legions of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3      luxuries introduced by      punishments in Roman Empire, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1      end of      scope of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3      superseded by Papal States      Tetrarchy (Rule by Four), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 Roman gods, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 Roman law, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2 Roman mile Romano, Giulio, 6.1, 6.2 Romano, Mario Roman Principate, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1 “Roman Question” Roman Republic, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1, 10.1 Romney, George Romulus, Temple of Romulus, Valerius Romulus and Remus, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 9.1 Rosai, Ottone Rosas, Juan Manuel de Rossellini, Roberto Rossi, Pellegrino Rossini, Gioacchino Rosso, Medardo Rubens, Peter Paul, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1 Ruffini, Jacopo Ruskin, John, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1 Russell, Odo Russolo, Luigi Sabines, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Sacchi, Andrea Sacconi, Giuseppe, 10.1, 10.2 Sack of Rome Saint Lawrence Outside the Walls, 5.1, 7.1 Saint Paul Outside the Walls Saint Peter’s Basilica, prl.1, prl.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1      baldacchino, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3      bell towers, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3      cenotaph      and Church of the Apostle Peter      doors      Duomo      emperors crowned in      fireworks      mosaic workers in      obelisk, 7.1, 7.2      paintings and mold in      and Peter’s martyrdom, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1      rebuilding, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, 8.2      relics displayed in      and Sack of Rome      steps of, 3.1, 8.1      tourists to Saint Peter’s Square Saint Sebastian Outside the Walls, 5.1, 7.1 Saladin, P A Salah el-Din (Saladin) Salvi, Nicola, 6.1, 8.1 San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane San Clemente Basilica, 4.1, 4.2 Sanctis, Francesco de Sanfedisti Sangallo, Antonio da, 6.1, 7.1 Sangallo, Giulino da San Giovanni in Laterno, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, 9.1 San Paolo Fuori le Mura Santa Croce, Gerusalemme, 5.1, 5.2 Sant’Agnese in Agone, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Santa Maria del Fiore Santa Maria della Consolazione Santa Maria Maggiore, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 9.1 Santa Sabina church Sant’Elia, Antonio, 11.1, 11.2 Santi Quattro Coronati Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza Santo Stefano Rotondo Sarfatti, Margherita, 11.1, 11.2 Sbricoli, Silvio Scaeva, Decius Brutus Schadow, Johann Gottfried Schadow, Ridolfo, Sandalbinderin (Girl Fastening her Sandal) Schadow, Wilhelm       Self-Portrait with Brother Ridolfo Schadow and Bertel Thorvaldsen Schifano, Mario Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Sebastian, Saint Second Triumvirate, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2 Seghers, Hercules Pietersz Sejanus, 3.1, 3.2 Selassie, Haile Senate, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3       Moral Epistles Septimius Severus, Emperor Serapeion, destruction of Serlio, Sebastiano Servius Tullius Seti I, king of Egypt Seurat, Georges Severini, Gino, 11.1, 11.2 Severus Alexander, 3.1, 4.1 sewer systems, 1.1, 2.1, 9.1 sex trade Sforza, Battista Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke Ludovico Shakespeare, William, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 11.1 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2 Signac, Paul Signorelli, Luca, 6.1, 6.2 Signorini, Telemaco Simplicius, Pope Sironi, Mario, 11.1, 11.2 Sistine Chapel:      cleaning of      ignudi of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1      and Julius II, 6.1, 6.2      Last Judgment, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5      and Michelangelo, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3      scenes of      tourists to, 6.1, 12.1, 12.2 Sixtine Vulgate Bible Sixtus IV, Pope, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 Sixtus V, Pope, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1 Skorzeny, Otto slavery, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2 Smith, Adam Soane, John, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 soccer social realism Society of Jesus, see Jesuits Spada, Cardinal Bernardino Spanish Armada, 7.1, 8.1 Spanish Civil War Spanish Steps, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1 Spartacus, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1 Spartacus (films), 12.1, 12.2 Speer, Albert, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 Spenser, Edmund, 2.1, 9.1 Stalin, Joseph, 3.1, 11.1 Starace, Giovanni Stendhal Stephen, Saint, 5.1, 5.2 Stephen VII, Pope Stevens, Sacheverell, Miscellaneous Remarks Stoicism Strabo Strozzi, Palla Sturzo, Don Luigi Subleyras, Pierre Suetonius:      on Augustus, 2.1, 2.2      on Caligula, 3.1, 3.2      on Claudius, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1      on Clemens’ execution      on Julius Caesar      on Nero, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6      on Roman imperial system Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 Surrealists Suso, Henry Swiss Guards, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 10.1 Syllabus of Errors, 10.1, 10.2 Sylvester I, Pope, 5.1, 5.2 Tacitus, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1 Tanguy, Yves Tàpies, Antoni Targhini, Angelo Tarquinius Priscus Tarquinius Sextus Tarquinius Superbus “the Arrogant”, 1.1, 7.1 Tassi, Agostino Tatlin, Vladimir taxes, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2 Terence Teresa of Ávila, Saint Terragni, Giuseppe, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 territorial expansion, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1 Teutoburg Forest, attack in theatrical shows Theodoric the Great, Emperor, 5.1, 5.2 Theodosian Code Theodosios, Emperor, 4.1, 4.2 Theophilos, bishop of Alexandria theurgy Third Lateran Council Thomas Aquinas, Saint, prl.1, 8.1, 10.1 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 10.1, 10.2       Jason with the Golden Fleece Thutmose III, Pharaoh Tiber Island Tiberius, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1 Tiberius Gracchus Tibullus Timomachus Tintoretto, Raising of Lazarus Tischbein, Wilhelm Titian, 7.1, 9.1 Titus, Emperor, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 7.1 Titus Tatius Torriti, Jacopo, Coronation of the Virgin tourism, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 Trajan, Emperor, 2.1, 7.1      and Dacian Wars Trajan’s Column Trajan’s Forum Transavanguardia transmigration of souls (metempsychosis), 4.1, 5.1 Trastevere Trebia, Battle of Tree of Wooden Clogs (film) Trevi Fountain Trevisani, Francesco tribunes, 1.1, 1.2 Trimalchio, 2.1, 3.1 Trinitarian Order triremes Trissino, Gian Giorgio Tristano, Giovanni Triton Fountain Triumvirate, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2 Troy, fall of Tullianum (Mamertine Prison) Tullus Hostilius Turin, “Holy Shroud” of Turner, J M W Tuscan style Twelve Tables (laws), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), 1.1, 3.1 ultramontanism Umberto I, King Urban VIII, Pope, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Valens, Emperor Valentinian, Emperor Valerian, Emperor Valeriano, Giuseppe and Domenico van Eyck, Jan Varius Rufus Varro Vasari, Georgio, 6.1, 6.2 Vatican:      articles pawned by      Church of the Apostle Peter      First Vatican Council      name of      Second Vatican Council      and tourism Vatican City:      and Lateran Treaty      and Mussolini      separation of       see also specific sites Vatican Library, 6.1, 7.1 Vatican Palace, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1 Vedova, Emilio Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1       Las meninas      portrait of Innocent X, n       Surrender of Breda (The Lances)      The Toilet of Venus or The Rokeby Venus       The Waterseller of Seville Vercingetorix, 1.1, 3.1 Verdi, Giuseppe, 5.1, 9.1 Vernet, Claude-Joseph Veronese, 7.1, 9.1 Veronica, Saint Vespasian, Emperor, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 Vespasiano da Bisticci vestal virgins, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Vesuvius Victoria, queen of England Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 8.1, 8.2 Villa Montalto-Negroni collection Villani, Giovanni Villanovans Villiers, George Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1      Aeneid, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1      Eclogues, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3      Georgics, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1 Visigoths, 4.1, 5.1 Vitruvius Pollio, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2       De Architectura       Ten Books on Architecture Vittorio Emanuele II, king of Italy, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2      monument to, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 Vittorio Emanuele III, king of Italy, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1 Vogel, Ludwig, 10.1, 10.2 Volpato, Giovanni Volsci Volterra, Daniele da Vulca Wackenroder, Wilhelm, 10.1, 10.2 Wagner, Richard, Rienzi Walpole, Horace, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 Wals, Goffredo Wessel, Horst West, Benjamin William of Derby Wilson, Richard Winckelmann, Johann, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 Wittkower, Rudolf Wolf Brotherhood Wordsworth, William World War I, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2 World War II, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 Wright brothers Yeats, W B., 6.1, 8.1 Young Turks Zama, Battle of Zenodorus Zeno of Citium Zoffoli, Giacomo Zucchi, Antonio Zucchi, Carlo Illustration Credits ill.1 Sarcophagus of the Spouses, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.2 Apollo of Veii, Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali/Art Resource, NY ill.3 Leochares, Apollo Belvedere, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.4 Apollonius, Boxer, © Mary Harrsch ill.5 Pasquin, Peter Heeling/Wikipedia ill.6 Augustus of Prima Porta, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.7 Villa dei Misteri friezes, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.9 Roman Forum, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.10 Temple of Fortuna Virilis, © Allan Kohl ill.11 The Pyramid of Cestius, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.12 Baths of Caracalla, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.13 Pont du Gard, © Alison Scott ill.14 Plan of Santo Stefano Rotondo, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.15 Cola da Caprarola, Santa Maria della Consolazione, The Bridgeman Art Library ill.16 Aspe of Santi Cosma e Damiano, Alan R Zeleznikar ill.17 San Clemente Basilica, © Helen Hull Hitchcock ill.18 Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.19 Raphael, The School of Athens, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.20 Raphael, Portrait of a Young Woman, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.21 Raphael, The Triumph of Galatea, Alinari/Art Resource NY ill.22 Raphael, The Liberation of Saint Peter from Prison, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.23 Michelangelo, Moses, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.24 Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.25 Michelangelo, Piazza del Campidoglio, HIP/Art Resource, NY ill.26 Michelangelo, The Last Judgment, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.27 Annibale Carracci, The Bean Eater, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.28 Annibale Carracci, The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne, Alinari/Art Resource NY ill.29 Caravaggio, Rest on the Flight into Egypt, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.30 Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.31 Caravaggio, Crucifixion of Saint Peter, Alinari/ The Bridgeman Art Library ill.32 Stefano Maderno, Martyrdom of Saint Cecilia, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.33 Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY ill.34 Diego Velázquez, Portrait of Innocent X, Alinari/Art Resource NY ill.35 Bernini, Baldachin of Saint Peter’s Basilica, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.36 Bernini, The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.37 Bernini, Apollo and Daphne, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.38 Bernini, Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.39 Bernini, Saint Peter’s Square, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.40 Borromini, Sant’Agnese in Agone, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.41 Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Preparations to Celebrate the Birth of the Dauphin of France, Scala/Art Resource, NY ill.42 Borromini, Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali/Art Resource, NY ill.44 Pier Leone Ghezzi, Dr James Hay as Bear Leader, The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource NY ill.45 Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Interior of Saint Peter’s, Rome, Boston Athenaeum ill.46 Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Interior of the Pantheon, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.47 Giovanni Battista Piranesi, The Prisons (Carceri), Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.48 Anton Raphael Mengs, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY ill.49 Alessandro Albani, Villa Albani, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY ill.50 Henry Fuseli, The Artist Moved by the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins, Giraudon/Art Resource, NY ill.51 Johann Zoffany, Charles Towneley and His Friends in the Towneley Gallery, 33 Park Street, Westminster, © Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, Lancashire/ The Bridgeman Art Library Nationality ill.52 Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, Wikipedia/Public Domain ill.53 Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Goethe in the Roman Campagna, © U Edelmann–Städel Museum ARTOTHEK ill.54 Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe at the Window of His Dwelling on the Corso in Rome, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY ill.55 Pennsylvania Station, © 2011 Stock Sales WGBH/Scala/Art Resource, NY ... Giuseppi Belli’s “L’illuminazione de la cuppola” courtesy of Anthony Merlino eISBN: 97 8-0 -3 0 7-7 005 8-2 Front-of-jacket image: Roman face, marble, first century Jacket design by Chip Kidd v3.1 B.C.E... Pagans Versus Christians Medieval Rome and Avignon Renaissance Rome in the Seventeenth Century High Baroque (Bernini, Borromini, Etc.) Eighteenth-Century Rome, Neo-Classicism, and the Grand Tour... subsequent Romes In the words of the French historian Jules Michelet, “The Rome we see, which tears from us … a cry of admiration, is in no way comparable to the Rome we not see That is the Rome that