Table of Contents Cover Copyright About the Author Also by Robert Hughes Dedication Contents Introduction Maps The Fatal Shore The Harbor and the Exiles A Horse Foaled by an Acorn The Geographical Unconscious The Starvation Years The Voyage Who Were the Convicts? Bolters and Bushrangers Bunters, Mollies and Sable Brethren The Government Stroke 10 Gentlemen of New South Wales 11 To Plough Van Diemen’s Land 12 Metastasis 13 Norfolk Island 14 Toward Abolition 15 A Special Scourge 16 The Aristocracy Be We 17 The End of the System Appendixes Abbreviation Notes Footnotes Bibliography Index This eBook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly Epub ISBN: 9781407054070 Version 1.0 www.randomhouse.co.uk Published by Vintage 2003 10 Copyright © Robert Hughes 1986 Maps copyright © Raphael Palacios 1986 Robert Hughes has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser First published in Great Britain in by Collins Harvill in 1987 Vintage Random House, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 2SA www.vintage-books.co.uk Addresses for companies within The Random House Group Limited can be found at: www.randomhouse.co.uk/offices.htm The Random House Group Limited Reg No 954009 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9780099448549 The Random House Group Limited supports The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the leading international forest certification organisation All our titles that are printed on Greenpeace approved FSC certified paper carry the FSC logo Our paper procurement policy can be found at www.rbooks.co.uk/environment Printed in the UK by CPI Bookmarque, Croydon, CR0 4TD About the Author Robert Hughes, art critic of Time magazine and twice winner of the American College Art Association’s F.J Mather Award for distinguished criticism, is author of The Shock of the New, and of Heaven and Hell in Western Art He is also the author of the acclaimed Nothing If Not Critical, ‘criticism at its most intelligent and impressive, trenchant, lucid, elegantly written ’ in the words of William Boyd; a work on Frank Auerbach; Barcelona, Culture of Complaint, essays on the fraying of America, described in the Observer as ‘the most bracing of critical broadsides against new anti-intellectual tyrannies’, and Things I Didn’t Know ALSO BY ROBERT HUGHES The Art of Australia Heaven and Hell in Western Art The Shock of the New Lucien Freud Frank Auerbach Nothing If Not Critical: Selected Essays on Art and Artists Barcelona Culture of Complaint: The Fraying of America Things I Didn’t Know For my godson ALEXANDER BLIGH TURNBULL, B 1982 a seventh-generation Australian and for my son’s godparents ALAN MOOREHEAD, 1910–1983 LUCY MOOREHEAD, 1908–1979 che ’n la mente m’e fitta, e or m’accora, la cara e buona imagine paterna di voi e quant’io l’abbia in grado, mentr’io vivo, convien che nella mia lingua si scerna —Dante, Inferno, XV, 82–87 I have been studying how I may compare This prison where I live unto the world: And, for because the world is populous, And here is not a creature but myself, I cannot it;—yet I’ll hammer’t out —Shakespeare, Richard II, V v The very day we landed upon the Fatal Shore, The planters stood around us, full twenty score or more; They ranked us up like horses and sold us out of hand, They chained us up to pull the plough, upon Van Diemen’s Land —Convict ballad, ca 1825–30 Contents Introduction Maps The Harbor and the Exiles A Horse Foaled by an Acorn The Geographical Unconscious The Starvation Years The Voyage Who Were the Convicts? Bolters and Bushrangers Bunters, Mollies and Sable Brethren The Government Stroke 10 Gentlemen of New South Wales 11 To Plough Van Diemen’s Land 12 Metastasis 13 Norfolk Island 14 Toward Abolition 15 A Special Scourge 16 The Aristocracy Be We 17 The End of the System Appendix 1: Governors and Chief Executives of New South Wales, 1788–1855 Appendix 2: Chief Executives of Van Diemen’s Land, 1803–53 Appendix 3: Secretaries of State for the Colonies, 1794–1855 Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index Hastings, Warren, (I) Havering, (I) Hawell, Thomas, (I) Hawkins, John, (I) Hayes, David, (I) Hayes, Michael, (I) Hayward, Elizabeth, (I) Hazard, (I) Heemskerck, (I) Hell’s Gates, (I), (II) Henry II, King of England, (I) Hercules, (I), (II), (III) Hibbins, Thomas, (I), (II) Higgins, John, (I) Hill, Mathew, (I) Hill, William, (I), (II), (III) Hillsborough, (I), (II) Hiney, Patrick, (I) Hingston, William, (I) Hirst, John, (I), (II), (III)n His Natural Life (Clarke), (I)n, (II), (III), (IV) History of New South Wales (Barrington), (I), (II) History of the Island of Van Diemen’s Land from the Year 1824 to 1825 (Melville), (I) Hobart, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI), (XXVII) Hobart Penitentiary, (I), (II) Hobart Town Daily Courier, (I), (II) Hobart Town Gazette, (I) Hobbes, James, (I) Hobbes, Thomas, (I), (II) Hobsbawm, Eric, (I) Hogarth, William, (I), (II) Holden, George, (I) Holden, Milly, (I), (II), (III) Holden, Thomas, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Holland, (I), (II) Holt, Joseph, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Holyard, John, (I) homosexuality, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Honduras Packet, (I) Honeysuckle Flat, (I), (II), (III) Hope, (I) Horne, Benjamin, (I) Hougoumont, (I), (II), (III) Household Words, (I), (II) Howard, John, (I) Howe, George, (I) Howe, Michael, (I), (II), (III) Howe, Richard, Lord, (I) Hudson, John, (I) Hughes, Edward, (I) Hugo, Victor, (I) hulks, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII) corruption on, (I) description of, (I) discipline on, (I), (II), (III) living conditions on, (I), (II), (III) riots on, (I) Hulks Act, (I) Hume, Andrew, (I) Hume, David, (I) Humphrey, Adolarius William, (I) Hunt, William, (I) Hunter, John, (I), (II)n, (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI) Hunter River, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V)n, (VI) Hunter River Valley, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Hyde Park Barracks, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Ibbets, Douglas, (I) Illawarra, (I), (II) India, (I), (II) India Act, (I) Industrial Revolution, (I), (II), (III), (IV) infanticide, (I), (II), (III) Investigator, (I) Iora tribe, (I), (II), (III) Ireland: in alliance with France, (I), (II) Catholic and Protestant alliance in, (I), (II) peasant gangs in, (I), (II) Irish: escape attempts of, (I), (II), (III) oppression of, (I), (II), (III) rebellions of, in Australia, (I), (II), (III) Irish Defenders, (I), (II) Isherwood, Charles, (I) Jacobinism, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Jansz, Willem, (I) Jefferson, Thomas, (I) Jeffries, Mark, (I) Jenkins, John, (I), (II)n “Jerilderie Letter,” (I) “Jim Jones,” (I) John Barry, (I) John Calvin, (I) Johnson, Richard, (I), (II), (III) Johnson, Samuel, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Johnston, George, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Johnston, Richard, (I) Johnston, William, (I), (II) Jones, Robert, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Jones, Samuel, (I) Jones, Thomas, (I) Josephs, Thomas, (I) Jubey, Charles, (I) Julian, Moses, (I) Kable, Henry, (I) Kadigal tribe, (I) Kangaroo, (I) kangaroo-dogs, (I), (II), (III) Kangaroo Island, (I), (II), (III) kangaroos, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) hunting of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) for leather, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Kelly, Batholomew, (I) Kelly, Mick, (I) Kelly, Ned, (I), (II), (III) Kemp, Anthony Fenn, (I) Kennelly, William, (I) Kenworthy, James, (I) Kerr, William, (I) Kimberley, Edward, (I), (II), (III) King, Anna Coombe, (I) King, Philip Gidley, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI), (XXVII) King George’s Sound, (I) King Island, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Kingston, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Knatchbull, John, (I), (II) Knopwood, Robert, (I), (II) Knowles, Henry, (I)n, (II) Knox, John, (I) Koonalda Cave, (I) labor, (I) assignment system of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) free vs convict, (I), (II), (III), (IV) as government service, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) skilled, (I), (II), (III), (IV) by task vs time, (I), (II), (III), (IV) wages of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Lady Barlow, (I) Lady Franklin, (I) Lady Juliana, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Lady Nelson, (I) Lady Penrhyn, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) Lafayette, Marquis de, (I), (II) Lamb, John, (I) land grants, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) Lang, John Dunmore, (I), (II) Lanne, William, (I) La Pộrouse, Jean-Franỗois de, (I) Laplace, Captain, (I) Larissey, William, (I) Larkins, Pat, (I) La Trobe, Charles, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Launceston, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) law enforcement: in England, (I) hanging verdicts in, (I) leniency in, (I), (II), (III) reward system in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Lawrence, James, (I), (II), (III) Lawson, Henry, (I), (II) Lawson, William, (I), (II) Lee, George, (I) Lemon, Richard, (I), (II) Lemprière, Thomas J., (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Lepailleur, Franỗois-Maurice, (I) Levey, Solomon, (I), (II) Leviathan, (I), (II) Lewin, John, (I), (II) Lewis, Simon, (I) Lind, James, (I) Linebaugh, Peter, (I) Lister, John, (I) livestock, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII) Logan, Patrick, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) logging, (I), (II), (III), (IV) London Review, (I) Longridge, (I), (II), (III) Lord, Edward, (I), (II) Lord, Simeon, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Louis XVI, King of France, (I) Loveless, George, (I) Lowe, Robert, (I) Lucas, Nathaniel, (I) Lucy Ann, (I) Luddites, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Lush, James, (I), (II) Lycett, Joseph, (I) Lyon, Charles, (I) Macarthur, Elizabeth, (I) Macarthur, Elizabeth Veale, (I), (II), (III) Macarthur, James, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Macarthur, John, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII) McAuley, James, (I) McClean, Peter, (I) McCleland, Thomas, (I) McCoy, Dominick, (I), (II), (III) McCullough, William, (I)n, (II) McGill, John, (I) McGine, Hugh, (I) Mackay, David, (I) Maconochie, Alexander, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII) as penal reformer, (I), (II), (III) Transportation report of, (I) as war prisoner, (I) Maconochie, Mrs Alexander, (I), (II) Maconochie, Allan, (I) Maconochie, Mary Ann, (I)n Macquarie, Elizabeth, (I), (II), (III) Macquarie, Lachlan, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII) architectural achievements of, (I) description of, (I) reforms of, (I) Macquarie, Lachlan, Jr., (I) Macquarie Harbor, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX) Macqueen, Thomas Potter, (I) Magellan, Ferdinand, (I), (II) Maitland, (I), (II) Maitland, (I) Malta, (I), (II) Malthus, Thomas, (I) Mansbury, Joseph, (I) Maori, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Margarot, Maurice, (I), (II), (III) Maria Island, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) marines, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) convicts resented by, (I), (II), (III), (IV) rum rations of, (I), (II), (III) women convicts and, (I), (II) Mark System, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Marquis Cornwallis, (I) Marsden, Samuel, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV) Martin, James, (I), (II) Martin, John, (I) Martineau, Harriet, (I) Maskelyne, Nevil, (I) Master and Sevants Act, (I) mateship, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Mather, Ann, (I) Mather, John, (I) Matra, James Mario, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Matthew, Thomas, (I) Maum, William, (I), (II) Mayda, (I) Mayhew, Henry, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Melbourne, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord, (I), (II) Melville, Henry, (I), (II) Melville, Robert, (I) Melville Island, (I) Meredith, George, (I), (II) Meredith, James, (I) Meredith, Louisa Anne, (I), (II) Merrit, William, (I) Milburn, Thomas, (I) Miller, Henry, (I) Minerva, (I), (II) mining, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Mitchell, James, (I), (II) Mitchell, John, (I) Mitford, Mary, (I) Moffatt, (I) Molesworth, William, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Molesworth Committee, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) Molesworth Report, (I), (II), (III) Molle, George, (I) Monitor, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Montagu, Algernon Sidney, (I) Montagu, John, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Moral and Political Philosophy (Paley), (I) Moreton Bay, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV) Morgan, Daniel “Mad Dog,” (I) Morison, John, (I), (II) Morisset, Emily Vaux, (I), (II), (III) Morisset, James Thomas, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII) Morley, (I) Mortlock, John, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Morton, Samuel, (I) Moss, Redmond, (I) Mountgarrett, Jacob, (I) Mount Victoria, (I), (II), (III) Mount Wellington, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Mudie, James, (I), (II), (III) Muir, Thomas, (I) Mundy, Godfrey, (I) Murderers’ Mound, (I), (II) Murdoch, Peter, (I), (II) Murray, Bernard, (I) Murray, George, (I), (II) Murray, John, (I) Murray, Robert, (I), (II) Myall Creek massacre, (I) Napoleon I, Emperor of France, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Napoleonic Wars, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Naval and Military Gazette, (I) Naylor, Thomas Begley, (I), (II) Nelson, Horatio, Lord, (I) Nelson, Isaac, (I) Nepean, Evan, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Nepean River, (I), (II) Neptune, (I), (II), (III) Newcastle, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Newgate prison, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) New Guinea, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) New Hebrides, (I), (II), (III), (IV) New Holland, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) New Military Barracks, (I), (II) New Poor Law, (I) New South Wales, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) assigned convicts in, (I), (II), (III) government of, (I) mining in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) population growth in, (I), (II), (III) social classes in, (I), (II) New South Wales Corps, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII) New Zealand, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII) Nicol, John, (I), (II) Nicolls, John, (I) Nixon, Francis Russell, (I), (II) Nobby’s Head, (I), (II) Norfolk Bay, (I), (II), (III) Norfolk Island, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI), (XXVII), (XXVIII), (XXIX), (XXX), XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII abandonment of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) description of, (I) mutiny on, (I), (II), (III) pine trees on, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) as ultimate punishment, (I), (II), (III) North, Frederick, Lord, (I), (II), (III) Norwood, (I), (II) Oatlands, (I), (II) Observations Upon Secondary Punishment (Arthur), (I) Ocean, (I) O’Conner, Bryan, (I) O’Connor, Roderic, (I), (II) O’Farrell, Rolla, (I) Oglethorp, James Edward, (I) Oliver Twist (Dickens), (I) O’Neil, Peter, (I) Ophir, (I) Opossum, (I) Opossum Bay, (I) Oppenshaw, James, (I) O’Reilly, John Boyle, (I), (II) Orlov, Prince, (I) Orr, William, (I) Otter, (I) Owen, Joseph, (I) Oxley, John, (I) Oyster Bay, (I), (II) Oyster Bay tribe, (I), (II), (III) Oyster Cove, (I) oysters, (I), (II) Pagan, John, (I) Paine, Tom, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Pakington, John, (I) Paley, William, (I) Palmer, John “Little Jack,” (I), (II) Palmer, Thomas Fyshe, (I), (II) Palmerston, Lord, (I) Pandora, (I) Panopticon, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Panopticon Versus New South Wales (Bentham), (I) Parham, William, (I) Parkes, Henry, (I) Parkinson, Sydney, (I), (II), (III) Parmelia, (I), (II) Parramatta, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI) parrots, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Parsons, William, (I) pastoralists, (I), (II) Paterson, Elizabeth, (I), (II) Paterson, William, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Paul, George, (I) Pearce, Alexander, (I), (II), (III)n, (IV) Pedder, John, (I) Peel, Robert, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Peel, Thomas, (I) Peel Committee, (I), (II) Peel’s Police Act, (I) Pelsart, Francis, (I) penal colonies, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) costs of, (I), (II) English need for, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) secondary settlements in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) security in, (I), (II), (III) as self-supporting, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) as strategic English base, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Peninsular War, (I), (II), (III) penitentiaries, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Auburn System of, (I) Panopticon, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Philadelphia System of, (I), (II), (III) Penlez riots, (I) Penn, William, (I) penology: experiments in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Mark System in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) principles of, (I) Probation System of, (I) reform in, (I), (II), (III) Pentonville, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Pentridge Rising, (I) Perth, (I), (II) Peterloo Massacre, (I) Philip III, King of Spain, (I) Phillimore, Richard, (I) Phillip, Arthur, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI)n, (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) as Commander of First Fleet, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) as disciplinarian, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) as Governor, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Naval service of, (I), (II) reputation of, (I) Phillip, Elizabeth Breach, (I) Phillip, Jakob, (I) Phillip Island, (I), (II) Phoenix, (I), (II), (III), (IV) pine trees, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Piper, John, (I), (II), (III) piracy, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Pirate’s Bay, (I) Pitcairn Island, (I) Pitt, William, (I) Pitt, William, the Younger, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Place, Francis, (I) Pleistocene epoch, (I), (II) Point Puer, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Point Solander, (I), (II) police: in England, (I), (II), (III) mounted, (I), (II), (III) in New South Wales, (I), (II), (III), (IV) in Van Diemen’s Land, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Polo, Marco, (I) Poor Laws, (I), (II) Pope, Alexander, (I), (II) Popery Laws, (I) Port Arthur, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X) Port Curtis, (I) Port Dalrymple, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Port Davey, (I) Porter, James, (I), (II) Port Jackson, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Port Macquarie, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Port Phillip, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Port Phillip Bay, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Portsmouth, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Pory, John, (I) Possession Island, (I) possums, (I) Power, John, (I) Powley, Elizabeth, (I) Price, John Giles, (I), (II), (III) Price, Mary Franklin, (I) Prince of Wales, (I), (II), (III) Princess Royal, (I) prisons, (I), (II), (III) as crime incubators, (I) disease in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) overcrowding in, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) for profit, (I) Probation System, (I), (II), (III) Prodromus Entomology (Lewin), (I) prostitution, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Proteus, (I) Quamby Bluff, (I) Queen, (I) Queen Charlotte, (I) Queensland, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Queen’s Orphan School, (I) Quintus Servinton (Savery), (I) racism, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Radzinowicz, Leon, (I) Ralph Bay Neck, (I) Ramsay, William, (I) Randolph, (I) rape, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) rebellions: Canadian, (I), (II) English, (I), (II), (III) Irish, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Norfolk Island, (I) Rum Corps, (I), (II) Recherche Archipelago, (I) Recovery, (I) Recruiting Officer, The (Farquhar), (I) Redcliffe, (I) Redfern, William, (I), (II), (III) Regalia, (I), (II) Reibey, Mary Haydock, (I) Reibey, Thomas, (I) Reid, Thomas, (I) relief ships, (I), (II) Rembang, (I) Resolution, (I), (II) Rex, George, (I) Reynolds, Henry, (I) Rhodes, Elizabeth, (I) Rickson, William, (I) Riley, Alexander, (I), (II) Riley, William, (I) Rio de Janeiro, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Risdon, (I), (II) Risdon Cove, (I), (II) Robertson, Gilbert, (I), (II), (III) Robinson, George Augustus, (I) Robinson, Michael Massey, (I), (II) Robinson, Portia, (I) Robson, L L., (I), (II), (III) Rockingham, (I) Rodius, Charles, (I) Rogers, Thomas, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Rolle, John, (I) rookeries, (I) Rose Hill, (I), (II), (III) Ross, (I), (II) Ross, Robert, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Ross, William, (I) Rousseau, Jean Jacques, (I), (II), (III) Royal Admiral, (I), (II) Royal Circus, (I) Royal Geographic Society, (I) Royal George, (I) Royal Prerogative of Mercy, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Royal Society in Tasmania, (I), (II) Rule of Law, (I) rum, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) Rum Corps, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) import monopolies of, (I), (II), (III), (IV) rebellion of, (I), (II), (III) Rum Hospital, (I), (II), (III) “Rum Song,” (I) Ruse, James, (I), (II) Russell, John, Lord, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII) Ryan, Major, (I) Ryan, Robert, (I)n St Patrick’s Head, (I) sandstone, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) San Francisco, (I) Sarah Island, (I), (II) Savery, Henry, (I) Scarborough, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Scindian, (I) Scott, Robert, (I) Scott, Walter, (I), (II) Scottish Martyrs, (I) sealing, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Second Fleet, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Settlers and Convicts (Harris), (I), (II), (III) Seven Years’ War, (I) Sever, William, (I) Shapcote, Thomas, (I) Shaw, A G L., (I) sheep, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) sheep-stealing, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Shelley, Mary, (I) shepherds, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Sheppard, Jack, (I), (II) Sherer, John, (I), (II) Sherwin, John, (I) Shields, James, (I) shipbuilding, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) pines and flax in, (I), (II), (III), (IV) ships, convict, (I) corruption on, (I), (II) discipline on, (I), (II), (III) exercise and amusement on, (I) food on, (I), (II), (III) living conditions on, (I), (II), (III) medical treatment on, (I), (II) mortality on, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) security on, (I), (II) sexual conduct on, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Shires, William, (I) Sidmouth, Lord, (I), (II) Sidney (Solomon), Samuel, (I) Sidney’s Emigrant’s Journal, (I) Silverthorpe, Mansfield, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Sirius, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII) Skirving, William, (I), (II) Slade, Ernest Augustus, (I), (II) slavery, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) in America, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) convict labor compared to, (I), (II) opposition to, (I), (II) Smit, Detmer, (I) Smith, Isaac, (I) Smith, John, (I) Smith, J W., (I) Smith, Sydney, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Snell, Joseph, (I)n Soane, John, (I), (II) social classes: in Australia, (I), (II), (III) criminal, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) Currency, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Exclusives, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX) Merinos, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) old vs new concepts of, (I), (II) working, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, (I), (II) Society of United Irishmen, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Solander, Daniel, (I), (II) Solomon, Ann Julian, (I) Solomon, Isaac “Ikey,” (I), (II) Solomon (Sidney), Samuel, (I) Solomon Islands, (I) Sorell, Julia, (I) Sorell, William, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII)n, (VIII) South Australia, (I), (II) Southey, Robert, (I) Southwell, Daniel, (I), (II), (III) Sparks, Henry, (I) spears, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Specials, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Spice Islands, (I), (II) Spicer, Peter, (I) Stagg, Charles, (I) Standfield, John, (I) Standfield, Thomas, (I) Stanley, Smith, Lord, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) State of Prisons in England and Wales, The (Howard), (I), (II) Stephen, James, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Stephen, John, (I), (II) Stewart, Robert, (I) Stickney, Richard, (I) Stirling, James, (I), (II) Storey, William, (I) Storm Bay, (I) Stuart, Robert Pringle, (I), (II) Stubbs, George, (I), (II) Sturma, Michael, (I), (II) Success, (I) Sudds, Joseph, (I) suicide, (I), (II), (III) Summerhill Creek, (I) Summers, Anne, (I) Supply, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Surprize, (I), (II), (III) Surry, (I) Swallow, William, (I) Swann, William, (I) Swan River, (I) Swing riots, (I), (II), (III) Sydney, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV) architecture in, (I), (II), (III) description of, (I), (II) Sydney, Thomas Townshend, Lord, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Sydney Cove, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX) building at, (I), (II) Sydney Gazette, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Sydney Harbor, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV) Sydney Morning Herald, (I) Sydney Opera House, (I), (II), (III) Table Mountain, (I), (II) Tahiti, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Tahitians, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, (I) Tamar River, (I), (II) Tarawal tribe, (I) Tasman, Abel, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Tasmania, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) see also Van Diemen’s Land Tasmanian, (I) Tasmanian Ladies’ Society for the Reformation of Female Prisoners, (I) Tasman Peninsula, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI) Tasman Sea, (I), (II) Tate, Thomas, (I) Tattersdale, Thomas, (I) Taylor, Deborah, (I) Taylor, George, (I), (II) Taylor, James, (I) Taylor, Richard, (I) Taylor, Simon, (I) “Telegraph, The” (Muir), (I) Tench, Watkin, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII) Terry, Samuel, (I), (II) Tetens, Alfred, (I), (II), (III) Thiers, Adolphe, (I) Third Fleet, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Thomas Arbuthnot, (I) Thomas Peel & Co., (I) Thompson, Edward P., (I), (II) Thompson, John, (I) Thompson, Patrick, (I) Thomson, E Deas, (I), (II) Three Bees, (I) Three Colonies of Australia The (Solomon), (I) tickets-of-leave, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI) Tidman, William, (I) timber, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX) Times (London), (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Timor, (I) Timor Sea, (I), (II) Tipahee, (I) tobacco, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Tolpuddle Martyrs, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Toms, John, (I)n Tone, Wolfe, (I), (II), (III) Tooke, (I) Toongabbie, (I), (II), (III) Townson, Robert, (I) trade, (I), (II) with colonists, (I), (II), (III) rum, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) sandalwood, (I), (II) sealing and whaling, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) wool, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Traill, Donald, (I), (II) transportation: to America, (I), (II), (III) Australian resolutions against, (I), (II) to Brazil, (I) Committees on, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) costs of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) crimes punishable by, (I), (II) criticism of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X) decline and abandonment of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) as deterrent, (I) four phases of, (I) of political offenders, (I), (II) purposes of, (I) as sentence of exile, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) as a system, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII) to Western Australia, (I), (II) Transportation Act, (I) Travers, Matthew, (I) treadmill, (I), (II) Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (Colquhoun), (I) Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), (I) Trimball, William, (I) Trincomalee, (I), (II) Trucanini, (I) True Colonist, (I) Tupaia, (I) Turpin, Dick, (I), (II), (III) Twiss, Horace, (I) Two Years in New South Wales (Cunningham), (I) Tyburn, (I), (II), (III) Tyler, Wat, (I) Ullathorne, William, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII) Underwood, James, (I) United States, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) University College, (I) Vaez de Torres, Luis, (I) van Diemen, Anthony, (I) Van Diemen’s Land, ( I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI), (XXVII), (XXVIII), (XXIX), (XXX) depression in, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) mining in, (I), (II) newspapers of, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) railway in, (I) semaphore system on, (I) “Van Diemen’s Land,” (I), (II), (III) Van Diemen’s Land Company, (I), (II) Verge, John, (I) Victoria, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X) Victoria, Queen of England, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) Views of Australia (Lycett), (I) Village Laborer, The (Hammond), (I) Vincent, William, (I) Virginia, (I), (II) Voice from the Far Interior of Australia, A (Solomon), (I) Waaksamheyd, (I) Wainewright, Thomas Griffiths, (I), (II) Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, (I) Waldron, Charles, (I) Walker, George Washington, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Waller, C M., (I) Wallis, James, (I), (II), (III) Waltham Black Act, (I) Walumedegal tribe, (I) Ward, John, (I), (II), (III) Ward, Russel, (I), (II)n, (III) Wardell, Robert, (I), (II)n War of 1812, (I), (II), (III) Warung, Price, (I), (II), (III) Washington, George, (I) Waterloo, (I), (II) Watling, Thomas, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Waverley Novels (Scott), (I) Wedgwood, Josiah, (I) Wellington, (I) Wellington, (I) Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, (I), (II) Wentworth, D’Arcy, (I), (II) Wentworth, William Charles, (I), (II), (III), (IV)n, (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI) West, Benjamin, (I) West, John, (I), (II), (III), (IV) Western Australia, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Western Tiers, (I), (II) Weston, William, (I) Westwood, William, (I) whaling, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Whately, Richard, (I), (II) White, Edward, (I) White, John, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Whitlam, Sarah, (I) Wilberforce, William, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) Wild, Jonathan, (I), (II) “Wild Colonial Boy, The,” (I), (II) Wilde, Oscar, (I), (II) Wilkinson, Francis, (I) Wilkite riots, (I) Willetts, Thomas, (I) Willey, George, (I) William IV, (I) William IV, King of England, (I) Williamson, Robert, (I) Williamstown, (I) Willson, Robert, (I), (II), (III) Winkworth, William, (I) Wisehammer, John, (I) Withers, Mary Ann, (I), (II) Withers, Peter, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) Wolloghan, John, (I) Wollstonecraft, Edward, (I) wombats, (I), (II) women: aboriginal, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) convict, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV) oppression of, (I), (II), (III) stereotyped as prostitutes, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Wood, Arnold, (I) Woodbridge, (I) Woodoo, (I) wool industry, (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) Woollomooloo, (I) Woolwich, (I), (II), (III) woomeras, (I), (II) Woorrady, (I) Worcester, battle of, (I) Worgan, George B., (I) Wylde, John, (I) Yarra River, (I) Yarsley, Thomas, (I) Yemmerawannie, (I) York, Thomas, (I) Young, George, (I) Young, Sarah, (I) Zeehaen, (I) Zeewulf, (I) ... the Author Also by Robert Hughes Dedication Contents Introduction Maps The Fatal Shore The Harbor and the Exiles A Horse Foaled by an Acorn The Geographical Unconscious The Starvation Years The. .. North Head Boree, the enduring one.” The sandstone is the bone and root of the coast On top of the cliff, the soil is thin and the scrub sparse There are banksia bushes, with their sawtooth-edge... administrators, the witnesses in the select committees, the parsons, the jailers, the masters; from the convicts themselves, very little Accordingly I have tried, as far as possible, to see the System