By Barbara W Tuchman BIBLE AND SWORD (1956) THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM (1958) THE GUNS OF AUGUST (1962) THE PROUD TOWER (1966) STILWELL AND THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN CHINA (1971) NOTES FROM CHINA (1972) A DISTANT MIRROR (1978) PRACTICING HISTORY (1981) THE MARCH OF FOLLY (1984) THE FIRST SALUTE (1988) A Ballantine Book Published by The Random House Publishing Group Copyright © 1978 by Barbara W Tuchman Maps copyright © 1978 by Anita Karl All rights reserved Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York Ballantine and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc This edition published by arrangement with Alfred A Knopf, Inc www.ballantinebooks.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-88536 eISBN: 978-0-307-79369-0 v3.1 Contents Cover Map Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments Maps and Illustrations Foreword Part One “I Am the Sire de Coucy”: The Dynasty Born to Woe: The Century Youth and Chivalry War “This Is the End of the World”: The Black Death The Battle of Poitiers Decapitated France: The Bourgeois Rising and the Jacquerie Photo Insert Hostage in England Enguerrand and Isabella 10 Sons of Iniquity 11 The Gilded Shroud 12 Double Allegiance 13 Coucy’s War 14 England’s Turmoil 15 The Emperor in Paris 16 The Papal Schism Part Two 17 Coucy’s Rise 18 The Worms of the Earth Against the Lions 19 The Lure of Italy 20 A Second Norman Conquest 21 The Fiction Cracks 22 The Siege of Barbary 23 In a Dark Wood Photo Insert 24 Danse Macabre 25 Lost Opportunity 26 Nicopolis 27 Hung Be the Heavens with Black Epilogue Bibliography Reference Notes About the Author “For mankind is ever the same and nothing is lost out of nature, though everything is altered.” —JOHN DRYDEN, “On the Characters in the Canterbury Tales,” in Preface to Fables, Ancient and Modern Acknowledgments I would like to express my thanks to all who have helped me in one way or another to write this book: to Mtre Henri Crepin, Deputy Mayor of Coucy-le-Château and president of the Association for Restoration of the Castle of Coucy and Its Environs, for his hospitality and guidance; to my editor Robert Gottlieb for enthusiasm and belief in the book as well as judicious improvements; to my daughter Alma Tuchman for substantial research, my friend Katrina Romney for sustained interest and to both for critical reading For rst aid in medieval complexities, I am especially indebted to Professors Elizabeth A R Brown and John Henneman; also to Professor Howard Garey for elucidating problems of medieval French, and to Mr Richard Famiglietti for the bene t of his familiarity with sources in the period For various advice, guidance, translations and answers to queries, I am grateful to Professors John Benton, Giles Constable, Eugene Cox, J N Hillgarth, Harry A Miskimin, Lynn White, Mrs Phyllis W G Gordan, John Plummer of the Morgan Library, and, in France, Professors Robert Fossier of the Sorbonne, Raymond Cazelles of Chantilly, Philippe Wol of Toulouse, Mme Therese d’Alveney of the Bibliothèque Nationale, M Yves Metman of the Archives Nationales, Bureaux des Sceaux, M Georges Dumas of the Archives de l’Aisne, and M Depouilly of the Museum of Soissons; also to Professor Irwin Saunders for introductions to the Institute for Balkan Studies in So a, and to Professors Topkova-Zaimova and Elisabeth Todorova of that Institute for assisting my visit to Nicopolis; also to Widener Library at Harvard and Sterling Library at Yale for borrowing privileges, and to the helpful and knowledgeable sta of the New York Public Library for assistance of many kinds To unnamed others who appeared brie y to lend a hand on my journey of seven years, my gratitude is equal 10 RENOVATION OF THE CASTLE: Broche 340 ff.; Dufour, 50–54; Evans, Art, 166 11 PERCEVAL, BASTARD OF COUCY : AN, Demay, Coll Clairembault, Nos 2841–42; Duchesne, 273 12 COUCY AT HAPSBURG-BURGUNDY WEDDING: Broche, 135 He is the archivist quoted 13 ROYAL COUNCIL VOTED UNANIMOUSLY: Chron C6, I, 420–31 14 P “YOU ARE THE GREATEST KING LIVING”: Chron Bourbon, q Mirot, 429, n FISHERMEN: ibid., 441 15 P FRENCH INVASION FLEET: In addition to the sources listed above, material from the Chronique de Tournai and other primary sources is quoted by Palmer, England, France, 77–79 16 BURGUNDY’S MOTTO: Terrier de Loray, 214 COUCY’S SHIP: Roncière, 89 17 COUCY’S SEAL: AN, Demay Coll Clairembault, I, 2838 HIS RETINUE: KL, XXI, 45 18 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR: Cutts, 391 DESCHAMPS, NORMAN CONQUEST: q Mirot, 455 19 DUC DE BERRY : Luce, Cents ans, I, 212–27; Wylie, II, 405–32; Dupont & Gnudi, 150–51 20 HOUNDS FROM SCOTLAND: Jusserand, 125, from Rymer for April 1396 21 FINED LANGUEDOC: Boudet, 64–65 22 “SNUB-NOSES”: q Wylie, II, 399, n 23 FLEET CAPTAINS’ LIST OF “ITEMS”: text from Chron de Tournai, q Vaughan, 50 24 THIS “USELESS WAR”: Walsingham, q Barnie, 129 25 CHARLES vi VISITS COUCY : Broche, 341–43 26 BAUDET LEFÈVRE: text of the pardon, which recounts the circumstances, in Mangin (Bibliog I, A), 42, n 27 COUCY’S VESSEL LOADED AT SOISSONS: Broche, 342 28 ff MONTFORT-clisson AFFAIR: Froissart, Berners ed., IV, 440–59; Lefranc, 279, 304–24; Moranvillé, Mercier, 112–13 29 COUCY’S INSISTENCE ON RESTITUTION: KL, XIII, 84 30 GUELDERS AFFAIR: Chron C6, I, 523–25 VASSAL FOR MONEY : Perroy, Hundred Years, 191; GUELDERS’ LETTER TO CHARLES VI: text in Douet-d’Arcq, I, 78 31 COUCY ARGUES IN COUNCIL: KL XIII, 84 32 DEATH OF CHARLES OF NAVARRE: Chron C6, I, 473, and Froissart 33 COUCY’S MISSION TO MONTFORT: KL, XIII, 136, 337 ff 34 KING’S GIFT OF A BIBLE: Lacaille, thèse, 117, from Delisle FROISSART’S TRIBUTE: Berners ed., V, 163 Chapter 21—The Fiction Cracks As before, events and quoted statements not otherwise identi ed may be presumed to come from Chron C6, I, or Froissart DESCHAMPS, “NOT ON THE GRAND PONT”: Queux ed., I, 156–57 MÉZIÈRES QUOTED: Coopland ed., 524–25 SOFT BEDS AND PERFUMED BATHS: preachers q in Owst, 412 GERSON: q Kilgour, 184 SACCHETTI: q Jacob Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, New York, 1960 (paperback ed.), 262 441 DESCHAMPS ILL ON CAMPAIGN: Raynaud in Deschamps, Queux ed., XI, 296 An excellent analysis of Deschamps’ life, work, and opinions may be found in this long essay by Queux’s editorial successor Ballads discussed here are in II, 214–26, 226–35 See also Kilgour, 64 p 442 LOUIS D’ORLÉANS: Chron C6; Jorga, 505; Collas, 143, 296 CAMAL: Evans in notes to Díaz de Gómez, 153 VERSE: q Mary Duchaux (Darmesteter), A Short History of France, 1918, 86 BURGUNDY VISITS COUCY : Petit, Itinéraires, 203; Prost, 475 RICHARD DESCRIBED: Vita R Ricardi II, ed Hearne, 1729, q Locke, 110 HANDKERCHIEF : Hutchison, 239 GRAND BOUTEILLER and PRIVILEGE OF TWO FAIRS: Duplessis, notes, 121; Duchesne, 268–69; Lacaille, “Vente,” 574–75; DBF, IX, 873 Text of the King’s grant in Lépinois, 209–11 ON THE OFFICE OF GRAND BOUTEILLER: Lot & Fawtier, 54 COMPLAINT OF 1388: q Denifle, 594 10 MARKS OF DECLINE: Denifle, 594; Jusserand, 43–44 The Benedictine abbey was St Nicolas-aux-Bois, diocese of Laon: Denifle, 706 11 DON PERO NIĐO AT SERIFONTAINE: Díaz de Gómez, 134–38 The host served as Admiral of France from 1397 to 1405, which places the date of the visit about 1405–6 12 DESCHAMPS’ BALLAD ON RAUCOUS EVENING: Queux ed., VII, 253 ON BALDNESS: Ballade 867 Obscurities in the language of this ballade were elucidated by Prof Howard Garey of Yale 13 BROMYARD ON FOPPERY: q Owst, 408 14 DESCHAMPS’ AILMENTS, SINS HE CONDEMNED, COMPLAINT OF COURT LIFE: Raynaud in Deschamps, Queux ed., XI, 296–97, 303–5 15 COUCY SENDS MESSAGE TO PHILIPPA: Green, 227, from Rymer NAMED CAPTAIN OF GUIENNE: KL, XIV, 25 16 MARCIAL LE VÉRIT: from text of pardon in Douet-d’Arcq NOTTINGHAM’S CHALLENGE: text in KL, notes, XIV, 398–99 17 BOUCICAUT AT Roosebeke: KL, notes, X, 481 18 COUCY PROPOSED FROISSART FOR CANONRY AT LILLE: Shears, 55–56 VERSE ON COUCY AS PATRON: KL, la, 345 The meaning of rouge eseaille was suggested in consultation by Profs Howard Garey and Harry Miskimin of Yale 19 COUCY OWNED OLDEST FROISSART MS.: KL, notes, lb, 224 This copy passed from Coucy’s great-granddaughter Jeanne de Bar to the royal library when Louis XI confiscated the books of her husband, Louis of Luxemburg Listed as ms II 88 in the Royal Library of Brussels (and as #6941 in the Catalogue des Mss by Van den Gheyn), the copy has the Coucy coat-of-arms on fo 16 r 20 PETRARCH’S COMPLAINT: Correspondence, 28 21 BOOKS GIVEN TO COUCY : Lacaille, thèse, 117, from Delisle, Cat de la librairie du Louvre, III, nos 19, 1160 22 VALENTINA VISCONTI: Chamberlin, 89–91, 109–12; Collas, 48 ORLÉANS HOUSEHOLD: Lacroix, 74–75 23 QUEEN’S ENTRY : Both Froissart and the Monk of St Denis were eyewitnesses 24 BURGUNDY’S CLOTHES: Vaughan, 43 ON THE “BED OF JUSTICE”: Bapst Chapter 22—The Siege of Barbary TREASURY OFFICIALS, “HE HAS HAD TOO MUCH”: Chron C6, I, 609 CHARLES vi IN AVIGNON: Froissart; Chron C6, I; Valois, II, 152–54 Cent Ballades: Pannier, passim; Raynaud, xxxvi–xlix, li–v, lxiv–viii, 226–27 BASTARD OF COUCY : La Chesnaye-Desbois KING’S TOUR OF LANGUEDOC and Bétizac AFFAIR: Chron C6, I; Chron Bourbon; Froissart; Coville, 304–5 GENOESE AMBASSADORS: Chron C6, I, 653; Mirot, “Politique” 10 FRESCO IN THE CLOISTER OF CARMES: Vaissète, IV, 396; Sabine Coron-Lesur, unpublished dissertation on the Couvent des Grands Carmes de Toulouse, 140–43, supplied through the kindness of Prof Philippe Wolff of Toulouse A copy of the fresco, generally known as “The Vow of Charles VI,” exists as an engraving in the Musée Paul Dupuy in Toulouse, and is reproduced in Vaissète, IV, plate XX-C, in G Lafaille, Annales de la ville de Toulouse, 1687, I, 143, and in a number of later volumes Lacking differentiation of faces, it is of little interest ff SPANISH MISSION: That Coucy could have gone to Spain in the course of the tour of Languedoc is unlikely but not impossible The documents show him to have been with the King at Toulouse for the founding of the Ordre de l’Espérance on an unknown date in December, and again (or still) there on January when his signature was added to the King’s treaty with the Count of Foix (Vaissète, ed of 1885, IX, 938–51, X, notes, 125–29; Lacaille, thèse, 127–28) He reappeared at Avignon on January 28 to testify in the Processus of Pierre de Luxemburg This allows two intervals —one of unknown length in December and one of 23 days in January—when he might have gone to Barcelona and back, although the time element is very tight No evidence exists to support Froissart’s version of his role in the Anjou-Aragon marriage According to R Oliver Bertrand, Bodas Reales entre Francia y la Corona de Aragon, Barcelona, 1947, 203, a marriage contract was concluded and a dispensation from Clement VII obtained in 1390, but the contract itself was not found Researches by Richard Famiglietti at the BN and AN and in the published French and Spanish sources, and a search of the documents in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragon at Barcelona (commissioned through the kindness of Prof J N Hillgarth) found no evidence of a journey by Coucy in connection with the Anjou-Aragon marriage PIERRE DE LUXEMBURG: Baring-Gould, Lives of the Saints, VII, 85–88; Jorga, 460–62; Valois, II, 300, 362–66; Huizinga, Waning, 179–80 Testimony in the Processus for canonization occupies 133 double-column folio pages in Acta Sanctorum, Paris, 1863–1940, vol XXVIII, in which Coucy’s testimony appears on pp 464–65, 468, 472, 476, 488 10 THE ROYAL VISIT TO DIJON: Petit, Entrée, passim; KL, la, 556 11 “FOR THE SOUL’S SALVATION”: q Cartellieri, 29 12 COUCY’S FOUNDATION OF CÉLESTIN MONASTERY : Roussel, 19–24 13 FOIX’S “BOOK OF PRAYERS”: Pierre Tucoo-Chala, Gaston Febus, Pau, 1976, 103 14 P COUCY’S CHARTER: BN, Fonds Latins, 5149, published in Roussel, 193–96, and (in part) in Duplessis, 158–59 15 ff THE ENTERPRISE AGAINST BARBARY: Chron Bourbon, 218–57, is the chief primary source, taking precedence in this episode over Froissart (KL, XIV) and Chron C6, I, 650–57 et seq Secondary accounts: Delaville le Roux, 166–200; Mirot, “Politique”; Atiya, Crusade in Later Middle Ages 16 BONET ON WAR AGAINST UNBELIEVERS: 126–27 17 STRATEGY OF ABOU-’L-ABBAS: Ibn-Khaldoun, 118–19 18 COUCY DISAPPROVES THE CHALLENGE: Chron Bourbon, 233 19 CHARLES VI VISITS COUCY : Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 224 Chapter 23—In a Dark Wood “WE CAN ENVISION NOTHING FINER”: KL, XIV, 280–81 On the Voie de Fait in general, Froissart and Chron C6, I, continue to be the narrative sources Valois, II, and Mirot, “Politique,” are modern accounts JEAN GERSON: Morrall, passim ON JOAN OF ARC: CMH, 810 PETRARCH ON THE SCHOLASTICS: Correspondence, 222–23 ff GERSON’S OPINIONS: Copleston, 278; Thorndike, IV, 108, 114, 128 ON CURRICULUM FOR SCHOOLS: Gabriel, ON CHILDREN’S SEXUAL HABITS: Ariès, 106–7 CONTROVERSY OVER Roman de la Rose: Bédier & Lazard, 98–99 GERSON, “INTO THE FIRE”; KL, la, 221, n JEAN DE MONTREUIL AND PIERRE COL: Huizinga, Waning, 113–15, 308–9 BONIFACE, SALE OF BENEFICES: Creighton, I 16–17 CLEMENT PAWNS TIARA: Coville, 314–15 WENCESLAS IV: Lindner, II, 170–77; Kamil Krofta, “Bohemia in the 14th Century,” chap in CMH; Jules Zeller, Les Empereurs du XIVe siècle, Paris, 1890, 450–52 10 DRUNKENNESS IN GERMANY : Lindner, II, 174 POGROM OF PRAGUE: Baron, IX, 160 ff., 202, 318 11 CONTROVERSY OVER THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION: Michelet, ed of 1840, IV, 57; Creighton, 112 12 BERNARDINO OF SIENA: q G G Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, London, 1938, 45 WALSINGHAM ON UNBELIEF : q Jusserand, 224 13 CLAMANGES AND GERSON ON IRREVERENCE: q M Mollat, Vie, 65 14 BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE: Hyma, passim; Southern, 331–52 15 GROOTE AND THOMAS A KEMPIS: ibid 16 Imitation of Christ ASCRIBED TO GERSON: Coville, 416–17 GERSON’S SERMON: Valois, II, 395 17 CLEMENT PREPARES FOR ROME: Coville, 302 18 THOMAS OF GLOUCESTER: KL, XIV, 314–15, 384; XV, 165, 240 19 GUY DE BLOIS: KL, XIV, 370; Barante, II, 36–38 20 COUCY’S ROLE: Jarry, Orléans, 85; Lacaille, thèse, 138; KL, XVI, 71 21 PRECAUTIONS TAKEN AT AMIENS: KL, XIV 22 COUCY AND PHILIPPA: ibid., 378 BURGUNDY’S CLOTHES: Barante, II, 39 Chapter 24—Danse Macabre ff THE CRAON-CLISSON AFFAIR: Chron C6, II, ff., and KL, XIV, 316–20, are the basic narrative sources They are combined in a lively account by Barante, II, 46–55 Modern accounts in Coville, 305; CMH, 372; Lefranc, 340–56 Admiral de Vienne’s conduct: Lefranc, 356 On Craon personally, see DBF and Bio Index in KL CRAON’S ASSASSINATION OF A KNIGHT OF LAON: KL, notes, XV, 362 495 SECRET CORRESPONDENCE OF THE UNCLES WITH DUKE OF BRITTANY : Sismondi, Histoire des Franỗais, Paris, 1828, II, 597 ff CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRITTANY and THE KING’S MADNESS AT LE MANS: Chron 4C6, II, 19–25; KL, XV, 40–49; Barante, II, 59–81; Moranvillé, 89, 124–26, 149 GUILLAUME DE HARSIGNY : Edouard Fleury, Antiquités et monuments du département de l’Aisne, Paris, 1882, 242–43 Also Mâle COUCY IN RIVIERE’S ARREST: KL, XV, 63–64, and notes, 365; Lefranc, 367 RECEIVES MERCIER’S PROPERTY : KL, XV, 67; Moranvillé, 158, 161, 163 BURGUNDY AND CLISSON: Lefranc, 365–67 COUCY REFUSES CONSTABLESHIP: KL, XV, 97 COUCY ESCORTS KING TO LIESSE: Lacaille, thèse, 142; DBF, IX, 873 HARSIGNY’S EFFIGY : now in the museum at Laon The inscription reads “Deo et Nature reddo Simplicia Acta compositi sint Deo Grata.” Allowing for ambiguities of language, the translation could be: “I give back to God and nature my [bodily] elements May the deeds of the whole [man] be pleasing to God.” LADIES HAD TO TURN SIDEWAYS TO PASS THROUGH DOORWAYS: described by Juvenal des Ursins, q Collas, 75 10 COUCY IN SAVOY : Duchesne, 269–70 11 CUSTOMS AT SECOND MARRIAGES: M Mollat, Vie, 57 12 ff DANCE OF THE SAVAGES: Chron C6, II, 65–71; KL, XV, 77, 85–87, 89–90, 92; Chron Valois, 328; Barante, II, 95–99 Huguet de Guisay’s character is from Chron C6 13 LOUIS’ CÉLESTIN CHAPEL: Chron C6, II, 75; Jorga, 506 14 ff Danse Macabre: Carco; Chaney; Huizinga, Waning, 139–41 On origin of the phrase, in addition to the above, OCFL CHURCH OF THE INNOCENTS MURALS: EFFIGY OF CARDINAL DE LA GRANGE: Chaney, from verses and woodcuts in Guyot Marchant’s Danse Macabre, c 1485 now in Musée Calvet, Avignon; illustrated in Joseph Girard, Avignon: ses monuments, Marseille, 1930 A thorough if pedestrian listing of such effigies with illustrations appears in Kathleen Cohen, Metamorphosis of a Death Symbol: The Transi Tomb in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Berkeley, 1974 15 CEMETERY OF THE INNOCENTS: Mâle, 360; Huizinga, Waning, 144; Carco, 29 16 SEVEN SORROWS OF THE VIRGIN: Mâle, 125 BEAUTIFUL MADONNAS: One of the most characteristic and charming is the statue of the Madonna of the Bird at the church of Notre Dame du Mathuret in Riom in Auvergne POPULATION REDUCED BY 50 PERCENT: Russell, “Effects of Pestilence,” 470; Carpentier, AESC, 1082–83 17 ff PESSIMISM : Gower, from Confessio Amantis DATINI: q Origo, 116 GERSON: q Thorndike, History, IV, 115 MONK OF CLUNY : q Coulton, Life, I, MÉZIÈRES: q Coopland ed., I, 255 ROGER BACON: q Coulton, Life, II, 57 DESCHAMPS: q KL, la 440–41 CHRISTINE DE PISAN: q ibid.; SAFE-CONDUCTS: from her Book of Fayttes, xix UNIVERSITY SELLING DEGREES: Coville, 395 18 “VICES OF THE DIFFERENT ORDERS”: q T Wright, Political Songs, I, lxxxiv–vi 19 NOTARY OF CAHORS: Denifle, 827 20 GOWER ON WAR: q Barnie, 123, 131 “NO PEACE TILL THEY GIVE BACK CALAIS”: q Locke, 95 21 PARLEY AT LEULINGHEN: Chron C6, II, 77–83; Froissart (who was present), Berners ed., VI, 110–21 22 THOMAS OF GLOUCESTER: ibid 23 CHARLES vi’s PERIODS OF MADNESS: Chron C6, II, 87–91, 405, 455; Barante, II, 110–11, 223–24; Collas, 260; Thibault, 222–24 24 WILLIAM OF HAINAULT: Darimesteter, 38 ON MENTAL ILLNESS: E Wright, 356 25 ISABEAU’S CONDUCT: Collas, 297; Thibault, 265, 281, 290, 316 “THIS RIDICULOUS TRIBUNAL”: Juvenal des Ursins, q Mazas, IV, 181 Founded in 1400 with the intention of honoring women and cultivating poetry, the Cour Amoureuse included one member who was convicted of attempted rape in 1405, and another who kidnapped a dame d’honneur (whom he later married after repudiating his wife) Among other members of all classes were the vocal advocates of the Roman de la Rose, Jean de Montreuil, and Pierre and Gontier Col (A Piaget, “Cour Amoureuse,” Romania, XX, 447.) 26 MARQUIS DE SADE: see Bibliography Written in 1813, this was his last book, not published until 1953 Sade claimed to have found at Dijon the transcript of the trial of Louis de Bourdon, the Queen’s lover, who revealed under torture her part in the crimes of the reign Unhampered by the disappearance of the transcript in the destruction of the library by the “Huns of the French Revolution,” the Marquis was able, 40 years after reading it, to write the biography ascribing to Isabeau responsibility for every “drop of blood spilled in this terrible reign.” In his version, she prostituted herself to Craon to contrive the attack on Clisson, gave Charles the poisons that caused his madness, arranged for the appearance of the madman in the forest of Mans, planned the fatality of the Dance of the Savages, acted as accomplice in the murder of her former lover Louis d’Orléans, coupled in the slums with thieves and murderers, poisoned three of her own children, and delivered Joan of Arc to the Inquisition Sade was a one-cause historian 27 DUG DE SULLY : q Franỗois Guizot, Hist, of France, trans., New York, 1885, III, Chapter 25—Lost Opportunity For the e orts to end the schism, the death of Clement, the election of Benedict, and his refusal to abdicate, the chief primary source is the Monk of St Denis (Chron C6, II, 131– 317), who was obviously more interested in, and closer to the struggle than Froissart (KL, XIV–XV) Both are supplemented by Valois, II–III; Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 523–41; Creighton Where not otherwise stated, the above are the sources for the events in this chapter that relate to the schism SPINELLI’S ARGUMENT: q Chamberlin, 153 COUCY’S MISSION TO AVIGNON: KL, XIV, notes, 422–26; Durrieu, “Adria,” 13–64; Jarry, Orléans, 117; Mirot, “Politique,” 527; Lehoux, II, 296 NOBLES FEARED COMMONERS’ ARCHERY: Chron C6, II, 131 Also Jean Juvenal des Ursins, q Fowler, Plantagenet and Valois, 177 GERSON’S ORAL DEFENSE: Morrall, 34–36 COUCY AGAIN IN AVIGNON: same sources as above: KL, ibid.; Durrieu, 72–75; Jarry, Orléans, 121; Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 517; Mirot, “Politique,” 530–31 NICOLAS DE CLAMANGES: Ornato, 16; DBF and Michaud, Biographie universelle Text of his address in Chron C6, II, 135 ff TRANSLATED FOR THE COUNCIL: Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 523 “AS THOUGH THE HOLY GHOST”: q Creighton, 129 400 MILES IN FOUR DAYS: Hay, 363 ff COUCY’S CAMPAIGN FOR GENOA: The major sources are Jarry’s Orléans, 134–56, and Delisle’s summaries of the documents in the Coll Bastard d’Estang at the BN, Fonds fr., nouv acq 3638–9 and 3653–4–5 These contain some three dozen documents covering transactions by Coucy Payments to him from the crown are in BN, Pièces originales, 875, dossier Coucy Lacaille, thèse, 156–94, adds references from Italian sources Froissart is the source for Coucy holding conferences with the Genoese outdoors (KL, XV, 221–22) Modern authorities: Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 532–37; Mesquita, 157–58; Mirot, “Politique,” 533–35 10 VISIT TO PAVÍA: BN, Coll Bastard d’Estang, 231, 234 11 GIOVANNI DEI GRASSI: Meiss & Kirsch 12 BUILDING OF THE CATHEDRAL: Chamberlin, 122–26, 173–75 13 COUCY’S “WOUNDED LEG”; Jarry, Orléans, 161 14 CLAMANGES GOES OVER TO BENEDICT: Valois, III, 270, n 4; Creighton, 433–34 Further on this episode: Ornato, 27, 33– 41 15 BENEDICT DIED AT 94: CMH, 301 16 “TO AID AND SUSTAIN” RICHARD II: q McKisack, 476, from Rymer, VII, 811 LOLLARD TWELVE “CONCLUSIONS”: Gairdner, I, 43–44 17 THREATENED TO KILL SIR RICHARD STURY : Hutchison, 155 18 COUCY REFUSED “BECAUSE HE WAS A FRENCHMAN”: Froissart, Berners ed., VI, 130 19 GLOUCESTER, ROBERT THE HERMIT, WALERAN DE ST POL: ibid., VI, 161–68, 211–12 20 MARRIAGE OF ISABEL AND RICHARD: Froissart, Berners ed., 224–29 Froissart’s statement that the only French lady to accompany Isabel to England was the Dame de Courcy (KL, XV, 306) became Coucy in Lord Berners’ translation (VI, 229) and accounts for Mrs Green’s error (228) in identifying this lady, who was later to bring back the news of Richard’s deposition, as Coucy’s second wife Chapter 26—Nicopolis Apart from Schiltberger’s sparse account told 30 years after the event (see p 554), the primary Western sources for the crusade to Nicopolis are the Livre des faits du bon messire Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut (Godefroy ed., pp 78–104), written at about the time of the subject’s death in 1421 (by an “anonymous cleric” according to OCFL, although Kervyn Lettenhove—XX, 372—believed the author was Christine de Pisan); the Monk of St Denis (Chron C6, II, 485–519); and Froissart, KL, XV, 218–328, passim These are the bases for the spirited accounts by Abbé Vertot in the 18th century and Barante in the early 19th KL’s notes add material from Dom Plancher’s Histoire Générale de Bourgogne, Dijon, 1739–81 The most thorough modern account and a classic work is Delaville le Roux, La France en Orient, Book III, chaps 1–5, whose wealth of notes lls in a mass of information Where not otherwise cited, the events in this chapter are drawn from the above sources Atiya’s Nicopolis, usually cited (by English-speaking historians) as the standard work, supposedly draws on an impressive bibliography of Turkish sources, but little evidence of this appears in the text With minor exceptions, not all of them accurate, this book is not much more than a reworking of Delaville Rosetti supplies a useful survey from all sources of estimated numbers engaged in the crusade Savage points up the importance of Coucy’s o ensive Tipton contributes an original and valuable investigation of the supposed English role HALF THE TURKISH ARMY HELD LAND IN EUROPE: Oman, 344 A ghazi, “THE SWORD OF GOD”: q Anthony Luttrell, “The Crusade in the 14th century” in Hale, Highfield & Smalley, 139 A FORD OF THE DANUBE AT NICOPOLIS: Kousev, 70 This does not seem to jibe with accounts of fugitives of the battle drowning in attempts to swim across BAJAZET ANSWERED WITHOUT WORDS: Hammer, 323 SIGISMUND, “YOU BOHEMIAN PIG!”: Otto Zarek, The History of Hungary, trans., London, 1939, 182 BONE OF ST ELIZABETH: q Wylie, II, 432, n AT PARLEMENT OF PARIS: Douet-d’Arcq, I, 382 544 MÉZIÈRES’ ORDER OF THE PASSION: Kilgour, 148–62 546 JEAN DE NEVERS, APPEARANCE: Michelet, IV, 45; Calmette, 57–58 EQURPMENT: David, 37, from Plancher, Bourgogne, III, 149 SUPPOSED ENGLISH PARTICIPATION: The evidence refuting it has been effectively presented by Tipton, leading to his conclusion, “No Englishman whatsoever can be identified as positively among the crusading army,” 533 p 550 “THEY GO LIKE KINGS”: q Jorga, 489 10 SLANDER OF VALENTINA: chronicles, and Mesquita, 203; Chamberlin, 176 11 GIAN GALEAZZO SUPPOSEDLY INFORMED BAJAZET: KL, XV, 253, 262, 329, 338 12 ESTIMATE OF NUMBERS: Lot, 456; Rosetti, 633–35 13 “HOW SEDUCTIVE is WAR!”: Jean de Beuil, Le Jouvencel, vols SHF, Paris, 1887, II, 20–21 14 COUCY’S ATTACK: Wavrin, 149; KL, XV, 314; Savage, 437–40 15 COUCY SEEN “UNSHAKEN”: Livre des faits, Godefroy ed., 97 SIGISMUND, “WE LOST THE DAY ”: Schiltberger, ed notes, 109 16 BAJAZET SWEARS REVENGE: Schiltberger, Chapter 27—Hung Be the Heavens with Black Livre des faits … de Boucicaut (Godefroy ed., 104–14), Froissart, and Chron C6, II, continue to be the main primary sources It may be assumed that these and Delaville le Roux, chaps 6–9, are the sources for material not otherwise cited MARCH OF THE PRISONERS: from the account of Geoffrey Maupoivre in Delaville, “Le Legs d’Enguerrand VII” (Bibliog I, B) COUCY’S MIRACLE: ibid “FORTUNATE TO BE IN A WORLD”: KL, XV, 334 DESCHAMPS ON FUNERALS: Queux ed., VIII, 85–86 DAME DE COUCY WRITES TO DOGE: XV, 426 ORLÉANS’ MESSENGERS: Mangin, 45–46, 52–54; BN, Fonds fr., nouv acq 3638–9, nos 268–9, 308, 456 ManginGIFTS FOR BAJAZET: Barante, II, 201; Jarry, Orléans, 185–86 DESCHAMPS, “MONEY !”: q Gustave Masson, Story of Medieval France, 1888 L’ALOUËTE: 182 10 ANONYMOUS POEM ON TWELVE AGES: q Mâle, 303–4 11 NICHOLAS OF AENOS: Livre des faits, q Atiya, Nicopolis, 105 12 COUCY’S WILL: published in Testaments enregistrés au parlement de Paris sous le règne de Charles VI, ed A Tuetey, in Documents inédits, Mélanges historiques, nouv série, Paris, Imp nat., 1858, III, 39–44 13 COUCY’S DEATH: The assumption made by some historians that he died alone, the Sultan having moved on, taking the prisoners with him and leaving Coucy behind because he was too ill to travel, cannot be reconciled with the eight signatures to his will The Sultan and French prisoners did indeed move on to Mikalidsch, two days’ journey from Brusa, where Burgundy’s envoy Guillaume de l’Aigle met them, supposedly in January Either that date is an error or the prisoners must have returned to Brusa—perhaps because of Coucy’s imminent death—in time to sign the will 14 “REFINED AND BARBARIC ”: Lefranc, Intro., x 15 “SEIGNEUR OF MOST MERIT”: Livre des faits, Godefroy, 2nd ed., The Hague, 1711, 81 16 RETURN OF COUCY’S REMAINS: Duplessis, 103 DAME DE COUCY : Godefroy, 1620, 106 FUNERAL: KL, XV, 357, 437; XVI, 31 TOMB: destroyed (presumably) in the destruction of Nogent-sous-Coucy; the plaque from Ste Trinité is now in the museum of Soissons DESCHAMPS’ DIRGE: Queux ed., Ballad 1366 17 ff RANSOM AND RETURN OF THE PRISONERS: In addition to the sources at the head of the chapter, Vaughan, 71–77 BURGUNDY’S GIFTS MISFIRED: Bavyn ms., Mémoires du voiage fait en Hongrie par Jean dit Sans-Peur, Comte de Nevers, q Atiya, Nicopolis, 103 BURGUNDY’S BOOKS BOUGHT FROM DINO RAPONDI: Durrieu, Mss de luxe, 163, and Putnam, 275 18 TOURNAI EXPECTED A PARDON: Delaville, 320, n 19 Epistre Lamentable: Jorga, 500–503; also reprinted as anonymous in KL, XVI, 444–523 BONET’S SATIRE: q Kilgour, 158–60, 172–73 20Quatre Valois: Chron Valois, 187, 192 21 BAJAZET IN WAGON WITH BARS: On this famously disputed question, Gibbon (VI, 370–84) cites French, Italian, Turkish, and Greek sources to refute the claim of Persian historians that the story is a fable reflecting “vulgar credulity.” Gibbon’s editors (Milman, Guizot, Wenck, and Smith) accept the explanation of Von Hammer that the so-called iron cage was a mistranslation of the Turkish word hafe meaning a covered litter, in this case covered by a latticework made of iron See also F Schevill, History of the Balkan Peninsula, New York, 1922, 190 COUCY’S “MANY FINE PONDS”: as described in the suit brought by Robert de Bar, q Lacaille, “Vente,” 594 FAMILY LITIGATION: ibid 22 PROPOSED MARRIAGE TO STEPHEN OF BAVARIA: originating in Chron C6, II, 765, the erroneous statement that the marriage was concluded was repeated by Duchesne and Duplessis and others down the line until corrected by Thibault, 355 SALE OF THE PROPERTY TO ORLÉANS: Lacaille, “Vente,” 574–87; Jarry, Orléans, 239–42, 311 Epilogue ORLÉANIST MANIFESTO, SUNK IN CRIME AND SIN: q Enid McLeod, Charles d’Orléans, New York, 1970, 63 AGINCOURT: Wylie, II, 108–230 An eyewitness account of the battle from the Chronicle of Jehan de Wavrin is quoted in Allmand, 107–11 HEAVY ARMOR AND HEART FAILURE: Oman, 377 “FORESTS CAME BACK WITH THE ENGLISH”: q Evans, Life, 141 DESOLATION OF PICARDY AND STARVING WOMAN OF ABBEVILLE: Lestocquoy, 47–48 COUCY DELIVERED TO THE ENEMY : Antoine d’Asti, q Dufour, 51 REALISTIC HORRORS ON STAGE: Cohen, 149, 267 CONGEALING OF CHARITY: Mâle, 440 HUSSITE “MOVING FORT”: Oman POPULATION, ROUEN: Cheyney, 166 SCHLESWIG: Heers, 106 THOMAS BASIN: Histoire de Charles VII, ed Charles Samaran, Paris, 1933, I, 87, q Fowler, Plantagenet and Valois, 150– 51 CASTILLON: ibid., q Allmand, 11–13 10 TURKS’ SIEGE TRAIN: Oman, 357–58 VICTOR HUGO: q Mâle, 295 11 COUCY LINEAGE: La Chesnaye-Desbois; Anselme, V, 243, VII, 566; L’Art de vérifier, 243; Melleville, 20 PERCEVAL HAD NO HEIRS: Duplessis, 107 12 FATE OF THE CASTLE AND MONASTERY : Duchesne, 672; L’Art de vérifier, 219; Dufour, 21, n 1; Viollet-le-Duc, Coucy, 30– 31; Roussel, 42 13 RUPPRECHT OF BAVARIA: His intervention was related by him to Friedrich P Reck-Malleczewen, Diary of a Man in Despair, trans., New York, 1970, 196 LUDENDORFF’S 28 TONS OF DYNAMITE: Histoire de Coucy, pamphlet of Ass’n … Coucy-le-Château, by R Leray, J Vian, and H Crepin About the Author BARBARA W TUCHMAN achieved prominence as a historian with The Zimmermann Telegram and international fame with The Guns of August, a huge best-seller and winner of the Pulitzer Prize There followed ve more books: The Proud Tower, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (also awarded the Pulitzer Prize), A Distant Mirror, Practicing History, a collection of essays, and, most recently, The March of Folly The First Salute was Mrs Tuchman’s last book before her death in February 1989 ... great a gap between ideal and practice as religion The ideal was a vision of order maintained by the warrior class and formulated in the image of the Round Table, nature’s perfect shape King Arthur’s... the rapidity of his strikes, is described by a modern Hungarian historian as “effeminate, sensual, irresolute and vacillating.” It may be taken as axiomatic that any statement of fact about the. .. of the enterprise First are uncertain and contradictory data with regard to dates, numbers, and hard facts Dates may seem dull and pedantic to some, but they are fundamental because they establish