More Praise for The Proud Tower “Mrs Tuchman’s popularity is due to more than her skill with words … she never loses sight of individuals, and she is not afraid to tell a story.… As in all her books, this one is resplendent with people … marvels of idiosyncratic fullness.” —The New York Times Book Review “Her Pulitzer Prize-winning The Guns of August was an expert evocation of the rst spasm of the 1914–18 war She brings the same narrative gifts and panoramic camera eye to her portrait of the antebellum world.” —Newsweek “An exquisitely written and thoroughly engrossing work.… The author’s knowledge and skill are so impressive that they whet the appetite for more.… [To read these polished essays] is an esthetically rewarding experience No one should forgo the opportunity.” —Chicago Tribune “Solid and interesting.… Bright with sketches of hundreds of men.” —The Philadelphia Inquirer “Mrs Tuchman paints the scene for us with a masterly brush, a scene glittering and brilliant, sumptuous and outrageous.” —Herald Tribune “A stunning success … As remarkable a work as The Guns of August.” —Library Journal By Barbara W Tuchman BIBLE AND SWORD THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM THE GUNS OF AUGUST THE PROUD TOWER STILWELL AND THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN CHINA A DISTANT MIRROR PRACTICING HISTORY THE MARCH OF FOLLY THE FIRST SALUTE A Ballantine Book Published by The Random House Publishing Group Copyright © 1962, 1963, 1965 by Barbara W Tuchman Copyright © 1966 by The Macmillam Company Copyright renewed 1994 by Dr Lester Tuchman All rights reserved Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto Originally published by The Macmillan Company in 1966 Chapter appeared, in part, in The Atlantic Monthly for May 1963 Parts of Chapter were published in American Heritage for December 1962 and in The Nation 100th Anniversary issue, September 1965 Parts of Chapter were published in Vogue in 1965 Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material: Doubleday and A.P Watt Ltd.: “The White Man’s Burden” and eight lines from “The Truce of the Bear” (“The Bear that Walks Like a Man”) from Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition Reprinted by permission of Doubleday and A.P Watt Ltd on behalf of The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty Henry Holt and Company, Inc and The Society of Authors: Excerpt from “On the Idle Hill of Summer” from “A Shropshire Lad” from The Collected Poems of A.E Housman Reprinted by permission of Henry Holt and Co., Inc., and The Society of Authors as the literary representative of the Estate of A.E Housman A.P Watt Ltd.: Four lines from “The Valley of the Black Pig” from The Collected Poems of W.B Yeats Reprinted by permission of A.P Watt Ltd on behalf of Michael Yeats Ballantine and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc www.ballantinebooks.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96–96511 eISBN: 978-0-307-79811-4 v3.1 While from a proud tower in the town Death looks gigantically down From “The City in the Sea” EDGAR ALLAN POE Acknowledgments To Mr Cecil Scott of The Macmillan Company, a participant in this book from the rst outline to the end, I owe a writer’s most important debt: for the steady companionship of an interested reader and for constructive criticism throughout mixed with encouragement in times of need For advice, suggestions and answers to queries I am grateful to Mr Roger Butter eld, author of The American Past; Professor Fritz Epstein of Indiana University; Mr Louis Fischer, author of The Life of Lenin; Professor Edward Fox of Cornell University; Mr K A Golding of the International Transport Workers’ Federation, London; Mr Jay Harrison of Columbia Records; Mr John Gutman of the Metropolitan Opera; Mr George Lichtheim of the Institute on Communist A airs, Columbia University; Mr William Manchester, author of The House of Krupp; Professor Arthur Marder, editor of the letters of Sir John Fisher; Mr George Painter, the biographer of Proust; Mr A L Rowse, author of an introduction to the work of Graham Wallas; Miss Helen Ruskell and the staff of the New York Society Library; Mr Thomas K Scherman, director of the Little Orchestra Society; Mrs Janice Shea for information about the circus in Germany; Professor Reba So er of San Fernando Valley State College for information on Wilfred Trotter; Mr Joseph C Swidler, chairman of the Federal Power Commission; and Mr Louis Untermeyer, editor, among much else, of Modern British Poetry Equal gratitude extends to the many others who gave me verbal aid of which I kept no record For help in nding certain of the illustrations I am indebted to Mr A J Ubels of the Royal Archives at The Hague; to the sta s of the Art and Print Rooms of the New York Public Library; and to Mr and Mrs Harry Collins of Brown Brothers I would like to express particular thanks to two indefatigable readers of the proofs, Miss Jessica Tuchman and Mr Timothy Dickinson, for improvements and corrections, respectively; and to Mrs Esther Bookman, who impeccably typed the manuscript of both this and my previous book, The Guns of August BARBARA W TUCHMAN Contents Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Illustrations Foreword THE PATRICIANS England: 1895–1902 THE IDEA AND THE DEED The Anarchists: 1890–1914 END OF A DREAM The United States: 1890–1902 “GIVE ME COMBAT!” France: 1894–99 THE STEADY DRUMMER The Hague: 1899 and 1907 “NEROISM IS IN THE AIR” Germany: 1890–1914 TRANSFER OF POWER England: 1902–11 THE DEATH OF JAURÈS The Socialists: 1890–1914 Afterword References About the Author Illustrations FOLLOWING THIS PAGE 5.1 Lord Salisbury 5.2 Lord Ribblesdale by Sargent, 1902 5.3 The Wyndham sisters by Sargent, 1899 5.4 Chatsworth 5.5 Prince Peter Kropotkin 5.6 Editorial office of La Révolte 5.7 “Slept in That Cellar Four Years”: photograph by Jacob Riis, about 1890 5.8 “Lockout”: original title “l’Attentat du Pas de Calais,” by Théophile Steinlen, from Le Chambard Socialiste,” Dec 16, 1893 5.9 Thomas B Reed 5.10 Captain (later Admiral) Alfred Thayer Mahan 5.11 Charles William Eliot 5.12 Samuel Gompers 5.13 The mob during Zola’s trial: original title “Les Moutons de Boisde re,” by Steinlen, from La Feuille, Feb 28, 1898 5.14 The “Syndicate”: original title “Le Pouvoir Civil,” by Forain, from Psst!, June 24, 1899 5.15 “Allegory”: by Forain, from Psst!, July 23, 1898 5.16 “Truth Rising from Its Well,” by Caran d’Ache, from Psst!, June 10, 1899 5.17 British delegation to The Hague, 1899 5.18 Paris Exposition, 1900: Porte Monumentale and the Palace of Electricity 5.20 Alfred Nobel 5.21 Bertha von Suttner 5.22 The Krupp works at Essen, 1912 5.23 Richard Strauss 5.24 Friedrich Nietzsche watching the setting sun, Weimar, 1900 5.25 A beer garden in Berlin 5.26 Nijinsky as the Faun: design by Léon Bakst 5.27 Arthur James Balfour 5.28 Coal strike, 1910: mine owners arriving at 10 Downing Street 5.29 Seaman’s strike, 1911 5.30 David Lloyd George 5.31 August Bebel 5.32 Keir Hardie 5.33 “Strike,” painting by Steinlen 5.34 Jean Jaurès article, q Rosenfeld, Discoveries, 141–42 70 Elektra in London: Finck, 252–53; Beecham, 147; Je erson, 22; GBS in the Nation, Mar 19, 1910 71 Strauss’s explanation for female Octavian: Lehmann, chap 72 Comtesse de Noailles, “something new”: q Haskell, 184 73 Rodin, “classical sculpture”: q Albert E Elsen, Rodin, New York, Museum of Modern Art, 1964 74 “A soaring of feelings” on Blériot’s triumph: Zweig, 196 75 Quoted descriptions of Rubinstein, Pavlova, Karsavina: Haskell, 188 76 Bakst jumped on a chair: Grigoriev, 39 77 Schéhérazade: Terry, 41–44 78 Karsavina, vice “with verisimilitude”: Van Vechten, 81 79 Premiere of Firebird: Unless otherwise stated, Stravinsky is the source for this and other performances of his works for the Ballet 80 “It was exciting to be alive” and “night after night entranced”: Leonard Woolf, Beginning Again, New York, 1963–64, 37 81 Premiere of Faun: Nijinsky, 172–74; Cladel, 218–21; Le Gaulois, May 30; Le Temps, May 31; Figaro, May 29–31; Current Lit., Aug., 1912, “The Faun That Has Startled Paris.” 82 Incident in Vienna: Nijinsky, 194–95 83 Kaiser on Cleopatra: Stravinsky, 67 84 Premiere of Sacre: Stravinsky, 72; Nijinsky, 202; Figaro, May 31; Le Temps, June 3; Le Gaulois, June 1, 1913; Van Vechten (q.v.) was the American who was hit on the head 85 Kessler, “too scrupulous an accuracy”: q Lit Digest, June 20, 1914 86 Crown Prince’s book: q The Times May 1, 1913 87 “Muss-Preussen”: Ford (see Chap 1), 402–3 88 Rathenau’s “Festal Song”: Zukunft, Oct 26, 1912, 128–36 The poem was signed “Herwart Raventhal.” 89 Zabern, “finis Germaniae” and “Keep it up!” (Immer feste darauf!): Wol (see Chap 5), 341–44 Full accounts of the Zabern a air are given by J Kaestlé, l’A aire de Saverne, Strasbourg, n.d., and Charles D Hazen, Alsace-Lorraine Under German Rule, New York, 1917 90 Gilman in January: North American Review, Jan., 1914 91 Ballet’s London season of 1914: Annual Register, Part II, 73 92 Night of the performance at Drury Lane: Siegfried Sassoon, The Weald of Youth, 245 93 Strauss at Oxford: The Times, June 25, 1914 Transfer of Power Bibliography (in addition to those listed for Chapter 1) BIRKENHEAD, EARL OF, Contemporary Personalities, London, Cassell, 1924 BIRKENHEAD, SECOND EARL OF, F E., Earl of Birkenhead, by his son, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960 BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE, Things Past Redress, London, Faber, 1937 BROCKWAY, FENNER, Inside the Left, London, Allen & Unwin, 1942 BRYCE, JAMES, VISCOUNT, The Hindrances to Good Citizenship (Yale Lectures), Yale Univ Press, 1909 CLYNES, JOHN ROBERT, Memoirs, Vol I, London, Hutchinson, 1937 FULFORD, ROGER, Votes for Women, London, Faber, 1957 GARDINER, A G., Portraits and Portents, New York, Harper, 1926 HEARNSHAW, F J C., ed., Edwardian England, 1901–10, London, Benn, 1933 HOBSON, JOHN ATKINSON, The Social Problem, London, Nisbet, 1901 HUGHES, EMRYS, Keir Hardie, London, Allen & Unwin, 1956 HYNDMAN, HENRY M., The Record of an Adventurous Life, New York, Macmillan, 1911 JENKINS, ROY, Mr Balfour’s Poodle, London, Heinemann, 1954 JONES, THOMAS, Lloyd George, Harvard Univ Press, 1951 * M ASTERMAN, C F G., The Condition of England, London, Methuen, 1909 MASTERMAN, LUCY, C F G Masterman: A Biography, London, Nicholson, 1939 * M ENDELSSOHN, PETER DE, The Age of Churchill, 1874–1911, London, Thames & Hudson, 1961 NICOLSON, HAROLD, King George the Fifth, London, Constable, 1952 NOWELL -SMITH, SIMON, ed., Edwardian England, 1901–14, Oxford Univ Press, 1964 PANKHURST, E SYLVIA, The Suffragette, New York, Sturgis, 1911 ——, The Suffragette Movement (re-issue), London, Longmans, 1932 POPE -HENNESSY, JAMES, Lord Crewe: The Likeness of a Liberal, London, Constable, 1955 SAMUEL, HERBERT, Grooves of Change (English title: Memoirs), Indianapolis, BobbsMerrill, 1946 ——, Liberalism, London, Richards, 1902 SOMERVELL, D C., The Reign of George the Fifth, New York, Harcourt, 1935 SPENDER, J A., Life of H H Asquith, vols., London, Hutchinson, 1932 TROTTER, WILFRED, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, London, Allen & Unwin, 1916 (also Oxford Univ Press, 1953, with a Foreword by F M R Walshe) U LLSWATER, VISCOUNT (JAMES LOWTHER) , A Speaker’s Commentaries, vols., London, Arnold, 1925 WALLAS, GRAHAM, Human Nature in Politics, Boston, Houghton Mi in, 1909 (also 3rd ed., New York, Knopf, 1921) WEBB, BEATRICE, Our Partnership, London, Longmans, 1948 WELLS, H G., Experiment in Autobiography, New York, Macmillan, 1934 WILLIAMS, MRS HWFA (FLORENCE), It Was Such Fun, London, Hutchinson, 1935 Notes (For all sources not listed above, see Chap 1) Chinese Slavery: Lyttelton, 320–21; Pope-Hennessy, 69; Wallas, 127; Hearnshaw, 94 Yellow press: the phrase was in use in England at that time: Lucy Master-man, 216 “Outdoor relief for the aristocracy”: q Cecil, I, 167 Education Act, “greatest betrayal”: q Adams, 123 Economist, a matter of £.s.d.: q Adams, 103 One water faucet and one privy: This and subsequent facts about the living conditions of the poor are from the chapter “Domestic Life,” by Marghanita Laski, in Nowell-Smith Contract labour in British Guiana: Alfred Lyttelton speaking in the House of Commons, March 21, 1904, demonstrated that these contracts, negotiated under Gladstone and Rosebery, were for longer duration ( ve years as against three) and more severe conditions than the South African contracts (Hansard, IV series, v 132, 283 ff.) Cries of “Rat!”: Mackintosh, 222 Balfour on Tariff issue: Fitzroy, I, 191, 220; Spender, C.-B., II, 102 10 Cust quoted: Sir Ronald Storrs, Memoirs, 37 11 “Not to go out of office”: Young, 232 12 “In chronic poverty”: Hobson, 12 13 Conditions at Shawfield Chemical Works: Hughes, 91 14 Hauled off to a day in gaol: Gompers (see Chap 8), 29–30 15 Army lowered minimum height: Nowell-Smith, 181 16 Wells depicted it: Autobiography, 550 17 A’s and B’s: Lord Beveridge, Power and Influence, 66–67 18 William Morris, “gradually permeating”: Hunter (see Chap 8), 97 19 Beatrice Webb contemplated marrying Chamberlain: Margaret Cole, Beatrice Webb, New York, 1946, 21 20 “I could not carry on”: q Hesketh Pearson, Shaw, 68; “A slave class”: Hyndman, 397 21 Hyndman, a Socialist from spite: White (see Chap 5), I, 98 22 Clemenceau, “a bourgeois class”: q Hyndman, 300 23 “Eternal verities irritate him”: Hunter, 120 24 Keir Hardie: Hughes, passim; Brockway, 17–18 25 “Well fed beasts” and “Every day in Rotten Row”: Hunter, 230 26 “Religious necessity” and strikes as “outlet”: Clynes, 83, 85 27 “If Burns with 80,000 men”: q Webb, 23 28 ILP’s declared aims: Hughes, 66–67 29 “Most costly funeral” and Garvin quoted: Hughes, 76 30 Fabians, “not in our line”: Edward Pease, q Halévy, V, 263, n 31 “Imperfections of the Social Order”: Aug 23, 1902 32 “Mr Balfour, coming back from dinner”: Parliamentary correspondent of the Daily News, q Hughes, 113 33 MacDonald-Gladstone secret pact: Mendelssohn, 322 34 “Go the Tory way”: Hughes, 69 35 “Hideous abnormality”: Willoughby de Broke, 249 36 Burns congratulates C.-B.: Webb, 325; reminds Grey: q Lucy Masterman, 112 37 Balfour and Weizmann: Dugdale, I, chap 19; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, New York, 1949, chap 38 Friend saw him “seriously upset”: Newton, Retrospection, 146–47 39 Balfour’s letters on Election results: Letter to Knollys, q in full in Lee, II, 449; others in Esher, II, 136; Young, 255 40 “Like a second footman”: Dugdale, II, 49 41 Blatchford predicted: q The Times, Jan 19, 1906 42 “Never saying anything clever!”: Marsh, 150 43 Categories of new M.P.’s: Jenkins, 44 Few in “unconventional dress”: Newton, Retrospection, 149; Irish members’ bad manners: ibid., 99 45 C.-B impervious to Balfour’s charm: Birrell, 243 46 “England is based on commerce”: q Gardiner, Prophets, 136 47 “Bring the sledgehammer”: Gardiner, Prophets, 54 48 Took his own wife into dinner: Blunt, II, 300 49 “No egotism, no vanity”: q Gardiner, Pillars, 122 50 Churchill motivated by Mrs Everest: Roving Commission, 73 All subsequent statements by Churchill, unless otherwise noted, are from Mendelssohn 51 F E Smith: Gardiner, Pillars, 95–103; Portraits, 122–28 52 Salisbury on coming clash of Lords and Commons: Margot Asquith, 157; H H Asquith, Fifty Years, I, 174 53 Conservatives “should still control”: The Times, Jan 16, 1906 54 Balfour warns Lansdowne: Newton, Lansdowne, 354 55 “Something will happen”: at Llanelly, Sept 29, 1906, Lee, II, 456 56 Curzon “so infinitely superior”: Newton, Retrospection, 161 57 Loreburn: Willoughby de Broke, 260; Curzon, Subjects of the Day, 228 58 Rosebery, “eye like a fish”: F Ponsonby, 382 59 Churchill, in the Nation: Mar 9, 1907 60 Balfour on “hereditary qualification”: q Young, 266 61 “Portcullis” and “poodle”: These phrases graced the debate on the Lords’ rejection of the Licensing Bill, June 24, 1907 62 Morley recalled Gladstone saying: q Esher, II, 303 63 “Backwoodsmen” meet at Lansdowne House: Willoughby de Broke, 246–47 64 Churchill “perfectly furious”: Lucy Masterman, 114 65 Victor Grayson: Brockway, 24–25; Halévy, VI, 105 66 Kaiser’s proposal to save England: Blunt, II, 210 67 King Edward on “hard times”: q Magnus, 417 68 Invasion psychosis: I F Clark, “The Shape of Wars to Come,” History Today, Feb., 1965 69 Henry James, chimney pots: Jan 8, 1909, Letters, ed Percy Lubbock, New York, 1920, II, 121 70 Su ragettes: In addition to Pankhurst and Fulford, the list of Su ragette assaults is most conveniently found in successive volumes of the Annual Register The Albert Hall meeting is quoted from Nevinson, More Changes, 321–25, as is also “Those bipeds!”: 306 71 A gathering pessimism: Masterman, 84, 120, 289; Bryce, 15, 39, 228; Hobson and Hobhouse, q C H Driver, “Political Ideas,” in Hearnshaw; Trotter described: DNB; quoted: 47; Wallas described: Wells, 509, 511; Cole, 222; quoted: 284–85 72 “Cantankerous and uncomfortable”: DNB, Lowther 73 “We all thought Papa would die”: Cooper, 11 74 The Limehouse speech: July 30, 1909 The King’s displeasure was expressed in a letter to Lord Crewe, q in full, Pope-Hennessy, 72–73 Other reactions and comments chie y from the Annual Register Rosebery’s Glasgow speech in Crewe, 511–12; Kipling’s poem appeared in the Morning Post, June 28, 1909, and only once since, in the De nitive Edition of his Verse, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1940 “Foolish and mean speeches”: q Magnus, 431 75 “Now King, you have won the Derby”: Fitzroy, I, 379 76 Balfour and Salisbury on Finance Bill: Dugdale, II, 56; Annual Register, 1909, 118 77 Lords debate the Budget, et seq.: As the English love nothing so much as a political crisis, the literature on the Budget-Parliament Bill crisis is so extensive that it cannot be missed, or even avoided In the recent publication of Churchill As I Knew Him, by Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, Asquith’s daughter, it is still going on Every biography or autobiography of the principal gures involved and every political memoir of the period discuss it, the major sources being: Newton’s Lansdowne, Young’s Balfour, Spender’s Asquith, Lee’s Edward VII, Nicolson’s George V, Wilson-Fox’s Halsbury, Pope-Hennessy’s Crewe, Ronaldshay’s Curzon, Crewe’s Rosebery, Willoughby de Broke’s Memoirs and Roy Jenkins’ book on the whole a air, Mr Balfour’s Poodle The major parliamentary debates were quoted fully in The Times as well as verbatim in Hansard, and the big scenes were described at length and in detail in the daily and periodical press For material in the following pages, therefore, references are given only for odd items whose source might be hard to locate 78 Haldane on public apathy: q Annual Register, 245 79 Speaker Lowther on the Irish: Ullswater, II, 85; “sinister and powerful” and “direct, obvious”: Morley, II, 349–50 80 “Antique bantam”: from a poem by an admirer which appeared in the Morning Post, q Pope-Hennessy, 123 81 Charwoman’s song: Sitwell, Great Morning, 57 82 “He kept things together somehow”: Sackville-West, 307 83 Laureate’s poem: Austin, II, 292 84 “Our glorified grocers”: Lucy Masterman, 200, told to her by Lloyd George 85 Asquith’s list: Spender, Asquith, I, Appendix 86 “We are in grim earnest”: Grooves of Change, 39 87 Transport strike, “it is revolution!” q Halévy, VI, 456 88 Tom Mann imprisoned: Clynes, 154 89 Even the heat was “splendid”: Sir Edward Grey, Twenty-Five Years, London, 1925, I, 238 90 Lady Michelham’s party: Williams, 192–93 91 “Your bloody palace”: Birkenhead, 175 92 “The golden sovereigns”: Cyril Connolly, reviewing Nowell-Smith, The Sunday Times, Oct 18, 1964 93 Last horse-drawn bus and preponderance of motor-taxis: Somervell, 28; NowellSmith, 122 94 Hugh Cecil: Churchill, 201; also Churchill’s Amid These Storms, New York, 1932, 55; also Gardiner, Pillars, 39 95 The Cecil scene: besides accounts in the daily press there are illustrations of the scene in Punch, Aug and 16; and Illus London News, July 29 96 “Disorderly assembly,” for the first time: The Times, parl corres., July 25, 1911 97 Of six peers at dinner, none had made up his mind: Midleton, 275 98 “You’ve forgotten the Parliament Bill”: Christopher Hassall, Edward Marsh, London, 1959, 173–74 99 “A real danger” and chagrined peer: Newton, Retrospection, 187 100 Balfour, “nothing but politicians”: q Young, 315 101 Asquith’s tribute: Guildhall speech, Nov 9, Fifty Years, II, 129–31 102 Wyndham, “ice age”: Blunt, II, 339 The Death of Jaurès Bibliography BALABANOFF, ANGELICA, My Life as a Rebel, New York, Harper, 1938 BEER, MAX, The General History of Socialism and Social Struggles, Vol II, New York, Russell & Russell, 1957 BERNSTEIN, EDOUARD, My Years of Exile, New York, Harcourt, 1921 BRAUNTHAL, JULIUS, In Search of the Millennium, London, Gollancz, 1945 COLE, G D H., A History of Socialist Thought, Vol III, The Second International, 1889–1914, Parts I and II, London, Macmillan, 1956 COLEMAN, MC ALISTER, Eugene V Debs, New York, Greenberg, 1930 DE LEON, DANIEL, Flashlights of the Amsterdam Congress, New York, Labor News, 1929 DESMOND, SHAW, The Edwardian Story, London, Rockliff, 1949 DULLES, FOSTER RHEA, Labor in America, New York, Crowell, 1960 (L’EGLANTINE), Jean Jaurès; Feuilles Eparses, Brussels, l’Eglantine, 1924 FISCHER, LOUIS, The Life of Lenin, New York, Harper, 1964 FYFE, HAMILTON, Keir Hardie, London, Duckworth, 1935 GAY, PETER, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism: Bernstein’s Challenge to Marx, New York, Collier, 1962 GINGER, RAY, The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Debs, Rutgers Univ Press, 1949 * GOLDBERG, HARVEY , The Life of Jean Jaurès, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1962 GOMPERS, SAMUEL, Labour in Europe and America, New York, Harper, 1910 (For autobiography, see Chap 3.) HARVEY, ROWLAND HILL, Samuel Gompers, Stanford Univ Press, 1935 HENDERSON, ARCHIBALD, Bernard Shaw, New York, Appleton, 1932 HILLQUIT, MORRIS, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life, New York, Macmillan, 1934 * HUNTER, ROBERT, Socialists at Work, New York, Macmillan, 1908 INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST CONGRESS, Proceedings; published variously Nos 1, 1889, Paris, and 3, 1893, Zurich, are in German, entitled Protokoll No 4, 1896, London, is in English; Nos and 5–8 are in French, entitled Compte rendu analytique No was published by the Cahiers de la Quinzaine, Paris, 1901 JAURÈS, JEAN, Bernstein et l’Evolution de la Méthode socialiste (text of lecture delivered to Socialist Student Conference, February 10, 1900 Erroneously dated 1910) Paris, Socialist Party pamphlet, 1926 JOLL, JAMES, The Second International, 1889–1914, London, Weidenfeld, 1955 KLEENE, G A., “Bernstein vs ‘Old-School’ Marxism,” Annals of Am Academy, November, 1901, 1–29 KRUPSKAYA, NADEZHDA K., Memories of Lenin, vols., tr., New York, International, 1930 LORWIN, LEWIS, L., Labor and Internationalism, New York, Brookings, 1929 — — , The International Labor Movement, revised ed of the above, New York, Harper, 1953 MANN, TOM, Memoirs, London, Labour Publishing Co., 1923 ORTH, SAMUEL P., Socialism and Democracy in Europe, New York, Holt, 1913 ROSENBERG, ARTHUR, The Birth of the German Republic, 1871–1918, New York, Russell & Russell, 1962 SCHORSKE, CARL E., German Social Democracy, 1905–17, Harvard Univ Press, 1955 STEWART, WILLIAM, J Keir Hardie, London, ILP, 1921 SUAREZ, GEORGES, Briand, sa vie, son œuvre, Vols I and II, Paris, Plon, 1938 TROTSKY, LEON, My Life, New York, Scribner’s, 1930 * VANDERVELDE, EMILE, Souvenirs d’un Militant Socialiste, Paris, Denoël, 1939 VAYO, JULIO ALVAREZ DEL, The Last Optimist, New York, Viking, 1950 Notes Unless otherwise stated all quotations by Jaurès are from Goldberg, by Debs from Ginger, by Bernstein from Gay, by Gompers, in the case of biographical facts, from his autobiography, and in the case of comments on European labour, from his Labour in Europe and America; by Vandervelde, DeLeon and others, following the principle already established, from their own works 103 In “almost religious silence”: Hunter, 319 104 Vienna “paralyzed with fright”: Zweig (see Chap 6), 61; Braunthal, 56 105 Comments on Markham’s poem: Sullivan (see Chap 3), II, 236–47 106 Clemenceau on Fourmies: Alexandre Zevaès, Histoire de la 3me République, Paris, 1926, 342 107 Taft on the Pullman strike: DAB, Taft 108 Marxists accused the French Possibilists: Joll, 33 109 “Don’t delay the revolution!”: Bülow (see Chap 5), I, 672 Miquel in later life became a Conservative and Minister of Finance, 1890–1900 110 “Nothing if not revolution”: DeLeon, 192 111 Applause for Pablo Iglesias: Hyndman, 396 112 Cipriani described: Vandervelde, 44 113 Hunter on the Valley of the Tirano: in Socialists at Work, 55 114 “Damned wantlessness of the poor”: The phrase was circulating at the time without a clear claim as to authorship Minus the adjective it appeared anonymously in a Fabian Tract of 1884, Why Are the Many Poor, and has been ascribed by Professor Gay in his book on Bernstein to William Morris As Verdammte Bedürfnislosigkeit it was quoted by Shaw in his Preface to Major Barbara, without attribution but suggesting a German origin Although some German scholars are reluctant to specify an origin, the attribution to Lassalle is made on the authority of George Lichtheim in a letter to the author 115 English pamphlet on Congress of 1896: Walter Crane, Cartoons for the Cause, 1886–96, London, 1896 116 Zurich Congress: Vandervelde, 144 117 Shaw on Liebknecht: Henderson, 220 118 Kaiser on the Socialists: Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, London, 1964, 159 119 “By Balfour to the Primrose League”: Joll, 76 120 “General Strike is general nonsense”: ibid., 53, n 121 May Day in Munich: Krupskaya, I, 67 122 Bebel a “shadow-Kaiser”: Rosenberg, 44 123 Mommsen on Bebel: Hunter, 227; “savage accents”: ibid., 226; “deadly enemy”: q Pinson, 212; “Look at those fellows”: Chirol (see Chap 5), 274 124 Adler characteristics: Braunthal Trotsky, Balabano , Joll, 38; “Despotism mitigated by slovenliness”: Braunthal, 52 125 “More profound than doctrine”: Hunter, 134 126 Vandervelde “gushed” over: Balabanoff, 15 127 “Firmly and recklessly”: Vandervelde, 46 128 “Torquemada in eyeglasses”: Nomad Rebels (see Chap 2) 65 129 “What will we Socialists … ?”: Goldberg, 226 130 Jaurès, “Jubilant and humorous”: Hyndman, 398; “His shoulders shook” and discussed astronomy at dinner party: Severine, in l’Eglantine, 7–8; “Thinks with his beard”: Clermont-Tonnerre (see Chap 4), II, 251 131 Vaillant on Jaurès: Hunter, 79 132 Clemenceau, “all the verbs”: Roman (see Chap 4), 91 133 The London Congress: Vandervelde, 145 134 Army Colonel in a Chicago club: Ginger, 139 135 Injunction advised by Grosscup and Wood: Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland, New York, 1932, 618 136 Roosevelt on “shooting”: Pringle (see Chap 3), 164 137 Theodore Debs’s gold watch: Coleman, 201 138 “Almost grotesque”: Hillquit, 93 139 “Give ’em hell, Sam”: Harvey 140 “These middle class issues”: q Dulles, 181 141 “I am a working man”: Hillquit, 95 142 “I confess openly …”: Braunthal, 91; Gay, 74 143 It was said of Adler: DeLeon, 37; his letter to Bernstein: Braunthal, 100 144 “Tall, thin, desiccated” and “Down with Liebknecht!”: Goldberg, 262 145 Erhard Auer’s regret: DeLeon, 66–67 146 Knee-breeches debate at Dresden: Gay, 232, n 39 147 Rosa Luxemburg: Balabanoff, 22; Vayo, 61 148 Georg Ledebour’s estimate: Trotsky, 215 149 Dresden Resolution: Pinson, 215–16 150 “Weltpolitik without war”: ibid., 214 151 Amsterdam Congress: Vandervelde, 152–62; DeLeon, passim 152 Bebel would shoulder a rifle: Vandervelde, 161 153 Isvolsky on Briand and Viviani: Goldberg, 455 154 “Fiendish massacre”: Clynes, 103 155 Italians hail Russian Revolution: Balabanoff, 54 156 Austrian suffrage strike: Braunthal, 64–68 157 “Property, property, property”: q Goldberg, 363 158 Debs’s letter of December, 1904: Coleman, 227–28 159 “Bundle of primitive instincts”: q Dulles, 211 160 “Slowly plowed its way”: Ernest Poole, q Ginger, 281 161 Mannheim Congress: Schorske, 56 162 Noske’s speech in Reichstag: Pinson, 215 163 Hervé; “We shall reply …”: D W Brogan France Under the Republic, 429 164 “At every railroad station”: M Auclair, La Vie de Jean Jaurès, q Goldberg, 381 165 Hatfield visit: Vandervelde, in l’Eglantine, 38–40 166 Mussolini described: Desmond, 207 167 Police in balloons over Stuttgart: The Times, Aug 19 and 20, 1907 168 Queich incident: Balabanoff, 82; Trotsky, 205 169 Georg von Vollmar quoted: Pinson, 215–16 170 Clemenceau on Jaurès’ fate: in l’Homme Libre, Aug 2, 1914 171 “Infuriated” workers would rise: Braunthal, 106 172 “Do not fool yourselves”: Desmond, 206 173 Jaurès at Tubingen: Vandervelde, 167 174 “That’s Lenin”: q Fischer, 58 175 Lenin’s parleys with Bebel: Supplied to the author by Louis Fischer from Lenin’s “The International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart,” Works, 5th ed., Moscow, 1961, XVI, 67–74, 514–15 176 Stuttgart Resolution: Beer, II, 156 177 Arbeiter-Zeitung of Vienna: q Trotsky, 211 178 Blatchford and Hyndman for conscription: Halévy (see Chap 1), VI, 395 179 Hardie believed “absolutely”: Clynes, 25 180 “Ripe sonority”: report in Le Peuple, q Vandervelde, 170 181 8,000,000 Socialist voters: The Times, Aug 31, 1910 182 Hardie at Copenhagen: Cole, 83–84; Hughes, 197–98; Stewart, 302 183 ITF and Boer War: Information supplied by K A Golding, Research Secretary, ITF, London 184 ITF strike of 1911: Prior discussion of the strike at Copenhagen in 1910 from The Times, Aug 25–29 Subsequent developments from Mr Golding 185 German Socialism appeared “irresistible”: Braunthal, 46 186 Scheidemann debate: The Times, Feb 19, Mar 9, 1912 187 “We revolutionaries?”: Trotsky, 213 188 Basle Cathedral, “dangerous” consequences: Annual Register, 1912, 367 189 Jaurès’ speech: Joll, 155 190 A survey of French student life: Les Jeunes Gens d’Aujourd’hui, q Wol (see Chap 5), 275 191 “If these were my last words”: Brockway, 39 192 Vorwärts on Austrian ultimatum: Vayo, 78 193 “We relied on Jaurès”: Zweig (see Chap 6), 199 194 Jouhaux’s proposal to Legien: Joll, 162 195 La Bataille Syndicaliste: ibid., 161 196 Brussels Conference: Balabano , 4, 114–18; Vandervelde, 171; Stewart, 340; Joll, 164 197 Hardie, “Only the binding together”: Fyfe, 136 198 Jean Longuet quoted: Goldberg, 467 199 Bethmann-Hollweg: Joll, 167 200 Jaurès’ death: Humanité, Figaro, Echo de Paris, Aug.1/2 201 Spanish Socialist in Leipzig: Vayo, 81 202 Bernstein, “golden bridge”: Hans Peter Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire, Indiana Univ Press, 1955, 15 203 Kaiser, Deschanel, Jouhaux: The Times, Echo de Paris, Aug Afterword Graham Wallas: Preface to 3rd ed of Human Nature in Politics, 1921 Emile Verhaeren: La Belgique sanglante, Paris, 1915, Dédicace, unpaged About the Author BARBARA W TUCHMAN achieved prominence as a historian with The Zimmermann Telegram and international fame with The Guns of August, a huge bestseller and winner of the Pulitzer Prize There followed ve more books: The Proud Tower, Stilwell and the American Experience, in China (also awarded the Pulitzer Prize), A Distant Mirror, Practicing History, a collection of essays, and The March of Folly The First Salute was Mrs Tuchman’s last book before her death in February 1989 ... House, Inc www.ballantinebooks.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96–96511 eISBN: 978-0-307-79811-4 v3.1 While from a proud tower in the town Death looks gigantically down From “The... the power of which it was originally the symbol, was a sham,” he was determined, while he lived and governed England, to resist further attack on the power of that class of which rank was still... discussing their waistcoats and neckwear, its long-legged Guardsmen whose conversation was ned to “haw, haw,” its wastrels who ruined themselves through drink, racing and cards, as well as its normal