World development report 2002 building institutions for markets (vietnamese)

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 22825 R d Xtky dung The che HB tm Thi truhg • • NHA XUAT ~hCH~NHTR! QUOC GIA - HA NOI 2002 O 2002 Ngdn hhng Tbi thi&tvh PhLt tri&n~ u tc& / ~ ~hBng dn Th&gi6i 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20433, Hoa Kjr Do Oxford University Press, Inc An hhnh 200 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.10016 Oxford lh thuong hieu dZ dsng ky clia Oxford University Press Giii moi b i n quy&n.Kh6ng d u w phkp t6i ch&,luu trii he th6ng c6 th&phuc h8i ho+c truy&ntii b i t kjr phin nho i n phgm nhy, ir b i t kjr dang nho vh the0 b i t kjr hinh thiic nho, d h Ih dien hi, ca g i s , chup, ghi dm hay nhiing c6ch kh6c kh6ng c6 s u cho phkp ti3 tru& clia Oxford University Press Thi&tk&bia: Debrra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc ~ n bia: h i n h tr&n, O 2001 Stephen Simpson/FPG; i n h giiia, @ 2001 Stone/Paul Chesley; i n h d u s , Yosef Hadar, Ngdn hhng Th&gi6i Thi&tk&b&ntrong vh xip ch* Barton Matheson Willse & Worthington, Baltimore Lhm tai Hoa Kjr In l i n d i u vho th6ng Chin 2001 T$p d c h nhy Ih s h phgm clia c6c nhdn vi&nNgZn hhng Th& gi6i Nhiing k&tlu$n ddy kh6ng nhit thi&tphin Bnh quan di6m clia Ban Gi6m d& hay nhiing nu& ho Ihm dai dien Ngdn hhng ~ h gi6i & kh6ng b i o d i m miic d chinh x6c clia c6c dii lieu i n b i n nhy vh ciing kh6ng nh$n tr6ch nhiem du6i b i t kjr hinh thiic nho v&h$u q u i cfia viec sir dung nhiing dii lieu nhy CBc d u h g bi&ngiS, mhu sic, ten goi vh c6c th6ng tin kh6c d u p n&uir b i t kjr b i n d nho t$p s5ch kh6ng phii Ih phdn quy&tclia Ngdn hhng Th&gi6i v&fl tri dja 19 clia b i t kj 1Znh th6 nho ho+c Ih s y h g h6 hay chip nh$n nhiing d u h g bi&ngi6i nhu v+y L S Nhh x u i t bin B 60 cao ph6t tri6n th&gi& 2002 12 &I phim Ngsn h h g ~ h gi& & xu& bin th6ng nZm 2001 NZm nay, b60 c60 d& cap d6n v i n d&Xsiy d ~ the' g che' hd bu thi ttruhg, ngi dung c6a Bio c60 &m cb b8n ph& chinh: Phin I, nhiing v i n d6 chung ciia vi@cxby dyng c6c thd chb thj trubng, nhu th6 ch6 h6 trg t h trubng, h6 tru t h g t r u h g , gi6m dbi nghko nhu th&nio; di&ugi lim cho th6 ch6 hoat dong, v i lim th6 n i o d6 xiiy d w g th6 ch6 cb hi$u quH ~ h i 11, n tap trung v i o c6c v i n d6 th6 ch&d6i v6i cac doanh nghiep, v i di sbu vho c6c noi dung: Anh h u h g cJa th6 ch6 d&nnzng suit v i quHn 19 rGi ro nbng nghi$p; t6c dung cGa c6c th6 ch6 doanh nghi@ptrong vi$c t k g d i u tu v i quHn 19 t&tdoanh nghi$p; vai trb quan cJa c6c th6 ch6 tai chinh nhim bio d i m mot he thang tii chinh lanh manh ~ h $ nIn, xem xkt c6c th6 ch6 chinh tri va q u i n tri nha nuuc, t$p trung vio cac vhn d&:ti6n trinh hoach dinh chinh sach, d i u tranh ch6ng tham nhiing, c6c thd ch&thu6, vh hi& qu6 ciia ph6p luat PhAn IV, nghisn c h h h h u h g ciia cac chuin myc v i thbng 1e x i hoi d6i v6-i thi t r u h g v i c6c thd ch&cbng, ciing nhu &nhh u h g ciia phdt tridn t h trubng t& chc chuin muc v i thbng le 66, dBng thbi c b g xem xkt vai trb c h truy$n t h h g 6qi c&g d&ivbi chit l u ~ th6 g ch6 VB c&ck&tquH kinh &, XZ h@ Chc th6 ch6 h6 trg thj trubng l i mot chfi d& ve da dang Trong bbo c6o niy khbng cap tht c i c6c vhn d&th6 ch6 m i chi tap trung v i o nhiing vAn d&quan ciia cic th6 ch6 nhim cung chp mot khung cho viec xiiy dyng thd ch& Tir nhiing t h h h cbng c b g nhu thit b@ b nhi&unu&, B6o cio dii rfit b6n bAi hoc chinh cho vi@cxby dyng th&ch6 Nhting bki hoc kinh nghiem niy, c h g v6i nhiing p h k tich chi ti6t v i n h h g vi du CLJ th6 b60 c60 dZ cung tip cho ngubi doc n h h g thbng tin kha sbu sic v i phong ph6 v&th6 ch6 h6 tru thj t r u b ~ gv i 1- th6 n i o d6 x2y d w g d u s th6 ch6 phu h~rp.Tuy nhicn c b g c b phi%luu r h g , b60 c60 cb mot s8 quan di6m kh6ng phii h ~ r pv& di&uki$n, dsc di&mcGa nu& ta - mat nu& dang xby dyng n&nkinh t6 tb t m h g djnh hubng xZ hoi chii nghia, nhu quan di6m v&vai trb va s htiu c h nhi nu& d8i v6i n b kinh t& c b g nhu d B VM - h vyc truy5n thbng d@c h h g , nhht i v$ ~ L J bio chi, h u n g d6 rang dubng thAo l u k , c h h g t8i v h gii nguysn &a tic giA dd ban doc tham kh6o Dich v i xuAt bAn Bio cio tr@nthanh sich, chGng tbi hy vong sE cung tip cho ban doc mot tii lieu tham khAo b6 ich v&mot vhn d&dang duqc nhi&unukc quan tbm: XQ d w g ~ h chk & thi b u h g thu'c diY tiing t r u h g vii giiim dbi nghPo Nhi xuit b i n xin gi& thi$u cu8n s6ch v i mong nh$n duuc nhting y ki6n dbng gbp cJa ban doc Thing niim 2002 NHA X U ~ T B ~ C JH ~ TR? H QUOC GIA B i o d o P h i t triin 736 gi& 2002 d6 c$p t6i vi@cxiy dtplg c6c thi! ch; thj tmbng thfic d i y tZng t r u h g vh gibm d6i nghko, trb lbi c6c cbu h6i: th6 ch6 h8 trg c6c thj trubng nhu th6 nho, diku gi lhm cho th6 ch6 hoat dang, vh Ihm th6 nho d6 xby d m g th6 ch6 Chii d&!nhy lh su tihp n6i t g nhi@nciia B60 c60 n h n 2001, 6 c h h g minh thj trubng d6ng vai trt, trung tiim d8i "6 C U ~ Cs8ng ngubi nghko vh th6 ch6 c6 mot vai trb quan t r ~ n g C h h g bnh h u h g t& vi@cthi trubng thc deng t&i mirc s8ng ngubi diin vh giiip b60 ve cic quy&ncJa h~ nhu th6 nho B60 cho nhy xhc djnh c6ch th13c m i th6 ch6 c6 th&th6c d i y s v phit tri6n ciia c6c t h t r u h g kh6ng 1o.U trir vh h q nh&, dbm bbo ting t r u h g b6n viing, vh nhu v$y, cbi thi@nmanh mG thu nh$p ciia ngubi diin vh gibm ngh6o d6i B6o c60 d6 c$p t6i s u b'hh ding v&!ca hai vh quy6n ciia ngubi, nhit lh ngubi ngheo Mat s8 nu& dZ thuc hien t h h h c8ng c6c cuoc cdi c6ch the0 djnh h u h g thj trubng mat s8 nu& khic, thi trutmg d~ khang tao n@ndong luc d J l h d6 khuy6n khich moi ngutri tham gia trao d8i thucmg mai b pham vi rGng l h hcm, khb nZng d6 moi ngubi sG dung &iy dii c6c ky nHng vh nguan luc cGa h ~vh , ca hai d6 h~ tHng thu nh$p c i a minh C ~ th6 C ch6 hi% hi@uc6 th6 tgo n@ns u kh6c biet thhnh c8ng cfia c6c cuac cbi c6ch thj trubng N ~ kh6ng U c6 c6c th6 ch; trao quy6n s b hi% d&tdai cho ngutri d h , thi ngubi nghko s5 kh8ng th6 s& dung chc thi s i n c6 gi6 trj d6 dhu t u vh tHng thu nh$p N6u kh8ng c6 cic th6 ch6 tu ph6p dii manh d6 d i m bbo thuc thi h ~ r p d8ng thi c6c doanh nhiin SE thiy nhiiu hoat dong kinh doanh trb n@nqu6 mao hi6m N6u kh8ng c6 c6c th6 ch6 quin tri c8ng ty c6 hi@u qub d6 ki6m so6t hhnh vi c6c nhh qubn tri, thi c6c doanh nghi@pc6 th6 giiy lZng phi ngu8n lyc ciia c6c b@nli@nquan Hcm nCia, c6c th6 chi y6u khm c6 bnh h u h g d$c biet xiu t& ngubi ngh6o c h i n g han, s8 lieu utrc tinh cho thhy, tham nhiing giiy cho ngubi ngh6o mot khobn chi phi l h ba l h so v&i ngutri gihu Ducmg dhu v& thhch t h ~ cd6 xiiy dung c6c th6 ch6 c6 hieu q u i c6 vai trb r i t quan trong sir m@nhd i u tranh ch8ng nghko d6i ciia Ngiin hAng ~ h gi& ChGng t8i nhk thirc duuc tim quan to I h ciia th6 ch6 qu6 trinh ph6t tridn th6 hien qua Khung Ph6t triin Tohn di@n.Khung nhy nhin manh s y phu thuoc Isn g i k th6 ch6 v6i ngutri, v$t chit, v i kinh t6 vi m8 ciia ph6t trign Bio c6o n2y nhin manh t i m quan ciia b8i cbnh ljch sir: vj tri cJa chc nutrc hi@nnay sG bnh h u h g t6i di6m d6n t u m g lai cJa c h ~ n gB6o c6o ciing hp dung met chch tiap c$n thuc t6 dbi v& vi@cxby dgng th&ch6, t$p trung vho n h h g gi c6 th&dugc thuc hien tr@nthuc t6 thay vi n h h g gi csn phbi Ihm mot th6 gi& 19 t u h g C6c nhiin tb chinh trj vh x l h6i tic dong t6i t8c d a thay d8i vh c6c cuac cii chch manh mi! kh6ng phii 1Gc n i o cdng k h i thi ~ i &quan u lh chn phAi ti6n hhnh cii chch b chc linh vyc c6 co hai ~ duqc u thi& k6 dGng thi m6i buirc ti6n ciing g6p phdn dua chc nuirc ti6n I@nphia truhc Va c i chc cii chch nh6 cdng tao co s&iing nhiing cuac cii chch I h Bho cho cho r b g , khdng co mat giii phhp nhit cho vi@cx2y dqng th6 ch6 Bao cho dua nhiing h u h g d2n v&chinh sach d8i v6i viec Ihm th6 nho d6 ph6t tri6n c6c th6 chk phii hop Phit tri6n tr@nn&nting c6c t h M cbng b nhi&unuirc vh rGt kinh nghiem tir cac thit bai, Bao c60 cung chp cho ngubi doc mat s y hi6u bi6t s2u s i c v&c6c th6 ch6 h6 trq t h trubng v i s u d i n h gi6 chinh x6c hon v&viec x2y d w g nhCing th6 ch6 nhy nhu th6 nho Bing cach xac dinh lhm thk n i o d6 khuy6n khich thay d8i th6 chk, Bao cao quan t2m t6i vai trt, ciia c6c t6c nhzn tu nhgn v i n h i nuirc, tip qu8c gia, tip dia phucmg vh tip qu8c t6 Bao c60 duqc chit loc tir r i t nhi&unghi@nc h vh kinh nghiem thuc t&b b@ntrong ciing nhu b@nngoii Ng2n hang ~ h k gih, vh dya tr@nco s2r nhiing hi6u bi6t tu nhi&u l i i vuc khhc nhau, tu 6 dua nhiing nghien c h vh dti lieu m6i v$ th6 ch6 Tir nhi&ungubn da dang, Bao cho rGt b8n bhi hoc viec x2y dqng th6 ch6 hieu qui hik kt k6 c6c th& ch6 nhim b6 sung cho n h k g gi hi@nc6 - c6c th6 ch6 h6 trq khhc, n k g lyc ngubi, vh c h g ngh@sbn co Tinh s i n c6 vh chi phi ciia c6c th6 chk h6 trq vh n5ng lyc hien c6 SO quy6t djnh i n h h u h g ciia b i t kjr mat th6 ch6 nho B b g chch hi6u duqc c6c th6 ch6 tucmg tic v6i nhu th6 nio, chGng ta c6 th6 x6c djnh duqc cac muc ti@uuu ti@n ~ d rn6i i d6 x6c djnh th6 ch6 nho c6 th6 hoat dGng v i n h k g th6 ch6 nho kh6ng D6i klu di&u niy dbi h6i phii c6 c6c thfi nghi@m Ngay c i b n h i h g nuirc c6 thu nhap vh n h g lyc tucmg tu nhau, d8i m6i vsn c6 th6 tao n@n chc th6 ch6 t8t d o s u khac v&di&u kien dla phucmg, tir chc chuin myc x2 hai cho t6i dia 19 Chc nuirc c6 th6 c6 lqi khai tri&ncac d6i m6i thinh c6ng vh 6p dung c6c d8i m6i tir khu vvc tu nhhn N h m g n h b g nuirc nhy ciing phii co can d i m tu b6 cac thfi nghi$m thit bai Li2n kst tang dbng chc d8i t u ~ tham g gia thj t r u h g th6ng qua chc lubng th6ng tin va thucmg mai mb Trao d8i th6ng tin lhm thay d8i hknh vi N6 tao n@nnhu c i u thay d6i th6 ch6 bing chch khi6n moi ngubi phii chju trhch nhi$m nhi&u vh cung chp c6c y tubng thay d6i tir b@nngohi cang clang Do vay, li@nkkt chc ceng dang ngubi c6c mang lu6i thbng tin va thucmg mai 1h mat uu ti@nd6i v6i nhiing n w b i x2y dyng c6c th6 ch6 h%trq thi trubng Thuc dgy canh tranh giiia c6c v h g , c6c doanh nghiep vh cac ca nh2n NhCmg tic n h k thi trubng b cac nuirc dang ph6t tri6n thubng g$p phii tinh t r v g canh tranh q u i it, vh viec thay d6i di&un i y s5 cii thien d i n g k6 chit luqng thi chk Canh tranh mqnh mE c6 t6c dung di&uchinh h e u q u i ciia c6c th6 ch6 s b co, tao n@nnhu ciu cho c6c th6 ch6 m6i, vh tZng s u lua chon cho ngubi ti@u d h g Canh tranh giiia chc v h g sE l i m n6i bgt chc th6 ch6 thhnh c6ng v i khuy6n khich nhu ciu d8i v6i c h h g Canh tranh g i h c6c doanh nghi$p vh chc c6 nh2n cdng co t6c dgng tucmg tu NhCmg bhi hoc h nhy, cdng nhu c6c ph2n tich chi ti& vh nhi&u vi d u B6o c60, sE giup c h h g ta vh nhijng nhh hoach djnh chinh sach x2y dyng chc thg ch6 d i m b i o s u t5ng t r u h g 6n d m vh cho tit c i moi ngubi, nhb vgy co th6 cii thien duvc thu nhap ciia ngubi d2n vh giim doi nghho James D Wolfensohn L ~ NOI I DAU vii 860 c60 nhy duuc chuin bi b6-i mat nh6m d o Roumeen Islam linh dao vh bao g6m Arup Banerji, Robert Cull, Asli DemiriigKunt, Simeon Djankov, Alexander Dyck, Aart Kraay, Caralee McLiesh, Russell Pittman vh Helena Tang Nazmul Chaudhury, Jeffrey Hammer, Richard Messick, vh Tatiana Nenova dB c6 nhiing dong g6p b8 sung Nh6m c6ng t6c nhan dugc s u h6 trq ciia Theodora Galabova, Paramjit Gill, Yifan Hu, Olga Ioffe, Claudio Montenegro, Stefka Slavova, Mahesh Surendran, vh LiHong Wang Andrei Shleifer vh Joseph E Stiglitz dB c6 c6c d$ xu& quf b6u qu6 trinh viht B6o c60 Bruce Ross-Larson 1h ngubi bi@nt$p phht tdng quan, chuung 1vh chuung 10 Andrew Balls lh nguiri h6 trq c8ng vi@cbi6n t$p Tohn be c8ng viec dugc thuc hi@ndu6i s u chi dao chung cfia Nicholas Stem Nh6m c6ng t6c nh$n dugc su c6 v i n c6a hai d6ng c6c chuyen gia g6m c6 Carl Anduri, Abhijit Banerjee, Kaushik Basu, Tim-othy Besley, Francois Bourguignon, Antonio Estache, Cheryl Gray, Avner Greif, Nurul Islam, Emmanuel Jimenez, Daniel Kaufmann, Michael Klein, Yingyi Qian, vh Kenneth Sokoloff ~ h i &c6 u nhiin vh ngohi Ngiin hhng ~ h gi6i h d i c6 c6c nhan x6t hiiu ich, viht c6c thi lieu nghi@nc h ca s b ciing nhu n h h g d6ng gop kh6c Ten ciia ho dugc ghi ph$n chG thich thi lieu tham khio Da s6 c6c nghi@nc h ca s b dB n h a duqc s u thi trq hho ph6ng tir Chinh phG H i Lan C6ng viec nghi@nciru cDng nh$n duuc s u h8 trq ciia Quy uf th6c Thuy Sy Nh6m ~6 lieu Phat trign Ng2n hhng th6 gi6i d6ng g6p phAn phu luc s6 lieu vh chju tr6ch nhi@mv& C6c chi s6 Ph6t trign ~ h gi& h chon loc Nh6m c6ng t6c dB ti6n h h h tham v i n rang rZi d6 chuin bj cho B60 c60 niy, tir buirc khbi thio d$ cuung cho t6i b i n in thllr cu6i c h g Trong giai doan l$p k6 hoach cho B60 c60 vho nZm 2000, c6c cuac hai thio dZ duuc td chlSrc vho thing Hai tai Berlin vh th6ng Biy tai Washington, D.C d i c6 c6c cuac trao d8i ji ki6n g i h c6c hoc giA vh c6c nhh hoach dinh chinh s6ch tr6n k h i p th6 gi6-i Trong giai doan bAn thio vho niim 2001, mat cuac hop c6c nhh tu v i n v6 c6c p h u m g tien truy$n th6ng dZ duqc t8 chiic vho th6ng Tu vh mat cuac hop c6c he thang tu ph6p duqc t6 chiic vho th6ng NZm Hun ntia, c6c tic gii cbn tham khio y kihn ciia mat cang dang 1611, 66 c6 c i c6c td chlSrc phi chinh phG, hop tai Paris (v& c6c dai di@ntir Hai d6ng N h i nu& Phhp, ~8 chirc Hqp t6c vh Ph6t tri6n Kinh th, C a quan Ph6t trign Ph6p vh Hai d6ng canh tranh); tai L u h D6n (Be Ph6t trign QUBC th, Vien Ph6t trign HAi ngoai vh c6c t8 chiic phi c h i ! phil); vh tai Amsterdam (Vien Ph6t tri6n ~ u t6 c Amsterdam) Nh6m c6ng t6c ciing ti6n hhnh nhi$u cuac hai thio qua vid6o vCri nhimg nguM tham d u tir BZngladCt, Braxin, Ai C$p, Nh$t Bin, M6xic6, Nam Phi vh Th6i Lan Nh6m c i h g tham v i n Hiep hai c6c C6ng dohn Tu ~ u th c Rebecca Sugui d i m nhiem vai trb trq 1y chinh cho nh6m; Leila Search lh trq 19 chumg trinh vh h6 trg ky thu$t; Shannon Hendrickson, Joanna Kata-Blackrnan, Mei-Ling Lavecchia, vh Rudeewan Laohakit-tikul lh c6c trq 1y nh6m Maria Ameal, vB sau nhy 121Eva Santo Domingo, lhm c6ng t6c tru 19 q u b 1y ngu6n luc Vi@cthiht kg, bi@ntap vh s i n xu& cu6n shch nhy nhan dugc s u ph8i hgp ciia C a s b Dich vu SAn xu& tryc thuac VZn phbng ~ u ibAn t c6a Ngiin hhng th6 gi& MUCluc • X&y dqng th& dig: 66 sung 661rn& Ifan It&$ vB cqnh tranh ~ h ch6 h6 tru thi h u h g nhu th6 nio? ~ h ch& h8 tru t;ng t r u h g v i giim ngheo d6i nhu th6 nio? 11 Lim th6 nio d6 x i y dyng th6 ch6 c6 hi& qui? 13 cu ciu v i phqm vi clia B6o c60 30 K & t l u a .33 Wng dBn 33 Xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 d i t nbng then d m bio d i m v i c6 n k g chuy&nnhuqng 40 xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 tki chinh nbng then c6 hi& q u i v i dE tiGp can 48 Xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 hi& q u i d8i v& cbng nghe nbng nghiep v i d6i mi% 55 K@tluan .67 QU&R t i d~anh-nghlh 8s Cic doanh nghiep t r ~ th6 n gi& c6 d@cdi6m gi? 72 Cic th6 chi? quin tri tu nhdn d8i v& doanh nghitp -73 Luat v i cic trung gian chinh thuc .81 94 K&tlu* H@:th8gg.t8f'chhh 97 C6c nhi hoach d w chinh shch n@nkhuy6n khich he thang tii chinh dya vio ngdn hing hay dua vio thj t r u h g ? 99 Ckn Lp dyng hinh thuc diau ti&ttAi chinh nhu th&nio? 102 TZng c u h g hieu q u i khu vuc thi chinh:vai trb d a st3 hCiu v i c+nh tranh 109 Su gia nhap dia t6c RMn nub: ngoki v i tii chinh di& hi c6 the lim thay d6i bin chit thi t r u h g tii chinh 115 ~ i th6 m nio d6 t2ng n h g ti6p c& c6c dich vy tii chinh 119 Phdn loai cac ndn kinh te"the0 khu vuc va the0 thu nhap 2001 DBng A vd Thli Binh Duong Xamoa thuoc Mv UMC Campuchia LIC Trung QuBc LMC Phigi LMC IndBnCxia UC Kiribati LMC CHND ~ r i &Ti& u LIC H b QuBc UMC UO LIC Malaixia UMC Q u b dbo Micsan LMC MirBnOxia LMC h4Bng ~6 LIC Mianma LIC Palau UMC Papua Niu G h C LMC Philippin LMC Xamoa LMC Q u k d i o XBlBmBn LIC Thii Lan LMC TBnga LMC Vanuatu LMC Viet Nam 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nh8p cao khiic Anddra h b a Bahama ~Lcbad6t Becrnuyda Brundy Q u h d i o Caiman Q U & dI i o Chanen Sip Q u k d i o Phar6e PBlin@xiathuac Phip Grinlen Guam ~ b CBng, n (Trung ~ QU&) haen CB&t LichtenxtCn Macao, (Trung Q U ~ C ) Manta M6nac8 Q U d i~o h g t i (Hi Lan) Niu CaIOdBnia Q u k D i o B ~ Mariana C Cata Xan MannB Xingapo XlBvCnia Dii Loan, (Trung ?@) G c ti& vuong quBc Arsp th6ng nhat Q U d i~o V&gin (My) Ding n i y phin loai tat c i c6c ngn kinh t6 18 thHnh vi@ncira N g h hing ~ h gim v i t i t c i c6c n&nkinh t& khic c6 d h s hon 30.000 ngulri Cic nbn kmh t d ~p h~ h loai the0 cbc , h m thu nhap c h cG vio,GNI h h dau n bi nfun 2000, sir d w g p h u m g q h i p Atlas c i a N h hing ~ h & ' m Cic nhorn gBrn c6: nh6rn thu nh$p thip (UC), hi 755 USD hbxudng; nh6m thu trun binh l6p d u b (LMC), h~756 t h 2.995 US%; nh6m thu bung binh Ibp hen W C ) , hi 2.966 th 9.265 USD; v i nh6m thu nhap cao, hi9.266 USD tr% Ibn gp ~ g u d n~6 : lieu d a N g h h h g ~ h gim $ap Chu thicn kj?thuft C i c chii thich ky thuat n i y lu& b i n v& cic nguBn tu lieu v i cic phucmg phip d h g dd tinh cic chi s8 Cic chi s8 phit tridn th6 g i chon IQC C i c chu thich d u p tr'hh b i y the0 tr$t xuit hien cGa cic chi s8 cic bing in d i u tiCn cic thu$t ngii C i c chi s8 ph6t tridn th6 g i chon loc duuc sir dung phii hqp v He th6ng tii khoin qu& gia (SNA) 1993 c h i n g han, thuat ngii t6ng thu nhip qu& din cGa SNA 1993 d u p sir d w g thay th6 cho t6ng sin phim qu& din Xem ch6 thich ky thu$ t Ir bing v i cho c i c vi d u tuung ty ~gu6n tu lieu ~8lieu C i c chi s8 ph6t trikn th; g i chon loc duqc r6t tir Cic chis6 phit tri& t h t ? @ i2001 Tuy h e n , di&ukien cho phkp, cic chinh Ijr duac th6ng b i o kd tir ngiy cu8i c h g c i a bn bin d c h g d u p dua vio Ngoii ra, cic u& tinh miri dua vh d i n s8 v i tdng thu nh$p qu8c d i n (GM) trPn dau ngubi n i m 2000 c k g duuc dua v i o bing N g i n h i n g Th6 g i d2 tap hap c6c nguBn tii lieu khic dd dua c6c s8 lieu th6ng kC d u v c6ng b8 th; gi& ~8lieu v&nu nu& CAc chi s6 phAt f~ihn ngoii duqc c i c nu& thinh viPn I i c i c qu6c gia dang p h i t tridn b60 c60 truc ti&p cho Ngin h i n g Th6 g i th6ng qua He th8ng b60 c i cira nu& di vay Cic s lieu khic ch6 y&u lay tir LiPn hqp qu8c v i cic cu quan chuyCn trich c i a Lien hap qu8c, Quy tihn te qu8c t6 (IMF) v i tir cic b i o c i o c i a cic nu& g~ cho Ngin h i n g ~ h g6i Cic s8 lieu u& tinh cGa nhin viCn Ngin hing Th6 giiri ciing duqc sir dung dd tang c u h g tinh csp nhst v i nh6t q u i n ~ v i6 h i u h i t cAc nu&, cic u& tinh tii khoin qu8c gia duuc ]Ay tir c i c nu& thinh vien th6ng qua cic d o i n c6ng tic kinh t6 c i a Ngin hing Thk g i Trong met s8 t r u h g hqp, ch6ng duac chinh 19 dd d i m b i o th8ng nh6t v c6c djnh nghia v i kh6i niem qu8c t6 H ~ Uh6t s6 lieu xii hei tir n h h g nguBn qu8c gia d&uduuc thu th$p tii c6c tii lieu the0 d6i t h u h g ngiy, di&utra dgc biet, hay c6c b5n di6u tra d i n s8 dinh kjr C6c ch6 thich chi tikt v&s lieu, c6 Ca'c chis6 phAt tn'hn tht?gi6i2001 c3a Ng2n hang Thk giiri Tinh nha"t quin va d+ tin cey cira s6 lieu D; chuin ho6 cic th6ng tin, Ngin hing Th6 giiri d2 b6 nhiiu c6ng sirc, nhung vHn kh6ng th6 b i o d i m hoin toin v i n5ng tucmg thich giiia chhng, vi v$y, b m doc cin phii than dign giii c i c chi s8 niy C6 nhi6u y&u t8 i n h h u h g d6n k h i ngng thu thap, tinh t m g thich v i d o tin c$y c3a c i c s6 lieu nhu: he th8ng th8ng kP met s8 n&n kinh t6 dang ph6t tri6n cbn y&u; phuung ph6p th8ng k& pharn vi khso sit, c6ch thirc thu thap v i c6c d f i nghia r i t khic nhau; viec so s i n h giiia c6c quik gia v i giih c i c giai doan ciing c6 nhiing v6n d6 phirc Qp vh ky thu$t v i nhan thirc m i kh6ng thd giii quy&ttron ven Vi n h h g Ijr d o 6 cho n@nrnsc dG cic s8 lieu thu th$p duuc tir cic nguBn th6ng tin duvc cho i c6 cin ch &;it, eting chi nCn duvc xern i cic xu th6 c6 tinh djnh h u h g v i m6 t i d$c di6m n h ~ su g khic c h i y&ugiiia cic n i n kinh t6 hon 1i met thu& d o djnh l u m g c h i x6c cho n h k g khic bi$t Mat khic, cic c a quan th6ng kC qu8c gia cb xu h u h g diku c h ' h cic s8 lieu qu6 khu ciia minh, nhit l i nhikng nirn gin d i y Do db, s6 lieu ciia c6c thbi kjl tiCu bi&u kh6c cb th& duqc cbng b8 nhCing lin xuit bin khic c i a cic i n phim cba Ngin hang hi gitri Ban doc kh6ng n&ntBng h p s8 lieu tir cic lin xuit b i n khic C6c s8 lieu the0 chudi thbi gian nhit quiin szn c6 duqc trinh b i y dia CD-ROM Ciic chi s6 phiit tn'& tht!gjM 2001 Cac tj, 19 va t6c ting t w h g ~6 dg tham kh20, cic bing thubng trinh biy cic s8 tq 1e v i t8c d e ting t r u h g , thay vi chi n&u cic gii tri tuy@td6i don gi2n Cic gii tri the0 nguy&n g6c cb dia CD-ROM Cic chi s6 phit trisn thk giM chon lqc 2001 Trh cb c6c ghi ch6 khic, t6c d o ting t r u h g d u tinh ~ toin the0 phuung ph6p hbi quy binh qudn t6i thi&u (xem ph$n v6 Czicphuungphrjp th6ng kt! dutri diy) Do phuong p h i p niy x6t dkn moi quan s i t s i n cb met thbi kjr n6n t6c d6 ting trubng thu duqc phin i n h met xu h u h g chung v8n kh6ng chju i n h h u h g qua I h ciia c6c g i i tri dot bikn D&loai trir Anh h u h g ciia lam phit, c6c chi s8 kinh td tinh the0 gii c8 djnh d u sir~dung tinh t8c d e tang t r u h g ~8 lieu duqc in nghieng 18 s8 lib cho mat nirn hay cho met thbi kjl khic vtri nirn dB ghi b ti&ud&c i a cot- t6i da 18 hai n i m truck hogc sau nirn db d8i vtri cic chi s6 kinh t;, v i t8i da l i ba nirn d8i vtri cic chi s8 x i hoi, vi nhiing chi s6 n i y c6 xu h u h g d u q thu thgp kh6ng t h u b g xuyCn bing v i it cb c6c thay d6i d i n g k6 thbi gian ng& ~ h u 6so" i lieu ve" gia co" djnh Ting trubng c i a met n6n kinh t6 d u do~ bing phin gii tri gia t5ng b6 sung cic c i nhin v i doanh nghiep hoat d6ng n&nkinh t6 db tao Do d6, vi@cxic dinh t8c d e tang t r u h g thuc t$ dW h6i phii cb nhiing tinh to6n vk GDP vb c i c be phqn c i u thinh ciia n6 the0 gii c8 dinh Ngin hing ~ h gi& thu thqp met chudi s6 lieu tii k h o h qu8c gia the0 gii c6 d@, duqc tinh b h g dbng b b t$ c i a timg nuhc v i phin 6nh the0 nirn g8c cba nu& db D&cb duqc chu6i s8 lieu v&gii c8 dinh tuong thich vtri nhau, Ngin hing dB diku chinh GDP v i cic gii tri gia ting timg nginh c6ng nghiep vk c h g mot nirn tham chi&, hi@nthtri l i nirn 1995 Q u i trinh n i y l i m tang s u sai lech gi5a GDP diku c h h v i tBng cic be phqn c i u thinh di&uch'hh Vi niu phin b6 lai c6c sai Icch n i y tki s5 lim mko m6 th6m t8c d6 ting t r u h g nCn c h h g t6i quydt dinh giii nguy@nm i kh6ng phdn b6 lai niia Thubc t6ng h p cho cic khu vuc v i cic nhbm thu nhsp d u trinh ~ b i y bphia cu8i h i u h i t cic bing, duqc tinh bing mot phCp ceng don gi2n th cic be p1ign ciu th* T ~ d C o tgng t r u h g t6ng h p v i c i c @ I@ t h u b g d u tinh ~ theo s binh qudn gia quykn Thu& d o ting hap c6c chi s x l hQi liy ddn s6 hogc c6c phdn nhbm d i n s8 Iim quy6n s6, cbn tjr I$ tir vong cba trk s o sinh tki s6 sirh d u d i~n g lim quy&ns6 Xem ghi chli vk cic chi s8 th&d6 biit them th6ng tin ~ vtrii thuCrc ting hop nhi6u nim, cic tinh to6n dua tr6n c6ch phdn nh6m c8 djnh c6c n&n kinh td, d&b i o d i m c i u thinh c i a t6ng s6 kh6ng thay d6i the0 thbi gian.ThuCrc d o the0 nhdm chi d u ting ~ h q nku cb duwc s8 lieu met nirn n i o 6 ciia it nhit hai ph$n ba c i u thinh c2 nhbm, nhu dH duqc xic djnh cho nirn g6c 1995 D&tho2 m5n duqc ti6u chuin niy, cic n&nkinh t i thi& s8 lieu duac gii dinh 18 vgn hinh gi8ng nhu cic nu& khic c6 d i y d J s6 lieu Ngubi doc can luu 9, thuCrc d o t6ng h p chi 18 c i c ubc tinh cho mat s8 tdng hap mang tinh chit dai dien cho m8i n6i dung, chu kh6ng th& r6t met kat lugn n i o c6 nghia v6 tiin trinh diEn timg nu6c bing cich suy nguqc th cic chi s8 nh6m Hon nCa, qu6 trinh chon quy&ns8 cb th6 dsn ttri sai I$ch giiia s8 t6ng hop v i s8 ting ciia cic phin nhbm Bhng C i c chi so" phat tri6n c a bhn D2n s dua tr4n cach dinh nghia th6ng dung, db coi d i n s lb tohn b e s6 ngubi c u tr6, kh6ng p h i n bi$t tinh trang ph6p 19 hay tu chch c6ng d i n , trir n h h g ngubi ti nan kh6ng dinh c u l2u d i i nu& ho cutrG, vi h~ duqc coi Ih m6t b e phdn c i a d i n s nu& h o xu& cu T& dg Gng dCn s6 trung binh h i n g niim 18 t8c d thay d6i the0 h i m luy thira cho met thbi kjl (xem ph;n v6 phuong ph6p th6ng kC dutri ddy) M$t dQ dsn s li $ le giCia d i n s8 v i o thbi di6m giiia nirn v i di$n tich d i t Dien tich d i t i t6ng dien tich c i a met nuuc, nhung kh6ng tinh dien tich mat nu& d i t li&nvh th6m lyc dia Mgt d e duqc tinh dw v i o c6c s6 lieu mtri nhit thu thqp duqc vk di@ntich mgt dit Ting thu nh3p qu6c d i n (GNI- t r u k l i tBng s i n ph&n qu8c d i n hay GNP) l i t h u k d o tBng q u i t nhit c6a thu nh$p qu8c din, d u g xic dinh bing tBng gii tri gia tang tir n h h g ngubi cu trfi tao ra, k&c i nguBn n u k v i nguBn nutrc ngoii GNI bing tBng s i n ph&n qu8c nei (GDP) ceng thu nhsp ban d i u rbng hi cic n g u h n u k ngoii 56 lieu d u g chuy&nhi d&ng bin te sang dbla My hien hinh sir dung phuung p h i p Atlas c6a Ngin hang Thk gi6i Phuung p h i p n i y sir dung tfJ gii h8i doii trung binh ba nim, n h i m di&u hoi i n h hubng c6a s u bikn deng tfJ gii h8i doii nhit thbi (Xem phin cic phuung p h i p th8ng k&du6i d i y d&bikt th&mchi tikt v&phuung p h i p Atlas) GNI tr2n d i u n g u s l i tfJ s8 giiia GNI v i d i n s8 v i o thbi di&m giiia nim N6 duqc quy dBi sang d61a My hi$n h i n h the0 phuung p h i p Atlas Ngin hang Thk gi6i sir dung GNI tr&ndau ngubi tinh the0 d61a My d&phin loai cic n&n kinh tk n h i m muc dich phin tich v i xic dinh t u cich di vay c6a n u k 66 Ting thu nh+p qu6c d i n tinh the0 PPP l i GNI duuc quy ddi sang d6ng d61a qu8c tk the0 t i gii quy dBi ngang gii sirc mua (PPP), d o cic tfJ gii h8i doii danh nghia kh6ng phii lu6n p h b i n h duuc s u khic v&gii c i tuung d8i tr&n thk gi6i Tai tfJ gii PPP, mGt dBng d61a qu8c tk c6 sirc mua GNI nei dja ngang v6i sirc mua c6a dBng d61a My GNI c6a My T i gii PPP cbn cho phkp so sinh c h u h v&cic mirc gii thuc tk giiia cic n u k , gi8ng nhu cic chi s8 gii c i quy u k cho phkp so s i n h cic gii tri thuc tk qua nhi&u thti k3 H$ s quy dBi PPP sir dung b d i y duqc 1iy hi d@ di&u tra gii c i m6i n h i t d o Chuung trinh so sinh qu8c tk thuc hien; chuung trinh n i y l i met d u i n hqp tjc giiia Ng&n hing Thk gi6i v i cic u) ban kinh tk khu vuc c6a Li&n hop qu8c D@ d i h tra niy, hoin thinh v i o n i m 1996 v i duuc thuc hi$n b 118 qu8c gia, liyn i m 1993 lam n i m tham chiku U k tinh cho cic n u k kh6ng n i m d@ di&utra n i y duuc suy tir cic m6 hinh th8ng k&sir dung cic s lieu s i n c6 GNI tr2n d i u n g u s tinh the0 PPP l i GNI tinh the0 PPP chia cho d i n s8 v i o thbi di&mgiiia nim T6c d$ tang tBng s i n ph&n qu6c n$i (GDP) trCn d i u n g u s d u g can cir v i o GDP d o l u h g the0 gii kh6ng ddi T8c d e tang GDP duuc xem l i t h u k d o tBng q u i t t8c 6 tang trubng c6a met n&nkinh tk GDP the0 gii kh6ng d6i c6 th& d u g u6c l u p g bing cich d o l u h g tBng kh8i l u p g hang hoi v i dich vu duqc s i n xuit k3, dinh gii c h h g mirc gii tai n i m cu s b d i xic dinh t r u k v i trir di chi phi c i c d i u v i o trung gian, c51g tinh the0 gii kh6ng dBi Xem phin v& cic phuung p h i p th8ng k& d& bikt chi tikt v& tfJ I$ tang trubng binh q u i n t8i thi&u Tu6i tho binh quin dq tinh kg hi sinh l i s8 n i m m i met tr6 s u sinh c6 th&s8ng duuc, nku hinh thii tir vong ph6 bikn v i o thbi di&m tr6 dbi duqc giii nguy&ntrong su6t C U ~ Cdbi cGa tr6 Tjr 1+ hivong & tr6 d u S tuBi l i xic s u i t met dira tr6 sinh n i m nghi&n ciru se chkt u k trbn tuBi, nku dira tr6 6 tuin the0 xu h u h g tfJ s u i t chkt hien tai cho met d o tuBi n h i t dinh Xic s u i t n i y duqc bi&u thi the0 tfJ I$ phin nghin S6 lieu tii vong the0 timg d e tuBi, nhu tfJ 1$ tii vong b,tr6 em hay tr6 susinh, c h g v6i tuBi tho b h h q u i n d u kikn tirkhi sinh, c6 th&l i n h h g chi s8 tBng hqp tat n h i t v& tinh trqng y tk hien thbi cfia met ceng d&ng v i t h u h g duuc trich d i n nhu l i cic t h u k d o tBng q u i t v& phfic lfflc6a d i n cu hay chit l u p g cuec sang ~ g u a n s8 lieu chinh v& tinh trang tir vong l i h$ th8ng khai sinh, khai tii v i n h g tinh toin truc tikp hogc giin tikp dua tr&n cic cuec di&u tra chon m2u hay di&u tra d i n s8 Do rat hikm thiy n h g trung t i m d i n g k $ ~c6 he th8ng khai sinh, khai tii t m g d8i hoin chinh, n&n cic u k tinh phii d w tr&ncic cuac di&utra chon m2u hay rfit bing cich sir dung cic ky thust u k tinh giin tikp, di&utra d i n s8 hay s8 lieu di&utra U k tinh giin tikp dua tr&nc6c bang "s8ngMu k tinh, m i bang n i y c6 th& kh6ng thich hqp v6i nh6m d&n s8 li&n quan TuBi tho binh quin d u tinh tir sinh v i t i Ie tir vong the0 d e tuBi t h u h g l i cic u k tinh dua tr&nc6c cuec di&utra v i di&utra d i n s8 h i t ; xem bang s lieu s u c i p C5c chi s6 phi t trign thk gidi 2001 Tjr 1+ ngucki lh khBng bi6t ch5 l i tfJ 1$ phin trim s8 ngubi hi 15 tuBi trErl&nkh6ng th&,bhng hkt k h i ning c6a m h h , doc hay vikt met doan ngdn m6 t i cuec s8ng hang ngiy c6a minh Dinh nghia tr&n dua v i o khii ni$m v&k h i nfing bikt chii theo chirc ning: 6 l i k h i ning sir dung ky ning doc, vikt met cich hi$u q u i c6a met ngubi hoin cinh x%hei c6a Viec d o l u h g tfJ 1$ bikt chii the0 dinh nghia tr&n dbi h6i cin phii c6 cic kkt q u i di&utra chon m$u hay di&utra d h s8 di&u ki$n c6 nh6m d8i chimg Tr&n thuc t& nhi&un u k u k tinh s8 ngubi 1611 kh6ng bi&tchii hi c i c s8 lieu tu m6 t i hay tir cic u k tinh v&tfJ 1$ t8t nghi$p cic c i p hoc Do c6 s u khQc v&phuung p h i p tinh toin n&n viec so sinh giiia cic n u k - thsm chi so sknh dung c i c u6c tinh PPP cho tiCu d i n g nim 1993 d o Ngin h i n g ~ h gi6i k dua Ngucbg ngh&o qu& tb, duqc x i c d w muc d61a met ngiy tinh t h e o ' nHm ~ ~ 1985, ~ di duuc di&uch'hh b i n g 1,08 d61a met n@)r tinh the0 PPP n i m 1993 s i t k3 s u chinh 19 n i o PPP c i a met nu& d &dua v i o c i c chi s t8t hun c6 tli6 d i n dbn c6 nhihu nguting nghho d6i rht khic nhau'&h the0 d8ng b i n te c i a c i c nu& C i c v u h g m i c c6 the? sE n i y sinh so sinh cic t h u k d o d6i nghko pham vi c i c nuuc ciing nhu giiia c i c nuuc v6i Vi du, chi phi cho nhu yku phdm- v i g i i sinh hoat n6i chung- thinh th/ cao hun nhi&uso v6i v h g n6ng th6n Do 6 gii tri ti&nti$ c i a ngu6ng nghko thinh tQ c i h g cin phin hun ngu6ng nghko n6ng th6n Nhung s u khic biet giiia nguting nghko thinh thi v i n g u h g nghko n6ng th6n trCn thuc t i kh6ng phii lljc n i o cCng phin i n h s u khic gii sinh hoat D8i v6i met s8 nutic, n g u h g ngheo thinh thi t h u h g ~ U U Csir dung c6 gii tri thuc t& cao hcm- c6 nghia I i n6 cho ph6p titu thu nhi&u hing hoi hun- so v6i n g u h g ngheo nbng th6n D6i s u khic bi@tI i q u i l h , d i n muc n6 h i m dien d6i nghho 13 thinh thi 1611 hun n6ng th6n, mzc d h chi c&n di&u chinh the0 s u khic gii sinh hoat thi k i t q u i s5 nguac lai CGng n h u so s i n h qu8c t6, gii tri thuc tk c i a n g u h g nghko khic nhau, vi@cso s i n h s u nghho kh6 thinh thj vtri n6ng th6n s5 trtr nCn h n g c6 nghia Cbn c6 c i c v u h g m$c khdc viec so s i n h s u nghko b C6 nhiku v i n d & n i y sinh vi@cdo l u h g muc sbng cic he gia d'hh SIJ lua chon gitia thu nh$p v i ti& d k g d&l i m chi s8 cho mirc phGc lqi l i met vhn d & n h u vdy Nhin chung, thu nh$p kh6 d o l u h g chinh xic hun, v i tiCu d k g lai thich h q vm ~ t u h g v&muc sdng hon i thu m d p , vi thu nhdp c6 th& thay d6i the0 t h gian, k t c i muc sbng v i n gii? nguyCn ~ h cic & s 8~ lieu tiCu d h g kh6ng phii lljc n i o ciing s s n c6 v i kh6ng c6 c i c s lieu 6 thi h i u nhu kh8ng c6 s u lua chon n i o khic ngoii vi@csir dung thu nhiip Tuy nhiCn, v5n cbn c6 cic kh6 khin khic Vi du, c i c hdi d i i u tra h e gia dinh c6 th6 r i t khic cich quy dinh phdn loai nh6m h i n g h o i tiCu ditng c h i t l u p g c i a cic cuec di&utra c i h g khic nhau, v i thsm chi n h h g cuec dihu tra tuong tu c h g kh6ng h o i n toin tuung thich vtri So s i n h giiia c i c qu8c gia c6 trinh d e phit tri6n khic ciing d$t met kh6 khin ti&m dn, s u khic v&vai trb t u m g d6i cda vi@ctiCu d h g hing hoi phi thi trubng Gii tri tlu t r u h g dia phuung c i a t i t c i c i c h k g tiCu d h g hien vdt @ao g8m c i titu d h g s i n phim d o h e gia dinh t u s i n xuht, di&u d$c biet quan trcic n&nkinh tb n6ng th6n k6.m p h i t tri6n) cCng phii d u w dua v i o thutrc d o ting chi tiCu tiCu dhng Tucmg tu, lqi nhu$n ngim dinh c i a viec s i n xuht cic hing hoi phi thi t m h g p h i i duuc tinh v i o thu nhdp Dihu n i y kh8ng phii IGc n i o ciing dugc thuc hi@n,m$c d h viec b6 s6t nhu viiy cic cuec di&u tra trubc thdp kf 1980 d2 gdy c i c v i n d & nghiCrn hon nhiku so vtri c i c cuec d i i u tra hien H ~ Uh6t c i c dii lieu khio s i t hi@nnay bao g8m c i phin dinh gii d8i v6i tiCu d h g hay thu nhgp tu s i n xuit Tuy nhiCn, cic phuang p h i p dinh gii r i t khic c h i n g han, met s khio s i t SG dung muc g i i thj t r u h g g i n h i t , met s khio s i t khic lai sir dung mGc gii b i n binh q u i n tai c6ng n6ng trai ~ k di&u u kien cho phkp, ti& dhng c6 the? duqc sir dqng d6 l i m mat chi s phljc lqi n h i m xic dinh 1s ngutri nghko Khi chi c6 s i n thu nh$p c i a h e gia dinh thi thu nhgp trung binh duac d i i u chinh d6 phh hap vtri uuc tinh v&muc ti& dhng trung binh trCn cu s c i c cuoc diku tra (trong t r u h g hap c6 c i c s lieu niy) ho$c u6c tinh dua v i o s lieu tiCu dGng tii khoin qu8c gia Tuy nhitn, thd tuc n i y chi dihu chinh gii tri trung binh, chu kh6ng th6 chinh lai chCnh lech giCa c i c d u h g cong Lorenz ( p h i n ph8i thu nhiip) v&thu nh$p v i tiCu dhng Dubn? cong Lorenz thuc nghiem duuc g i n thCm quy&ns8 19 quy m6 he gia dinh, d o vsy c h h g d p v i o cic nh6m p h i n vi ph&n trim d i n s8, chu kh6ng phii dua trCn h e gia dinh Trong moi t r u h g hap, c i c thubc d o d6i nghko d u w tinh tir nhihu n g u h s lieu sa chp @ing s8 lieu hay s8 lieu he gia dinh) chu kh6ng dua trCn cic u6c t'hh hi$n c6 C i c uuc tinh tir c i c b i n g s8 lieu chn phii sir dung phuong p h i p niji suy: phuung p h i p d u chon ~ l i d u h g cong Lorenz v6i c i c dang h i m linh hoat, phuong p h i p n i y d5 chiing t6 l i d i n g tin c$y cic c6ng trinh nghiCn c h tru6c ddy H@s6 Gini xic dinh muc 6 m i s u p h i n thu nhdp (hay mat s t r u h g hqp l i chi tiCu cho ti6u dhng) giiia c i c c i nhdn hay h e gia dinh met n&n kinh t& Iech khdi phin ph6i hoin toin binh ding D u h g cong Lorenz m6 t i c i c tjl I@ p h i n trHm ceng d8n c i a t6ng thu nhdp nhdn duuc t w g k g v6i s l u ~ g ceng d8n n g u nhdn, ~ b i t d i u v6i n h h g c i nhdn hay h e gia dinh ngheo nhit H e s Gini d o l u h g phhn dien tich giiia d u h g cong Lorenz v i d u h g thing g i i t h t v6 s u binh d i n g tuyet d6i, chia cho phin dien tich 16n n h i t n i m du& d u h g thing Theo djnh nghia niy, he s6 Gini bing bi6u thi s u binh d i n g ' h o i n toin, v i he s6 Gini bins 100 bidu thi trang thii hoin toin b i t binh d i n g T$1@phan t d m t h u - n h j p ho4c t i t u d i n g l i phAn ceng d8n the0 c i c ngii phdn vi hay p h h vi p h i n rnubi c3a d i n s6, duqc xgp the0 thu nhap hay titu d h g Su b i t binh d i n g p h i n ph6i thu nhap duuc phin hnh c i c tjl I< p h i n trim c i a thu nh$p hogc titu d h g cila c i c nh6rn d i n s6 xkp thir tu the0 mirc thu nh5p hay ti6u d h g Nhbrn xhp hang thip n h i t cb rnirc thu nh$p c i n h i n nhan d u w chikm tf t r ~ n gnh6 n h i t t6ng thu nh$p H e s6 Gini cung tip rn6t thu& d o ting hap tien 1~ d6 d o l u h g rnuc 6 b i t binh ding S6 lieu v6 thu nhap hay titu d h g c i a c i n h i n v i h e gia dinh duac rfit t u c i c cuac di& tra h e gia dinh dai dien cho toin qu8c S6 lieu bing i c i a nhihu nirn kh6c thiri kjl tir 1985 t& 1999 C i c chG thich v6 n i m d i h tra cho bikt viec xkp loai duqc dua trtn thu nh$p hay ti6u dhng trtn d i u ngubi P h i n ph6i duuc dua tr6n c i c nhbm phdn v j c6a d i n s6, kh6ng phii c6a he gia dinh, v& viec c i c h e gia dinh d u xkp ~ thu tu the0 rnirc thu nhap hay chi titu c6a rn6i ngubi Tai n h ~ nui g cb s8n s6 lieu g6c tii c i c C U ~ Cdi6u tra ho gia dinh, thi n h ~ s6 g lieu n i y d u ~ sir c dung d6 tinh toin truc tikp thu nhap hay ti6u dGng tinh the0 ngii p h i n vi ~ k kh6ng u thi t? t r ~ n gd u m tinh toin tir c i c s6 lieu nh6m t8t nhAt cb th6 c6 duqc C i c chi s p h i n ph6i duqc di6u chinh the0 quy rn6 h6 gia dinh, tab met thu& d o n h i t q u i n h m cho thu nhap hay titu d h g trtn d&u ngubi C h t n h lech v&gii sinh hoat c i c v h g khic &g met nu& kh6ng d u w di6u chinh, vi nhin