[Abstract] The aims of this thesis is enhancing the efficiency of water supply and propose possible solutions adapt to the impact of sea level rise to irrigation systems. This study was conducted in Tu Cau irrigation system, Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin, Vietnam. This research draws upon mostly primary data sources including the status quo ofsalinity intrusion of Vinh Dien river (belongs to Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin), relationships between the real time and tidal characteristics of the South China Sea, operation and management of Tu Cau irrigation system upon Vinh Dien river and regulating reservoirs. This thesis first examines the agricultural irrigation water demand in crops production in the study area, and presents the results. Then compare the results against the value of water supply capacity of Tu Cau irrigation system in the context of salinity intrusion caused by sea level rise. The results of the comparison show that the total volume and occurrence time of water shortage at Tu Cau irrigation system. The author recommends further modification to the way of operating the pumping station based on: (1) the tide amplitude in the sea and; (2)the use of regulating reservoirs as a means of keeping fresh water and then pump more water from Vinh Dien river when the high salt concentration (> 0.8 ‰) into these reservoirs. The anticipated outcome of this thesis was the identification of the total additional water storage volume after changing the operation and management of Tu Cau irrigation system (pumping station, canals, gates, regulating reservoirs, etc.), these new research ideas in the field of irrigation that make important contributions in treating water scarcity issues for agricultural production that are related to salinity intrusion. The findings may be useful in the context of increasingly vulnerable to saline intrusion as sea levels rise in the coastal areas. Keywords: irrigation system, water supply, salinity intrusion, regulating reservoirs,tide amplitude, water shortage, coastal areas
IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION THROUGH OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT BY CONSIDERING SALINITY INTRUSION ADAPTATION ≥ 0.8‰ Measuring of salt concentration Salt concentration < 0.8‰ hour hour hour Last point < 0.8‰ Pump MASTER THESIS – TERMA VIETNAM Cologne University of Applied Science – Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics and Vietnam Academy for Water Resources – Center for Training and International Development IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION THROUGH OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT BY CONSIDERING SALINITY INTRUSION ADAPTATION CASE STUDY: TU CAU IRRIGATION SYSTEM, VU GIA_ THU BON RIVER BASIN, VIETNAM Viet Nguyen Duc 2011 TERMA VIETNAM Cologne University of Applied Sciences Vietnam Academy for Water Resources ITT - Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics Improvement of water supply for agricultural production through operation and management by considering salinity intrusion adaptation Case study: Tu Cau Irrigation System, Vu Gia_Thu Bon river basin, Vietnam Thesis to Obtain the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE “TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS” DEGREE AWARDED BY COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PRESENTS: VIET DUC NGUYEN SUPERVISOR OF THESIS ITT PRO DR SABINE SCHLÜTER SUPERVISOR IN VIETNAM DR PHONG NGUYEN TUNG DATE OF SUBMISSION 13.09.2011 presented by Viet Duc Nguyen Student no:11074596 Email:nguyenducvietiwe@gmail.com en.wikipedia.org/ FH_Koeln_IWZ_from_NordenG “Water is the key for life and production activities of human, not only in the present but also for the future…” Flood and Salinity Management the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 2008 TABLE OF CONTENT 13 September 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGUGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .12 ABSTRACT 13 KEYWORDS 13 SOFTWARE USED 13 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 15 1.1 BACKGROUND .15 1.2 PROBLEMS STATEMENT 17 1.3 1.4 1.2.1 Tu Cau irrigation system 17 1.2.2 Operation and management (O&M) at Tu Cau irrigation system 17 1.2.3 Impact of salinity intrusion to agricultural production 18 OBJECTIVES 19 1.3.1 Objective 19 1.3.2 Specific objective .19 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 19 1.4.1 Approach 19 1.4.2 Methodology .20 CHAPTER II 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEWS 21 SALINITY INTRUSION IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 21 2.1.1 Definition of the salinity intrusion .21 2.1.2 Previous studies on salinity intrusion adaptation through O& M .21 2.1.3 Impact of salinity on agricultural production in Vietnam 23 CHAPTER III 3.1 3.2 STUDY AREA 26 NATURAL CONDITIONS .26 3.1.1 Terrain of irrigation area .26 3.1.2 Soil types 28 3.1.3 Land use .29 CLIMATE 31 Master Thesis| Cologne University Applied Sciences 3.3 3.4 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND VINH DIEN RIVER 32 3.3.1 Location 32 3.3.2 Topography of Vinh Dien River 32 3.3.3 Hydrology 32 3.3.4 Water quality 33 3.3.5 Tides regime .34 SOCIO – ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 36 3.4.1 Population 36 3.4.2 Economic 36 3.4.3 Culture - Society 37 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 37 3.5.1 Cultivated area and main crops in the year .37 3.5.2 Rice schedule and varieties .38 3.5.3 Cultivation technique 38 3.5.4 Others production .39 3.6 SALINITY INTRUSION IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN THE STUDY AREA .40 3.6.1 Damages of area 40 3.6.2 Damages on crop productivity 41 CHAPTER IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 TUCAU IRRIGATION SYSTEM 42 HEAD WORK – TU CAU PUMPING STATION 42 4.1.1 Pump units and electric equipments 42 4.1.2 Problems of the machines and equipments 43 CANAL AND HYDRAULIC WORKS IN THE CANAL 43 4.2.1 Main canal 43 4.2.2 Primary and secondary canal 45 4.2.3 Check regulator 45 4.2.4 Temporary pumping station 46 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 47 4.3.1 O&M of Tu Cau pumping station 47 4.3.2 Some shortcomings in O&M 50 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 51 5.1 5.2 RESULTS .51 5.1.1 Mapping damage due to salinity intrusion 51 5.1.2 Water balance calculations in the system 58 DISCUSSIONS 65 5.2.1 Approach and methodology to adapt the impacts of salinity intrusion 65 5.2.2 Proposed alternatives of O&M for water supply to adapt salinity intrusion 66 5.2.3 Proposal O&M framework in adaptation of salinity intrusion .74 5.2.4 Initial benefit analyses 75 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77 6.1 CONCLUSIONS 77 6.2 RESULTS AND LIMITATION OF RESEARCH 77 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 78 6.4 FURTHER NEED OF RESEARCH .78 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 APPENDIX .83 LIST OF TABLES Table I-1: Relationship between rice schedule and operating time of Tu Cau pumping station .18 Table II-1: Global area is salinity or affected by salinity 24 Table III-1: Monthly rainfall figures in Da Nang station in period 2004 – 2008 .31 Table III-2: Location and characteristics of Vinh Dien River 32 Table III-3: Number of diurnal tidal days in a month over the years at stations .34 TableIII-4: Cultivated area in the study area in the period 2008 – 2010 37 Table III-5: Statistics on livestock in the study area in 2011 39 TableIII-6: Statistic table of reduced productivity in 2011 against that in 2010 .41 Table IV-1: Statistics of length of the primary canal at Tu Cau (unit: m) 45 Table V-1: Statistic table of mapping damage in Summer- Autumn crop, 2011 .52 Table V-2: Climate in Da Nang station in period 1971 – 2000 58 Table V-3: Average monthly rainfall in Da Nang station in period 1971-2008 .59 Table V-4: Length stage of two main rice crops in Tu Cau irrigation area 59 Table V-5: Monthly irrigation coefficient for Winter-Spring crop .60 Table V-6: Monthly irrigation coefficient for Summer – Autumn crop .60 Table V-7: Discharge of water demand at Tu Cau (Winter -Spring crop) .61 Table V-8: Discharge of water demand at Tu Cau (Summer-Autumn crop) 61 Table V-9: Actual discharge supplied by Tu Cau irrigation system in Winter - Spring crop relating salt concentration 63 Table V-10: Actual discharge supplied by Tu Cau irrigation system in Summer Autumn crop relating salt concentration 63 TableV-11: Test results of salt concentration after diluting water at Tu Cau pumping station, Dien Ngoc commune in year 2011 68 Table V-12: Total water volume permitted to be pumped into the regulating reservoir corresponding to each salt concentration level .69 Table V-13: Total water volume obtained when applying new O&M 73 Table V-14: Total water volume permitted to be pumped into the regulating reservoir 75 LIST OF FIGUGES Fig I-1: Problem statement tree of salinity intrusion to Tu Cau irrigation system 16 Fig I-2: Tu Cau Pumping station – Dien Ngoc commune .17 Fig I-3: Suction chamber of Tu Cau pumping station 17 Fig II-1: Generic approach to determining climate change impacts and agricultural adaptation strategies 22 Fig II-2: Salinity intrusion in some provinces in the South Central Coast - VN 25 FigIII-1: Vu Gia - Thu Bon River Basin Map 32 Fig III-2: The curve reflecting the tide level inflection from June 15 th, 2011 to July2nd, 2011 in Da Nang estuary 35 Fig III-3: The curve reflecting the tide level inflection from July2 nd, 2011 to July17th, 2011 in Da Nang estuary 35 Fig III-4: Drough at Đien Ban district – Quang Nam province, 2010 40 Fig III-5: Drough atHoa Quy ward – Danang city, 2010 40 Fig III-6: Statistics of rice cultivation area of years 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 41 FigIV-1: O&M house of Tu Cau pumping station 42 Fig IV-2: Electric pumps 43 FigIV-3: Electrical equipments 43 Fig IV-4: Map of Tu Cau irrigation scheme .44 Fig IV-5: Main canal in position +712m 44 Fig IV-6: Main canal in position +2,272m 44 Fig IV-7: Check regulator in the main canal 45 Fig IV-8: Outlets in inter - farm canal 45 Fig IV-9: Pump to cope with drought at Sen lake 46 FigIV-10: Pump from Sen lake into the main canal 46 Fig IV-11: Organization chart of Tu Cau irrigation system 47 Fig IV-12: Diagram of operation procedure of Tu Cau pumping station 49 Fig IV-13: Measuring salinity at Tu Cau Irrigation management unit .50 Fig IV-14:Listing the salt concentration result at Dien Ban Sub- IME 50 wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2003/10/18/ 000094946_03100904005388/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt> 13 September 2011 APPENDIX APPENDIX Appendix 1: Work plan including time table for Master’s Thesis TASK NAME TO IMPLEMENTING MASTER THESIS 86 day 3/17/2011 8/16/201 1 Update Master Thesis Proposal days Thu 3/17 Wed 3/30 MTP Discuss with supervisors day 3/17/2011 3/17/2011 Discussion See data related to research subjects days 3/18/2011 3/22/2011 Reference data Write the literature review days 3/22/2011 3/28/2011 Write MTP Check MTP and submit it to teachers day 3/28/2011 3/29/2011 Send MTP Collect contributing ideas and correct and complete proposals day 3/29/2011 3/30/2011 Check again MTP Fieldtrip in Danang city Discuss with other members implementing LUCCI project Collect data available, projects implemented at research area days 3/30/2011 4/11/2011 Fieldtrip days 3/30/2011 4/4/2011 Discussion day 4/4/2011 4/5/2011 Collected data Discuss with local leaders, main managers days 4/5/2011 4/8/2011 Fieldtrip at Tu Cau Summary the data which collected day 4/8/2011 4/11/2011 Summary data Analysis and get the ideas to resolve the problems 21 days 4/12/2011 5/19/2011 Analysis data Summarize, study projects implemented at research area days 4/12/2011 4/20/2011 Summary data Find out solutions together with guiding teacher days 4/20/2011 4/28/2011 Finding solutions TASK NAME Propose development of managing and operating model days 4/28/2011 5/16/201 5/20/201 5/20/201 5/31/201 7/26/201 Arrange data for each solution days Write final report 50 days Develop table of content for completion report days Write final report 32 days Poster of project days PowerPoint presentation days 8/5/2011 Check report and upload to ILLIAS days 8/12/201 5/16/2011 5/19/201 8/16/201 5/31/201 7/26/201 Built the O&M model Prepare write report Final result Table of content Write final report 8/5/2011 Poster 8/12/201 8/16/201 PowerPoint Finish Appendix 2: Soil Analysis Results at Tu Cau - Date 15th July, 2011 No Site Soil depth (m) Tu Cau 0.1 Rice 530 Tu Cau 0.1 Rice 573 Tu Cau 0.2 Rice 566.8 Tu Cau 0.2 Rice 534.5 Tu Cau 0.3 Rice 465.8 Tu Cau 0.3 Rice 414.8 Tu Cau 0.1 Peanut 363.9 Tu Cau 0.1 Peanut 388.9 Tu Cau 0.2 Peanut 263.7 10 Tu Cau 0.2 Peanut 297.7 11 Tu Cau 0.3 Peanut 215.5 12 Tu Cau 0.3 Peanut 327.2 13 Tu Cau 0.1 Gras 277.1 14 Tu Cau 0.1 Gras 256.5 15 Tu Cau 0.2 Gras 189.5 16 Tu Cau 0.2 Gras 195.2 17 Tu Cau 0.3 Gras 69.6 18 Tu Cau 0.3 Gras 84.8 Crop type EC (µS/cm) Exchangeable cations (me/100g) Na+ Mg2+ Ca2+ 1.78 4.82 0.58 1.45 4.96 0.44 1.19 3.45 0.53 0.39 3.61 0.79 0.5 2.18 0.7 0.46 2.69 0.81 1.23 0.94 0.11 0.93 0.94 0.11 0.54 1.97 0.14 Source: Department of Soil Science and Environment - Faculty of Land Resource and Agriculture Environment - Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry (2011) APPENDIX Master Thesis| Cologne University Applied Sciences 13 September 2011 94 13 September 2011 APPENDIX Appendix 4: Salt concentration of Winter – Spring crop 2011 Jan ‰ 7AM 0.0 7PM 0.0 0.0 0.0 Feb ‰ 7AM 0.0 7PM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mar ‰ 7AM 0.1 7PM 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 0.0 11 Apr ‰ 7AM 0.0 7PM 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 10 0.0 0.0 10 0.5 0.2 10 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 11 0.0 0.0 11 0.5 0.4 11 1.1 0.1 12 0.0 0.0 12 0.0 0.0 12 0.7 0.5 12 1.0 0.2 13 0.0 0.0 13 0.0 0.0 13 0.8 1.2 13 1.5 0.8 14 0.0 0.0 14 0.2 0.3 14 0.7 1.6 14 2.1 1.4 15 0.0 0.0 15 0.2 0.5 15 0.6 1.7 15 1.4 1.4 16 0.0 0.0 16 0.1 1.0 16 0.8 1.7 16 0.9 1.9 17 0.0 0.0 17 0.0 0.9 17 0.8 1.7 17 2.0 1.1 18 0.0 0.0 18 0.0 0.5 18 0.5 1.6 18 2.0 2.5 19 0.0 0.0 19 0.0 1.3 19 0.0 0.8 19 3.1 1.1 20 0.0 0.0 20 0.0 0.8 20 0.1 0.0 20 2.4 1.1 21 0.0 0.0 21 0.0 0.7 21 0.0 0.0 21 1.3 0.0 22 0.0 0.0 22 0.0 0.2 22 0.0 0.0 22 0.3 0.0 23 0.0 0.0 23 0.0 0.0 23 0.7 0.0 23 0.0 0.0 24 0.0 0.0 24 0.2 0.0 24 0.6 0.0 24 0.0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 25 0.2 0.0 25 0.4 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 26 0.0 0.0 26 0.2 0.0 26 0.0 0.0 26 0.0 0.0 27 0.0 0.0 27 0.2 0.0 27 0.0 0.0 27 0.0 0.0 28 0.0 0.0 28 0.3 1.2 28 0.0 0.0 28 0.0 0.0 29 0.0 0.0 29 0.0 0.0 29 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 31 0.0 0.0 31 0.0 0.0 Source: Dien Ban Branch of Irrigation Enterprise, 2011 Master Thesis| Cologne University Applied Sciences 97 Appendix 5: Salt concentration of Summer - Autumn crop 2011 ‰ May 7AM 0.0 7PM 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jun ‰ 7AM 0.0 7PM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jul ‰ 7AM 0.1 7PM 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 0.0 11 Aug ‰ 7AM 6.5 7PM 3.7 1.3 6.3 2.4 0.8 6.1 4.5 0.4 2.9 6.0 4.6 1.1 3.9 6.0 6.1 0.0 2.1 4.1 6.6 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 8.0 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.8 6.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 1.0 5.8 10.3 8.5 0.0 10 0.0 0.0 10 3.2 8.0 10 8.6 5.9 0.0 0.0 11 0.0 0.0 11 2.4 5.7 11 8.9 5.3 12 0.0 0.0 12 0.0 0.0 12 3.4 6.4 12 6.5 5.7 13 0.0 0.0 13 0.0 0.0 13 5.0 5.7 13 8.1 6.9 14 0.0 0.0 14 0.0 0.0 14 2.3 2.5 14 7.4 3.5 15 0.0 0.0 15 0.0 0.0 15 1.2 4.5 15 6.8 7.0 16 0.0 0.0 16 0.0 0.0 16 5.2 4.0 16 5.8 5.9 17 0.0 0.0 17 0.0 0.0 17 4.3 5.6 17 6.7 2.4 18 0.0 0.0 18 0.0 0.0 18 2.1 5.8 18 2.9 3.1 19 0.0 0.0 19 0.0 0.0 19 5.2 6.2 19 20 0.0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 20 1.2 7.0 20 21 0.0 0.0 21 0.0 0.0 21 2.3 3.7 21 22 0.0 0.0 22 0.0 0.0 22 2.5 4.3 22 23 0.0 0.0 23 0.0 0.0 23 6.3 5.2 23 24 0.0 0.0 24 1.1 0.9 24 2.5 1.3 24 25 0.0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 25 3.9 2.4 25 26 0.0 0.0 26 0.0 0.0 26 6.0 4.4 26 27 0.0 0.0 27 0.0 0.0 27 5.2 7.2 27 28 0.0 0.0 28 0.3 0.0 28 3.2 2.3 28 29 0.0 0.0 29 0.8 0.0 29 2.3 3.4 29 30 0.0 0.0 30 0.6 0.0 30 4.8 3.3 30 31 0.0 0.0 31 4.6 3.6 31 Source: Dien Ban Branch of Irrigation Enterprise, 2011 Appendix 6: Cost for anti-salinity intrusion in Summer-Autumn crop in 2010 at Tu Cau pumping station, Dien Ngoc commune No Item Task Cost (VND) 10 Means of transport of pumpers Site huts Workforce for installation and removal Operators Electricity for operation Oil for operation Cost for construction of diversion canal in Sen lake Cost for canal dredging Others Total trips 10 2,000,000 2,500,000 20 workforce 1,400,000 160 workforce 57,300 Kwh 493 liter 11,200,000 72,026,000 7,395,000 20m 90,000,000 150m - 13,500,000 1,220,000 201,241,000 Source: Report on cope with salinity in 2010 at Tu Cau irrigation management unit Appendix 7: Rice irrigation schedule of Winter – Spring crop 2011 Date Day no Stage Percol Depl.SM Net Gift Loss Depl.SAT mm mm mm mm Mm 3-Jan -11 PrePu 7.2 103 103 12-Jan -2 Puddl 1.4 164.4 114.4 21-Jan Init 3.4 99.6 -0.4 10-Feb 27 Dev 3.4 97.8 -2.2 25-Feb 42 Mid 3.4 95.1 -4.9 14-Mar 59 End 3.4 101.8 1.8 25-Mar End End 0 Appendix 7: Rice irrigation schedule of Summer – Autumn rice 2011 Date Day no Stage Percol Depl.SM Net Gift Loss Depl.SAT mm mm mm mm mm 10-May -14 PrePu 117.7 116 22-May -2 Puddl 166 116 29-May Init 3.4 96.3 -3.7 14-Jun 21 Init 3.4 97.3 -2.7 30-Jun 37 Dev 3.4 101.8 1.8 15-Jul 52 Mid 3.4 101.6 1.6 1-Aug 69 End 3.4 102 15-Aug End End 0 Appendix 8: Crop water requiterment of Winter – Spring crop 2011 Month Decade Stage Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr Req coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec Dec Nurs 1.2 0.28 3.1 42.4 Jan Nurs/LPr 1.09 2.1 21 31.7 102.9 Jan Init 1.09 2.64 26.4 23.1 167.6 Jan Init 1.1 2.84 31.3 17.6 13.7 Feb Deve 1.1 3.03 30.3 10.4 19.9 Feb Mid 1.12 3.25 32.5 3.5 29 Feb Mid 1.13 3.45 27.6 5.7 21.9 Mar Mid 1.13 3.64 36.4 27.4 Mar Late 1.07 3.63 36.3 10.2 26.1 Mar Late 3.6 18 4.8 12.7 262.9 158.5 421.3 Appendix 9: Crop water requiterment of Summer – Autumn crop 2011 Month Decade Stage Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr Req coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec 1.2 0.51 3.1 9.5 Apr Nurs May Nurs/LPr 1.19 0.96 9.6 25.3 116.5 May Nurs/LPr 1.06 50 32.1 17.9 May Init 1.09 5.18 57 29.4 193.6 Jun Init 1.1 5.32 53.2 25.1 28.1 Jun Deve 1.1 5.4 54 23.2 30.8 Jun Deve 1.12 5.47 54.7 23.4 31.4 Jul Mid 1.14 5.57 55.7 21.6 34.2 Jul Mid 1.15 5.58 55.8 20.4 125.4 Jul Late 1.14 5.46 60 29.6 30.4 Aug Late 1.07 5.04 50.4 41.9 8.5 Aug Late 1.01 4.66 23.3 25.5 526.9 306.9 616.7 Appendix 10: Additional information on time of conducting experiments The salt concentration Informations on Vinh Dien river is determined at 10.30 AM on 17/3/2011; 1‰ measurer: Mr Huy Le Quoc (worker at Tu Cau pumping station); implementer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen on Vinh Dien river is determined at 1.30 PM on 08/7/2011; 2‰ measurer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; implementer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mrs Ha Nguyen Viet (Master postgraduate – TermaVN 2009) on Vinh Dien river is determined at 5.30 AM on 14/4/2011; 3.4‰ measurer: Mr Pham Mat (deputy chief of the Tu Cau pumping station); implementer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mr.Viet Duc Nguyen on Vinh Dien river is determined at 3.30 PM on 08/7/2011; 4.8‰ measurer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; implementer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mrs Ha Nguyen Viet (Master postgraduate – TermaVN 2009) on Vinh Dien river is determined at 11.30 AM on 08/7/2011; 5.5‰ measurer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; implementer: Mr Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mrs Ha Nguyen Viet (Master postgraduate – TermaVN 2009) on Vinh Dien river is determined at 6.30 AM on 10/7/2011; 8.1‰ measurer: Mr Truc Le Luong (worker at Tu Cau pumping station); implementer: Mr.Viet Duc Nguyen; Recorder: Mr.Viet Duc Nguyen PHOTOGRAPHS Vinh Dien river Sen lake Cung lake Declaration in lieu of oath By Viet Nguyen Duc This is to confirm my master thesis was independently composed/authored by myself, using solely the referred sources and support I additionally assert that this thesis has not been part of another examination process Hanoi, Viet Nam, 13 September 2011 -Place, Date Viet Duc Nguyen -Signature ... Viet Duc Nguyen Student no:11074596 Email:nguyenducvietiwe@gmail.com en.wikipedia.org/ FH_Koeln_IWZ_from_NordenG “Water is the key for life and production activities of human, not only in the... Users Organizations QWD Discharge of water demand by rice (m3/h) QWD_SA Discharge of water demand for Summer - Autumn crop (m3/h) QWD_WS Discharge of water demand for Winter - Spring crop (m3/h) Qwsl... 0.8 Total 12.781 397 3.1% 434 3.4% Source: FAO (http://www.plantstress.com/Articles/salinity_i/salinity_i.htm) II.1.3.2 Impact of salinity intrusion to agricultural production in Vietnam Intergovernmental