THE PHILADELPHIA NAVY YARD A BARRA FOUNDATION BOOK Copyright © 2001 The Barra Foundation All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid free paper 10 Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dorwart, Jeffery M The Philadelphia Navy Yard: from the birth of the U.S Navy to the nuclear age Jeffery M Dorwart with Jean K Wolf p cm "ABarra Foundation book" Includes bibliographical records and index ISBN: 0-8122-3575-4 (alk paper) Philadelphia Navy Yard-History Philadelphia (Pa.)-buildings, Title II Wolf, Jean K VA70.P5D67 2000 359.7/09748/11 dc21 structures, etc I 00-060736 Frontispiece: Panoramic view of League Island Navy Yard, c 1911 NARAM Designed by Carl Gross CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction PART vi ONE SOUTHWARK Origin of a Navy Yard Continental Shipyard 21 United States Shipyard 32 "Second and the Next Best" Navy Yard Building a Wooden Sail and Steam Navy CivilWar and Two Navy Yards PART LEAGUE 81 TWO ISLAND League Island Navy Yard 101 Neutrality and World War 121 Between World Wars 10 League Island at War 11 12 Cold War Navy Yard Culture of Closure Abbreviations Notes 225 Index 259 223 142 166 191 208 48 61 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS C LOSING THE Philadelphia Naval Shipyard marked the final scene in a long history For 200 years there had been an American navy yard on the Delaware River in Philadelphia The emotional response to this historic event by so many Delaware Valley residents, civilian and naval, who worked or served at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in the decades before closure reflected an awareness that a part of the region's history had disappeared forever This realization led to enthusiastic support for researching and writing a history from earliest colonial roots to final deactivation of the Philadelphia Navy Yard No one proved more supportive than Robert L McNeil, Jr., president of The Barra Foundation, Inc., an organization dedicated to preserving Philadelphia's cultural, institutional, and historical heritage Though moving away from book production, McNeil thought it so important to record the complete history of the navy yard that he convinced the Barra Foundation to support one more book in its program of Philadelphia histories The University of Pennsylvania Press shared McNeil's enthusiasm and agreed to publish this book on the Philadelphia Navy Yard for both scholarly community of naval historians and wider general public who wanted to remember their local navy yard Fred Cassady, Jr., Technical Information Specialist for Business and Industry of the NAVSEA Shipbuilding Support Office of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard Detachment located in Philadelphia, procured vital documents, site plans, maps, photographs, and descriptions of historic buildings on League Island for this study Randy Giancaterino, Michael Mally, and the staff of the Public Affairs Office, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, allowed me access to the historical files and records even as they prepared for closure by boxing the material for transfer to the National Archives and Records Administration, Mid Atlantic Region in Philadelphia The staff of the Mid Atlantic Archives, including Regional Administrator Robert Plowman, Assistant Director Kellee Blake, Archivist Shawn Aubitz, and Rebecca Warlow helped guide primary researcher Jean K Wolf through the early navy yard records already deposited at the Archives At the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Linda Stanley, Laura Beardsley, Dan Rolph, and Max Moeller helped locate the papers of Joshua Humphreys and other rare collections with which to reconstruct the navy yard's earliest years Bruce Shearer assisted with prompt reproduction of rare images At the same time, Joseph Benford, head of the Print and Photograph Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia, provided easy access to the collection Barbara Wright introduced the collection of photographs at the Urban Archives at Temple University, Philadelphia, to Wolf and assistant researcher Christine Taniguchi of the National Park Service Special thanks must go to Michael Angelo, Librarian at the Independence Seaport Museum and Todd Bauders, photographer of Bauders Biomedical Photography of Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, for locating and photographing many rare and fragile images from the Lenthall Collection of the Franklin Institute, on loan to the Independence Seaport Museum The photographic staff of the U.S Naval Institute Annapolis copied images of the Philadelphia Navy yard from their collection, while Jack Green facilitated research and rapid reproduction of photographs from the Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard I reserve the last and warmest thanks for the home team of my naval history students, colleagues, and former Philadelphia Navy Yard employees, too numerous to recognize individually, with whom I spent hours discussing preparation of this book My former student Joseph-James Ahern of the Atwater Kent Museum helped organize a day-long symposium at the National Archives on the history of the Philadelphia Navy Yard The session brought together the last shipyard commander Captain Jon C Bergner and former staff and employees to discuss recollections and the meaning of the institution to u.s Navy and Delaware Valley history Elaine Navarra, Libby Hart, Judy Odom, and the entire staff of the Paul Robeson Library; Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, offered constant assistance Rodney P Carlisle of Rutgers University and Russell F Weigley of Temple University offered continual expert advice and support for this project Loretta Carlisle of the History Department laboriously entered and proofed every chapter of the work on her computer And last, my special thanks go to the two most important people in making this book possible Historic Preservation Consultant Jean K Wolf located and meticulously researched the primary sources, and my wife Nel typed the rough draft and put up with my constant ill temper during the writing of the book ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII INTRODUCTION L CALNAVY YARDS made the United States into the world's greatest sea power From ice-choked New England harbors, down the Atlantic seaboard, around the Gulf of Mexico, and up the Pacific coast, U.S navy yards maintained and often constructed ships for the fleet But naval officers who commanded these ships took navy yards for granted "The fleet is the thing [and] the base exists for the fleet," Captain Wat Tyler Cluverius insisted in 1912 "The reference, then, of all work performed at a navy yard is to the ships-a unit of the fleet." Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, father of the concept of sea power, agreed: "The highest function of a navy yard is to maintain the fleet in efficiency in war, [and] no utility in peace will compensate for the want of this in war."! Naval historians as well often disregarded the navy yard, concentrating on the fighting admirals and ships in combat Such neglect became more prevalent in the 1960s, when the government began closing navy yards and sending all new ship construction and most repair and conversion work to private shipyards Gradually, historic U.S government naval shipyards in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Florida, and California became institutional relics of the American past, to be recalled through official inhouse histories written by enthusiastic advocates eager to promote the unique role of their particular local institution Some of these histories used their navy yard to illuminate larger organizational, technological, and socioeconomic change over an extended period of time Most however, were nar- rowly conceived and lacked the careful historical context and analysis necessary to assess institutional change Such limited perspective dominated inhouse histories of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, an institution that over two hundred years was known variously as the Continental, United States, Southwark, Federal Street, League Island, or Philadelphia Navy Yard, and after 1945 as the Philadelphia Naval Base and Naval Shipyard.2 One of the oldest and most historic American institutions, the Philadelphia Navy Yard received hagiographic treatment as America's first navy yard, original naval shipbuilding facility, and birthplace of the U.S Navy and Marine Corps In later years, local histories called it "Uncle Sam's Greatest Navy Yard," and the "finest and most extensive dockyard in the world." These superlatives, while satisfying to regional pride, distorted the historical meaning of the Philadelphia Navy Yard and obscured the larger importance of this evolving national institution that stood for two centuries near the center of some of the most significant changes in American history In reality, the Philadelphia Navy Yard suffered major limitations as a base to maintain the fleet for naval operations "The selection of particular sites to serve this end should be governed by this one consideration, of usefulness in war," Captain Mahan announced But the Philadelphia Navy Yard lay nearly one hundred miles from the Atlantic Ocean, up a Delaware Bay and River that until recently was often closed to navigation by ice during the winter Shifting sand bars, dangerous shoals, and strong tidal currents annually altered the course of the river Before the U.S Army Corps of Engineers dredged a deep ship channel, there were times that no warship with a draft greater then eighteen feet could cross the bar below the Philadelphia Navy Yard Larger ships built upriver had to be floated over the bar and armed or outfitted below at some other river port Consequently, generations of naval officers disparaged Philadelphia "As a home base its lack of strategic 'position' and its distance from the sea up a long narrow channel, puts it out of consideration," contended war planners on the Navy General Board Mahan thought Philadelphia one of the poorest sites for a navy yard, arguing that New York and Norfolk provided the best location as permanent bases "Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, and others may serve for momentary utility, disseminating provision and preparation, but the protection given them as commercial ports will suffice for the inferior use made of them for supplying the fleet."3 Despite such continuing criticism, an American naval shore establishment existed in Philadelphia for well over two centuries, and a U.S Navy Yard operated on the Delaware River near Philadelphia without interruption from early 1801 until late 1996 During its long history the navy yard evolved from an informal, private craft organization the government rented in the Southwark neighborhood into a large industrial naval manufacturing complex on League Island This history makes the yard one of the most important institutions with which to understand organizational change in American naval history From the American Revolution through the creation of a federal government, Philadelphia was the focal point of national institutional growth and thus a laboratory for earliest experiments in forming and building structures of government, including an American naval establishment.4 Philadelphia and surrounding Delaware River communities emerged during the early nineteenth century as the premier region for the design and development of wooden sailing ships and later iron steam-powered warships The Navy Yard became the nexus of larger technological and organizational change in naval shipbuilding, particularly in the INTRODUCTION application of screw propeller technology to steampowered engines on warships During the Civil War, Philadelphia stood as the first line of naval defense for the Union after federal naval facilities to the south fell to Confederate forces Philadelphia built, converted, and outfitted more than one hundred warships during the war, including ironclads The Navy Yard outgrew its original location in the overcrowded Southwark waterfront district of the city, and in 1876 moved permanently downriver to League Island At that time, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fbx predicted that the place would become a leading government naval facility because it could lay up the entire ironclad fleet in a safe and secure freshwater basin "The whole of League Island, embracing an extent of land that exceeds in area the six navy yards on the Atlantic Coast, will be ample for all the requirements of a naval station at Philadelphia, forever."5 Instead, the naval station on League Island barely survived, even as private industry and shipyards in the surrounding Delaware Valley built most of the iron and steel steam-powered warships for the late nineteenth-century American navy Several times flood tides put the entire navy yard underwater and destroyed the floating dry dock Barely fifteen years after the establishment of League Island, a violent wind storm blew down the only covered shipbuilding ways, and the Navy Department prepared to close its yard Instead, the government spared the muddy island installation and gradually improved it, opening permanent dry docks in 1891 and 1907 and building research and testing facilities for fuel oil burning engines and boilers, propellers, and wireless telegraphy In 1911, the Navy transferred the Atlantic Marine Corps Advance Base headquarters and school to League Island During World War I, the Navy Department established shipbuilding ways, a naval aircraft factory, and a submarine base, and started building a third dry dock that promised to make League Island a first-class naval base and shipbuilding yard "Philadelphia should be always retained as our leading subsidiary base," argued naval war planner John Hood, "and the navy yard there developed along the lines indicated as a build- 43 Robert Andrews and Pat D'Amico Oral History transcripts, Oral History Project; Evening Bulletin, 15 July 1967, Editorials File, box 173A, Mounted Clippings; Whitehurst, "Is There a Future?" CHAPTER 12 CULTURE OF CLOSURE Peg Porter Oral History Transcript, p 4, Bernard C Moran Oral History Transcript, pp 14-15, Oral History Project: Beacon, 13 February 1970, 24 March 1972, August 1975; Evening Bulletin, 11 May 1972, [philadelphia Navy Yard] Miscellaneous, 1970-79 File, Mounted Clippings; J K Holloway, Jr., "The Post Vietnam Navy: The Rhetoric and the Realities," USNIP98 (August 1972): 52-59; Joseph F Yurso, "Decline of the Seventies," in Randolph W King, ed., Naval Engineering and American Seapower (Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 326-41; Lawrence J Korb, "The Erosion of American Naval Preeminence, 1962-1978," in Kenneth J Hagan, ed., In Peaceand War: Interpretations of American Naval History, 1775-1984, 2nd ed (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 329-30 U.S Congress, House Armed Service Committee, Status of Shipyards Hearings by the Seapower Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Service House of Representatives, 91st Congress,SecondSession held April-July 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1970), 10438-83, and Current Status of Shipyards 1974, Hearings before the Seapower Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Service, House of Representatives, 93rd Congress,2nd Session; Clinton H Whitehurst, Jr., "Is There a Future for Naval Shipyards?" USNIP104 (April 1978): 32-40; Korb, "Erosion of American Naval Pre-eminence," 328-31 Robert Andrews Oral History Transcript, Oral History Project; Combat Camera Group, Atlantic Fleet, " 'Tidewater Navy': The Norfolk Naval Complex," USNIP98 (August 1972): 71-85; "Tidewater Strategy," Evening Bulletin, 12 October 1977, [Philadelphia Navy Yard] Closing Rumors, 1969 File, box 173A, November 1977, Features File, box l73A Mounted Clippings Eilberg, in Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Chronology of Higblights-1973, typescript, page 5, also, Chronology-1974, for Kissinger, box 1, PNSY History, 5.Beaeon, 27 April 1973; Evening Bulletin, 18 April 1973, [philadelphia Navy Yard] Editorials File, also, see Closing Rumors 1969 File, box 173A, Mounted Clippings; William F Trimble, Wings for the Navy: A History of the 256 NOTES TO PAGES 206-213 Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 327-31 Chronology-1973, p for UNNAC, box 1, PNSY Histories; Beacon, 13 July 1973, 28 February 1975, 16 July 1971;Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 June 1974, [philadelphia Navy Yard] Housing, 1960- File, box 173A, Mounted Clippings; Co=ander William A Cockell, Jr., "The DLG Modernization Program," USNIP98 (January, 1972): 101-4 Elmer Zellers Oral History Transcript, 21, Moran Oral History Transcript, 10, Oral History Project; Beacon, 23 October 1961, 18 January 1963, 10 June, July 1966, 16 August 1968 Co=and History-1973, p 2, box 1, PNSY Histories; Beacon, 22 January and May 1971, 24 March 1972, August 1973; Elmo R Zumwalt, Jr., On Watch:A Memoir (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1976), 217-34; Norman Friedman, "Elmo Russel Zumwalt, Jr., July 1970-1 July 1974," in Robert W Love, Jr., ed., The Chiefs of Naval Operations (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1980),377 Lorraine Daliessio Oral History Transcript, 5, Oral History Project; Command History-1977, page 6, PNSY Histories; Beacon, August 1973, 11 January 1974, January 1976, 16 February 1979 10 Co=and History-1978, page 6, box 1, PNSY History; Beacon, 31 March and 21 April 1978; Floyd D Kennedy, Jr., "From SLOC Protection to a National Maritime Strategy: The U.S Navy Under Carter and Reagan, 1977-1984," in Hagan, Peaceand War, 348; Norman Friedman, U.S Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 266-67 11 Beacon, 21 April 1978; Evening Bulletin, 18 June 1975, Bicentennial File, box 173A, Mounted Clippings; Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, 266-67 12 Naval Supply Systems Command Uniform Automated Data Processing System, in Chronology-1974, Quality Assurance Program in Chronology-1976, Planning & Engineering for Repair and Alteration (PERA) Office, in Chronology-1970-71, box 1, PNSY Histories; Beacon, 11 June 1971, March 1976, January and March 1976, 13 April 1979; "Mothball Fleet Still Sleeping at Naval Base," Philadelphia Inquirer, April 1973, Features File, box 173A, Mounted Clippings 13 Command History-1973, page 4, box 1, PNSY Histories; Beacon, 27 April 1973, 21 April 1978, 11 May 1979; John D Alden, "Tomorrow's Fleet," USNIP105 (January 1979): 115; Robert R Frump, "The Great Aircraft Carrier War," Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 July 1980; Evening Bulletin, 17 April 1978, [Philadelphia Navy Yard] Editorials File, box 173A, Evening Bulletin, 24 May 1980, Miscellaneous 1980-1982 File, box 173B, Mounted Clippings 14 "Chronology of Highlights-1980," typescript, box 1, PNSY Histories; Beacon, 21 April 1978; J D McCaffrey, "Navy Is Criticized over Yard in Philadelphia," Evening Bulletin, 14 April 1978, [Philadelphia Navy Yard] Employees, Employment 1965- File, box 173A, Evening Bulletin, 29 September 1980, Miscellaneous File, 1980-1982, box 173B, Mounted Clippings; New York Times, 11 June 1978 15 Moran Oral History Transcript, 16, Oral History Project; Command History-1978, page 6, Chronology-1980, box 1, PNSY Histories; Agreement Between Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Metal Trades Council, 1965, copy of contract, ISML; Beacon, December 1963, 31 March and 21 April 1978; A V.Guisini, The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Handbook (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Employee Development Division, 1991), x-13b 16 Moran Oral History Transcript, 19, Daliessio Oral History Transcript, 8-9, Oral History Project; Kennedy, "From SLOC P~ction," 354-55; Charles Layton and Michael Mally, "The Navy Yard," Oceans21 (January 1988): 32-37 (34) 17.Beacon, 10 and 24 August, 14 and 28 September, 26 October, and 30 November 1984 18 Beacon, 16 July 1971, 30 November and 14 December 1984,11 January, 29 March, 19 and 26 April, 17 May, and October 1985 19 Command History-1965, typescript, 1; box 1, PNSY History; Beacon, November 1985, 11 December 1964 20.Beacon, November 1985, March, May and October 1986; Layton and Mally, "The Navy Yard," 32-37; Kennedy, "From SLOC," 354-55 21 Beacon, April and 22 December 1989 first base closure article, November 1988; U.S Department of the Navy, Final Environmental Impact Statement: Disposal and Reuse of Naval Base Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Lester, Pa.: Northern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1996), S-2 22 "How Do You Feel About the Yard Being on the 'Hit List' Again?" Beacon, and 23 February 1990 23.Beacon, 20 April and May 1990; Guisini, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Handbook, 1-4 24.Beacon, 24 August 1990, 18 January and 22 June 1991; "Desert Shield, Getting There," USNIP116 (October 1990): 104 25 Pat D'Amico Oral History Transcript, Oral History Project; Wilmot biography, in Baseline (Newsletter of the Office of Defense Conversion, Commerce Department, City of Philadelphia) (1994), copies in Free Library of Philadelphia; Beacon, 27 March, 22 May, 19 June 1992, 15 January 1993; New York Times, 17 October 1993 26 Clark, in Beacon, 24 August 1990, 14 February 1992; Final Environmental Impact Statement, S1-1I2; U.S Senate Committee on Armed Services, DefenseBase Clo- sure and Realignment Commission, [BRAC] Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 102nd Congress,1st Session; Brian Kelly, "Hogwild! Here's the Score on This Years's Biggest Pork-Barrel Hustle," Regardie's 11(June/July 1991): 47-48 27 Claman to Chief of Naval Operations, 29 March 1991, in Base Closure Hearings (1992): 132-81 (156); Beacon, 31 January 1992; Final EnvironmentalImpact Statement, S-1; Douglas C McVarish, Thomas M Johnson, John P McCarthy, and Richard Meyer, A Cultural Resources Survey of the Naval Complex Philadelphia, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, vols (West Chester, Pa.: John Milner Associates, for Department of the Navy Northern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Lester, Pennsylvania, 1994), 28 Base Closure Hearings (1992): 178-80; Beacon, 12 April 1991 29 Base Closure Hearings (1992): 132-50, 159-61, 180-81 30 Beacon, 17 January, 28 February, 13 March, and 14 August 1992,24 April, May, 16 July, 14 September, and October 1993, November 1994, 11 August 1995; New York Times, March and 24 May 1994 31 Trash dump in Commandant's Order No 18/40, 13 November 1940, river pollution in Commandant's Order No 9/42,28 February 1942, File A3-2, box 21, Commandants Orders, Central Subject Files; Beacon, 17 July and 11 August 1992; "Naval Yard Cleanup," Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 October 1997, E3; also see Final Environmental Impact Statement 32 Pennsylvania Economy League and WEFA Group, Economic Impact of the Philadelphia Naval Base and Shipyard on the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Economy League, 1990); The Mayor's Commission of Defense Conversion, Philadelphia Naval Base Conversion Initiative: A ConceptPaper (Philadelphia: Commission of Defense Conversion, 1993), 11, copy in Free Library of Philadelphia; Baseline, (January 1994); Final Environmental Impact Statement, S-1 33 Philadelphia Office of Defense Conversion, League Island: An Environment of Innovation-Community ReusePlan for the Philadelphia Naval Base and Shipyard, Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Mayor's Commission of Defense Conversion, 1994); The Department of the Navy and the City of Philadelphia Master Lease Signing Ceremony, November 22, 1994, program, copy in ISML; Baseline (1994),2 (JanuaryiFebruary; July/August, 1995); Camden Courier-Post, 22 September 1996, 17 July 1998; Final Environmental Impact Statement, 1-3 34 Beacon, 17 December 1993, 25 March 1994, 27 January and 14 July 1995; Baseline (1994); Courier-Post, December 1997 NOTES TO PAGES 214-219 257 35 Beacon, 14 July 1995; Baseline (1994); "Business Special Update on the Naval Base," Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 September 1996, 28 September 1997; Courier-Post, 25 July 1996, 20 January 1997; New York Times, 12 March 1994 36 Baseline (May/June, August/September, (January/February, 258 NOTES TO 1994): September/ October, 1995); Courier- PAGES 219-220 Post, 22 September 1996, 24 October, 17 December 1997 37 Ship's Deck Log Sheet, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, 9/27/96, copy, ISML; Closure Ceremony Brochure, box 4, PNSY Histories; Beacon, November 1985; Courier-Post, 10 September 1995,28 September 1996; Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 and 28 September 1996 INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate figures or captions Abelson, Philip H., 188 Absegami, 136 Adams, Charles Francis, 157 Adams, John, 15, 17, 19,21,24,26,39,40,42,43,49,53-54 Adams, John Quincy, 68 Adams, Samuel, 21, 27-29 Adriana, 44 African Americans, 69, 146-47,147, 159, 176-79,212,213, 216 Air Force, 192, 195, 206 Akron, 159 Alabama, 91, 113, 118 Albany, 212 Albertson, Rickloff, 32 Alexander, Captain Charles, 17 Alfred,18,19,43,44 Alicia, 136 Allegheny, 146, 175 Allen, 136,137 Allen, John, 49 Allen, William, 9, 49, 50 Alliance, 32 Allison, Robert, 14 American Car and Foundry Company, 144 Ammen, 134 Anders, 186 Andrea Doria, 18,19,27 Andrews, Robert, 206, 208 Ann, 32 Anthony, Henry B., 89 Antietam, 97, 101, 186,188,205 Antioquia, 172 Appam, 131, 132 Arctic, 78, 111 Arkansas, 153 Army, 206; Corps of Engineers, 2, 109, 110, 116 Army and Navy Munitions Board, 176 Ashmead, James, 24 Asia, 32 Association Battery, 11,12, 13, 14, 16 Astoria, 94 Atlanta, 92, 95, 106 Atlantic City, New Jersey, 126, 175; Naval Air Station, 196 Atlantic Reserve Fleet, 114,118,119,120,123,128,193, 215,165; football, 127 Atwood, Anthony, 11 Aurora, 43 Austin, 111 Babcock and Wilcox, 176 Bache, Alexander Dallas, 78, 81, 88, 89 Back Channel, 91,92,96,97,101,104,107,109,111,113, 114, 116, 117, 130, 146 Bainbridge, Commodore William, 62, 64, 68 Balch, 128 Baldwin, Matthias L., 70 Baltimore, 44, 106, 107 Baltimore,25,28,33,35,38,39,56,57,69,81 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 97 Bard, Ralph, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 171, 176, 180, 186 Barrett, William A., 202, 203 Barron, Captain James, 68, 69, 70 Barry, John, 19,25,27,34,35,35,44,36,39,71 Bartlett, Josiah, 21 Base Cleanup Plan, 219 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC), 4, 194,217,218,219 Bataan, 193 Bath Iron Works, 132, 216 Batt, William L., 180 Battery Grounds, 50 Baum, George M., 160 Beale, 132 Beneficial Suggestions Program, 158, 195, 196 Benham, Commodore Andrew E K., 107 Benson, Commandant Captain William S., 123, 124, 126, 140 Bergner, Commander Jon C., 218 Bermuda, 91 Bermuda, 25, 29, 130 Berude, Commander John B., 210, 212 Bethlehem Steel Company, 106 Bibb, 78 Biddle, Anthony J Drexel, 170 Biddle, Captain Nicholas, 17, 29, 68; Bank of the United States, 68 Biddle, Clement, 17,20,24,44 Biddle, Commander James, 56, 66, 68 Biddle, Owen, 15, 17 Biddle, William Phillips, 101, 117 Biden, Joseph R., 213 Bills, William, 61 Bingham, William, 38, 39, 43 Birmingham, 118 Black Duck, 29 Black Prince, 18, 19,43,44 Blackwood, 186 Blackvvood,Sara, 186 Blankenburg, Mayor Rudolph, 119, 123 Blewer, Captain Joseph, 13 Block Island, 197 Blower, 197 Blue Ridge, 203, 206, 207 Board of Assistants, 26 Board of Labor Employment, 131 Board of Naval Commissioners, 23 Board of Navy Commissioners, 57, 61, 64, 66, 67,72,73,74 Board of Scientific Management Methods, 117 Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, 183, 187-88,200,202,203 Bordentown, New Jersey, 26, 28 Borie, Adolf E., 94, 95 Boston, 106 Boston, 2, 15,28,32,35,37,38,47,55,62,69,113,114,135, 140,176; Harbor, 57; Navy Yard, 202, 203, 212 Bowers, Samuel, 42 Bowers, Sylvester, 26 Bradley, Bill, 216,217 Bradley, Michael J., 183 Braisted, Rear Admiral William C., 143 Branch,John,68 Brandegee, Frank B., 92 Brandywine, 76 Breck, Samuel, 60 Breese, Samuel 1., 94 Bright, 197 Bringhurst, James, 17 Brilain, 9,15,24,29,34,42,49,54,76,91,117,142,148, 168, 175, 186; Lords of the Admiralty, Brooklyn, 96-97 Brooklyn Navy Yard, 116, 119, 123, 157, 203, 206 Brown, Commander John H., Jr., 198 Brown, John, 20,26 Bryan, Benjamin C., engineering officer, 116 Buchanan, James, 79 Buck,160 Buffalo Steam Pump Company, 151 Bull Dog, 16 Bullitt, John C., 97 Bullitt, William C., 170 Bumper, 197 Bureau of Construction and Repair, 84, 96, 104, 126, 138, 168 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 102 Bureau of Ordnance, 17, 104, 116, 149 Bureau of Ships, 168, 172, 195,197,200 Bureau of Steam Engineering, 84, 96, 104, 105 Bureau of Yards and Docks, 96,104,105,107,126,138,174 Burke, 16, 186 Burke, Arleigh, Chief of Naval Operations, 202 Burke, Daniel J., 203 Bush,George,216, 217 Bushnell, 128 Butler, 172, 183 260 INDEX Butler, Butler, Butte, Byrne, Smedley Darlington, 117 Thomas S., 117 220 James A., 203 Cabot, 19, 193, 197, 198 Cabot, George, 43 Cadwalader, Brigadier General George, 76 Cadwalader, John, 90 California, 193 Cambria Steel Company, 112 Cambridge, 94 Camden, 16, 142 Camden Democrat, 97 Camden, New Jersey, 95, 98, 109, 113, 126, 150, 183; riots, 212 Camden and Amboy Railroad, 69 Camilla, 28 Cannon Committee, 17 Canonicus,114 Canton, 32 Caperton, 198 Carnegie Institute and Naval Research Laboratory, 188 Carnegie Steel Company, 106, 112 Carpenter's Yard, 14 Carrier Corporation of Syracuse, 176 Carrier Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), 213, 214, 215,216 Carter, James Earl, 213 Casdorp, Thomas, 13 Casey, Commandant Silas, 111 Cassidy, William J., Jr., 219 Cassin, 159, 183 Cates, 197 Cattell, Alexander G., 88, 89, 95 Ceres, 32 Chafee, John H., Secretary of the Navy, 212 Chandler, William E., 105, 106 Chantry, Alan J., 166, 168, 171, 176, 178, 189, 193 Charleston, South Carolina, 2, 33, 109, 116,203 Charlestown, Massachusetts, 49; Navy Yard, 57, 62 Chase, Samuel, 17 Chatham, 16 Chauncey, 116 Chauncey, Captain Wolcott, 61 Cheney, Richard B., Secretary of Defense, 217 Chesapeake, 44 Chesapeake Bay, 9, 29, 38,44,81, 111, 129, 134, 136, 152, 175 Chester, 118 Chester, Pennsylvania, 46, 85, 95, 97, 105, 134, 143, 145, 183 chevaux-de-frise, 15, 17,24,28 Chicago, 106, 115, 134, 186,187 Church, Gaylord, 174 Churchill, Wmston, 168 City of Philadelphia, 44 Civil Engineer's Residence, 104 Civil War, 2,78,81,84,88,89,90,93,96,106,112-14 Claghorn, George, 40 Claman, Commander John S., 217 Clamgore, 197 Clark, Commander Arthur D., 215, 216, 218 Claytor, W Graham, Jr., Secretary of the Navy; 213-14 Cleveland, Grover, 107 Clinton, William J., 219 Clow, Andrew, 32 Cluverius, Captain Wat Tyler, 1, 160, 164 Clymer, George, 32, 50 Coates, Mrs J Lloyd, 186 Coates, Warwick, 13, 19,23,36-37,50 Coburn, Frederick G., 137 Cochran, Thomas, 97 Code and Signal Section, 183 Cold War, 3, 191-96, 198, 199,219 Colfax, Schuyler, 92 Collins, James, 30 Collins, John Bartholomew, 113 Colorado, 116, 152 Columbia, 111,112, 134 Columbus, 19,61 Combat Information Center, 200 Comerford, Francis J., 146 Commerce, 30, 31, 32 Commission on Defense Conversion (CDC), 218, 219 Committee of Safety and Defense, 14-17,21,27,57 Committee of Secret Correspondence, 14, 17,23 Committee of Sixty-Six, 16 Committee on Naval Equipments, 38 Committee on Trade, 17 Compton, Lewis C., 168 Concord, 193 Congress, 16,29,30, 94 Connecticut, 118, 128, 144 Consort IV, 175 Constellation, 31,38,39,40,49,52,212 Constitution, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 52, 97, 98, 98, 150, 151, 152 Continental Army, 15, 33, 37, 38 Continental Congress, 14, 17,20,21; Marine committee, 11 Continental Navy; 14, 17, 19,21,23,25,26,27,32 Continental Shipyard, 24, 25, 27, 30 Convention, 29 Conyngham, 158 Conyngham, Captain John, 13, 32 Coolbaugh, 186 Cooley, A B., 77 Coolidge, Calvin, 153, 156, 157 Coontz, 212 Cooper, Captain George F., 136 Coopers and Lybrand, 218 Cope, Thomas, 71 Corinthian Yacht Club, 136, 175 Cottinger, Garret, 44 Courter, James A., 218 Cox,Jacob,30,36 Cox, Joseph, 13 Coxe, Tench,35 Craig, James, 20, 26, 28 Cramp Shipbuilding Company, 85, 95, 106, 108,112, 114, 116,140,143,176,216 Cread, 186 Crescent, 42 Cromwell, Bartlett Jefferson, 110 Cromwell, James H R., 136 Crosby, Commandant Pierce, 101, 102, 105 Crosley, 186 Crowninshield, Benjamin w., 59 Cunningham, Alfred A., 137, 138 Currituck, 180, 197 Cutbush, Edward, naval surgeon, 56 Cuthbert, Thomas, 20, 25, 28 Cyane,64 Cythera, 175 D-2,139 D-3, 139 D'Amico, Pat, 206 Dacotah, 90 Dakin, Samuel D., 76, 77-78 Dale, 71, 72 Daliessio, Lorraine, 213 Dallas, Alexander J., 56-57, 58, 68 Dalton v Specter, 218 Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the Navy; 120, 121, 123, 124,124,126,130,132,135,136,142,147 Darby, 186 Dashiell, 198 Davis, Captain Charles H., 93 Davis, W Thomas, 49, 52; pier, 57 Day, 186 De Kalb, 132,133 Deane, Silas, 15, 19,20,26,27 Decatur, Stephen, 30, 35, 69, 71 Decker, 186 Deep Water Island, 14 Delavue, John, 30, 31 Delatvare,23,29,44,46,76 Delaware River Iron and Shipbuilding Company See Roach Denby, Edwin, Secretary of the Navy; 146, 148, 152 Denfeld, Louis Emil, Chief of Naval Operations, 195 Dennis, Richard, 13 Department of Defense, 195, 208, 218 Department of Energy, 206 Destroyers-for-Bases, 175 Detroit, 193, 219 Detvey, 212 Dewey, Admiral George, 198 Dickinson, 16, 23 Dictator, 92, 105 Diligence, 44, 46 Dilworth, Mayor Richardson, 202 Dixie, 111, 116, 123, 129, 134 Dobbin, 141, 143,144, 147, 152 INDEX 261 Dobbin, James C., 143 Dobbins, Mary, 13 Dobler, 186 Doenitz, Karl, 175 Dolphin, 63, 106 Donaldson, Arthur, 24, 30, 36 Donaldson, John, 32 Doneff, 186 Donohoe, Michael, 117 Dortch, 198 Dougherty; Captain Henry, 13, 16 Doughty; James, 13, 36 Doughty; William, 35, 36, 46, 54, 61 Draemel, Commandant Milo Frederick, 176, 183, 189, 191, 193 DreHer, Louis, 192 Drury, 186 Dry Dock: No.1, 4,107-9,116,156,187,201; No.2, 114-16, 115, 136,137, 142, 159-60; No.3, 118, 140,143; No.4, 171-72,186,200 Du Pont, Alfred E., 56, 76, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 93, 95-96 Du Pont, Alfred I., 136 Du Pont Powder Works, 130 DucM, Anthony; 11 Dugan, Captain Kathleen, 216 Duncan, 132, 136 Dupuy; R Ernest, 164 Duquesne Steel Foundry, 151 Durham Iron Works, 14, 17,24 1?agle,44, 46, 160 1?agle56, 175 Earle, George Howard, III, 121, 160 Earle, Ralph, 145, 146 Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 176 Edge Moor Works, 113 Edison, Charles, Secretary of the Navy; 166, 168 Edison, Mrs Charles, 184 Edison, Thomas Alva, 168 1?dward McConnell, 218 1?ffinghan7, 23,24,27,28 Eilberg, Joshua, 208 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 202 Electrical Shop, 139 Electronic Data Processing Department, 200 Electronics, Weapons, Precision, and Electrical Facility; 212.215 Elle~: William, 29 Ellion Jesse Duncan, 75 Emmons Co=andant George E, 95, 96 Endicon ~Iordecai T., 104 Engle, Co=andant Frederick, 74, 75 1?ngstrom.186 1?nright, 186 Enright, Earl Francis, 166 Eppes, Francis, 15 Ericsson, John, 73, 89 1?ssex,55 262 INDEX Evans, David, 14 Evans, Joel, 26 Evans, Jonathan, 26 1?xperi~nt, 16, 19 Eyre, Benjamin, 23 Eyre, Emanuel, 16, 23, 30,32 Eyre, Jehu, 23 Falconer, John, 19 Falconer, Nathaniel, 17, 19,23,26 Farenholt, Rear Admiral Ammen, 92 Farragut, 212 Fearless, 146 Fenwick Island Shoal Lighthouse, 142 Fernald, Frank Lysander, 105 Fifth Naval District Office, 195 Fischer, Adelbert, 130 Fisher, Charles W, Jr., 178 Fisher, William, 13 Fiske, Bradley; 123 Fitzhugh, William E., 106 Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 24, 32, 34 Five-Power Treaty; 148, 149, 152, 153 Flag, 84 "Fleet of the United Colonies," 20 Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM), 200, 212 Floating dry dock, 77 Florence, Thomas Birch, 79 Florida, 158 Fly, 27 Flynn, Commander Joseph E., 200 Foglietta, Thomas, 214-15,217 Folsom, Frank M., 180 Foote, PercyW,160 Ford, Gerald, 213 Fore River Shipbuilding Company; 152 Forrest, Uriah, 49 Forrestal,200, 213,214 Forrestal, James v., Secretary of the Navy; 168, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 193 Fort Gaines, 57 Fort McHenry, 57 Fort McPherson, 132 Fort Mifflin, 14,28,41-42,52,57,61,70,73, 104, 111, 145, 146,151; Naval Ammunition Depot, 128, 174, 178,202 Fort Oglethorpe, 132 Fort Pitt, 16 Forward, 76, 81 Foster, Lafayette S., 89 Fourth Naval District Office, 134, 136, 160, 180, 193, 195, 198 Fowler, 186 Fox, Gustavus Vasa, 2, 85, 89, 92, 93, 93; Advantage of League Island, 93 Fox,Josiah,34,36,39,42,44,54 Fox, Kohn Pederson, 218 Foxall Foundry, 46 FRAM See Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization France, 9, 26, 34,39,44,49,54,91, 148, 168, 170 Francis, Tench, 37 Frankford Arsenal, 91, 194, 196,213 Franklin, 16, 58-59, BO,71, 81 Franklin, Benjamin, 9,11,15,16,17,19,23,26 Franklin Institute of Science and Technology, 76 Franklin's Association Battery, 49 Frederick, 145 French and Indian War, 9, 16 Frigate Commission, 21, 23, 24 See also Morris, Robert Fuel Oil Testing and Boiler Laboratory, 152-53 Fuller, Benjamin, 24, 29 Fulton, 78, 200 Furer, Julius A., 154 Furious, 172 Furlong, Julia, 212-13 Gadsden, Christopher, 15, 17, 19 Gale, Anthony, 56 Gallagher, Patrick, 97 Gallatin, Albert, Secretary of the Treasury, 53 Galveston, 193, 200 Ganges, 43, 46 Garland, Judy, 181,182 Garvey Precision Machine, 219 Gates, Thomas w., Jr., Secretary of the Navy, 202 Gatewood, Richard D., 126, 140 Gatling, 198 General Electric Company, 111, 151,214 General Greene, 33 George H Stout, 96-97 George W Campbell, 159 George Washington, 52, 117 Georgia, 114, 118 Germantown, 74-75 "Germantown Mail Wagon," 101 Gettysburg, 216 Gherardi, 172, 183 Gilbert, John S., 76 Gilmer, Thomas w., 74 Gimbel, Daniel, 148 Girard, Stephen, 30 Goode, Mayor W Wilson, 214,217 Goodrich, Captain Casper E, 114 Gore, Albert, 219 Gosport, Virginia, 9, 29, 44; Navy Yard, 97 Goss, Nelson H., 136 Government and Industry Volunteers for Education (GIVE), 214 Grant, Commandant Albert Weston, 121 Grant, Ulysses S., 94, 95 Great Depression, 3, 158, 166,169, 181 Great White Fleet, 114 Greater Philadelphia Movement, 119, 123 Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program (GUPPY), 197 Green, Mayor William J., Jr., 195,207, 213, 214 Greer, 175 Gregory, 146 Grice, Francis, 13, 55 Grice, Francis, Jr., 14,23,32 Grice, Joseph, 55 Griffin, Robert S., 149, 150, 151, 152 Guadalcanal, 200 Guam, 200, 203 Guavina, 197 Guffey, Joseph, 170 Gulnight, 125 gunboats, 55; No.3, 53, 54; Nos 116-35, 54 See also Franklin; Miami; Tacony; Terror; Yorktown Guppy, 197 GUPPY See Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program Gurney, Francis, 30 Guthrie, 136 Haas, Commander Peter William, Jr., 198, 200 Hackett, James K., 26, 42 Hadlock, O C., 136 Haines, John, 41 Hall, Margaret, 147 Hamburgh Packet, 44 Hamilton, 159 Hamilton, Alexander, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 49 Hamond, Captain Ander Snape, 28 Hampton Roads, Virginia, 85 Hancock, 16, 28 Hancock,John,27-28 Hanscom, John Forsyth, Naval Constructor, 111 Harding, Warren G., 146, 148 Harlan and Hollingsworth Iron Foundry and Shipbuilding Company, 82, 95 Harris, Frederic R., 126, 128-29 Harris, Joseph C., 88 Harris, Thomas, 68 Harrison, George, 53, 54, 56, 67 Hartford, 78 Hassan Bashaw, 42, 46 Hassayampa, 212 Hatch, Lieutenant Colonel Charles B., 137 Hazelhurst, Isaac, 24, 30 Hazelwood, Captain John, 13 Heckman, Commander John, 217 Heinz, John H., senator, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,217 Henderson,B, 123, 124,125 Henry, Mayor Alexander, 89 Hensel, H Struve, Secretary of the Navy,186 Hero, 11, 24 Hertzog, Charles Demetrius, 176 Hetty, 32 Hewes, Robert, 19 Hewes, William, 26 Hichborn, Philip, 104 Higginson, Stephen, 44 Hilt, Margaret, 178 Ritner Salvage Corporation, 144, 149 INDEX 263 HMS Augusta, 49 Hog Island, 138, 140, 148 Hogg, Peregrine, 14 Holker, John, Jr., 30 Hollingsworth, Jehu, 32 Hollingsworth, Levi, 14,32 Hood, John, Hoover Commission, 195 Hoover, Henry, 90 Hoover, Herbert, 157, 158 Hopkins, Esek, 20 Hopkins, Stephen, 17, 19 Hopkinson, Francis, 26 Hornet, 25, 27 Houston, Edwin S., 111 Howe, Lord Richard, 27 Howe, Sir William, 27 Hudson, Charles E, 172 Hudson River, 29 Hughes, Commandant Charles Francis, 142, 144, 145, 146, 189 Hughes, Charles Evans, Secretary of State, 148 Hull, Isaac, 57 Humphreys, Clement, 26 Humphreys, Joshua, 14 Humphreys, Joshua, Jr., 13, 16, 17,21,24,30 38,40,42-44, 45,49-50,52-53,55,57,58,61,62,76,88,90 Humphreys, Samuel, 42, 46, 49, 52, 53, 61, 66, 72 Hunt, William H., 105 Hutton, Benjamin, 30, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53 Hutton, John, 30 Hutton, Nathaniel, 30, 42, 50, 53 Hutton, Thomas, 52 Ice Boat No.3, 111 Idaho, 116, 131, 143 Illinois, 145, 146, 149-50, 189, 193-94 Independence, 27, 214 Indiana, 126, 146, 148 Industrial Department, 158, 166 Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, 158, 172 Industry, 29 influenza, 146 Ingersoll, Charles Jared, 76 International Navigation Company, 111 Iowa, 5,148 Irex, 197 Irwin, Thomas, 30 Isherwood, Captain Benjamin, 84, 85, 94 Italy, 113, 148, 160, 175 Iwo Jima, 218 J S McCain, 203, 205 Jackson, Marine Corps Sergeant Harry, 147 Jackson, Andrew; 68-69 Jacob Jones, 130 264 INDEX James Guthrie, 134 James, Ralph K., 200, 202 Japan, 102, 115, 142, 148, 160, 175, 183, 186, 188, 192 Jason, 105, 108, 114 Jay, John, 30 Jefferson, Thomas, 15,33,50,52-53,54,56 Jennings, Elizabeth McNeal, 178, 194 John F Kennedy, 213, 216 John Fitch, 74 John Paul Jones, 203 John Roach's Shipyard and Fbundry, 95, 97,134 Johnson, James E., 212 Johnson, Lyndon B., 203 Johnson, Louis A., Secretary of Defense, 195 Joint Committee for Yard Development, 203 Jones, Captain Gerald R., 208 Jones, William, Secretary of the Navy, 55, 56, 57 Josephine, 111 Joshua Humphreys & Son, 55 Josiah, Captain James, 17 Jouett, 131, 132 Juniata, 84 Justice, Philip, 64 K-2, 146 K-8, 146 Kaiser, Louis Anthony, 143 Kanawha, 142 Kane, Dr Elisha Kent, 78 Kansas, 84,113,118,128,149 Karlsruhe,162 Katahdin, 111 Katy, 20 Kauffman, Commander James L., 195 Kearsarge, 114,115, 146,151 Keen, James, 66 Kelley, John B., 170 Kelley, William D (Pig Iron), 90, 91, 94 Kellogg, Frank B., Secretary of State, 154 Kelly, Frank J., 181, 182 Kempff, Clarence, 146 Kendall,Amos,68 Kendrick, Mayor W Freeland, 143, 154 Kennedy, David, 102, 103 Kennedy, John E, 203 Kennedy, Robert, 56, 66 Kensington, 16,23,24,28,30,34,49, 53, 54,55,57, 76,85,95 Kerr, Commander William A., Jr., 215 Keystone State, 82, 83,84 Kimball, Dan A., Secretary of the Navy, 198 King, Commander-in-Chief Ernest J., 181, 189 King, James w., 93 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 213 Kingsport, 200 Kirkland, Commandant William Ashe, 109, 111 Kirwin, 186 70, 75, Kissinger, Henry; Secretary of State, 210 Kitty Hawk, 200,201,212,215,216 Knapp, Captain John J., 126 Kniskern, Commander Leslie A., 195, 196, 197, 198,200, 202 Knowles, Joseph, 11 Knox, Henry; 33, 34, 35 Knox, Frank, Secretary of the Navy, 168, 170, 176, 180, 181, 183 Korean War, 3, 196-200 Kronprinz Wilhelm, 129-30,129, 132 Kvaerner Construction and Engineering Company, 219 L-1,139 L-4,139 L-10,139 La Croyable, 44 Lafayette, 197 Lake, 216 Lakehurst Naval Air Station, 175 Lamberton, Robert E., 172 Lancaster, 78, 79 Landenberger, George B., 158 Langdon, John, 19 Langley, 193, 197 Lansing, Robert, Secretary of State, 125, 132 Latimer, General Julian Lane, 157 Latrobe, Benjamin H., 54 Lautenberg, Frank R., 216, 217 Lawson, John, 13 League Island, 172 League Island, 1,2,3,3,4,80,82,88-97,99-119,102,104, 107-8,120,158-60,162,164,166-72,171,173,174-90, 191-206,212-15,216,218,220; early buildings, 96; Foundry building, 141; German internment camp, 129-32; Park, 130, 135, 159 Lee, Arthur, 28-29 Lee, Francis, 28-29 Lee, Richard Henry; 19, 28-29 Lee, Robert E., 123 Lefadain, Joseph T., 104 Lehigh, 111, 114,115 Lehman, John E, Secretary of State, 214, 215,217 Lelah Eisha, 42, 46 Lenthall,John, 72,84,85, 94 Levin, Lewis Charles, 76 Lewis, Francis, 26 Lewis, Jacob, 13 Lexington, 25, 152, 214 Lilac, 175 Lilly, Miles, 181 Lincoln, Abraham, 81, 92 Lincoln, Benjamin, 32 Lincoln University, 213 Little, 146 Little Aie, 136 Litton Industries, 208 Logan, James, 9, 11 London Naval Treaty, 152, 158, 159 London Packet, 30 Long Beach, 200 Longstreth, Thatcher, 213, 214 Los Angeles, 186,187 Lott, Trent, 217 Louisiana, 142 Loxley, Benjamin, 14 Luby, John McClane, 126-27, 132, 136 Luce, 212 Lunch Time Revue, 29, 182 Lusitania, 125 Lysaught, Edward J., 159 MacMullen, John P., 159-60 Macpherson, John, 17 Madison, James, 55, 58, 61 Madoc, 132 Madrid, 107 Magruder, Commandant Rear Admiral Thomas Pickett, 154-57,157 Mahan, Captain Alfred Thayer, 1,2 Mahopac, 114 Maine, 111, 113, 129, 142, 148 Manchester, 172, 175 Manhattan, 96-97, 114 Manhattan Project, 186 Manitowoc, 203 Manley, 146 Manning, William J., 101, 104 Manufacturing Department, 117 Marbury; William, 44, 49 Marcus Hook Naval Shipyard, 46, 49 Mare Island, 96,109,176 Marine Committee, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 See also Morris, Robert Marine Corps, 101, 112, 117,119,121,124,129,137,138, 181,199,203,206; Advance Base, 2,117,124,203; Reservation, 117,213; Marine Guard, 213; Supply Depot, 196, 212 Mars, 29 Marsh, Joseph, 13,23,28,49,50 Marshall, George C., 190, 192, 198 Marshall, Thomas R., 123 Martin, Frank C., 146 Martin's Industry, 78 Maryland, 145 Massachusetts, 126, 148 Mathewson, Rufus w., 166, 168, 172, 173, 174, 178, 193 Mathis Yacht Building Company, 144, 175 Matthews, Francis P., Secretary of the Navy, 198 McAdoo, William Gibbs, Secretary of the Treasury; 132 McCoach Recreation Center for Colored People, 147 McDonald, Commander-in-ChiefWesley L., 214 McDougal, 158 McHenry; James, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49 INDEX 265 McKay, Nathaniel, 97 McKean, Josiah So, 116, 123, 129, 154, 156 McKee, Andrew Irwin, 193 McMichael, Mayor Morton, 94 McMullen, Robert, 49, 52 McNamara, Robert So, Secretary of Defense, 202, 203 Mease,James,27,30 Melville, 129 Melville, George W, 106 Melville, Phillips, 18 Memphis, 193 Mercury, 26, 30 Mercy, 144-45 Merrick & Sons Foundry, 79, 80, 85, 86 Merrick, Samuel Vaughan, 70, 72, 73, 76 Merrimack, 78 Metal Trades Council, AFL-CIO, 203, 214 Metro Machine, 219 Meyer, George von Lengerke, Secretary of the Navy, 116-20, 123 Meyer Werft Shipbuilding, 219 Miami, 84 Miantonomah,105 Michigan, 118, 126, 129,150 Middle Department Navy Board, 26 Midvale Steel Company, 106 Mifflin, Thomas, 37 Migraine III conversion, 199-200 Miles, 197 Minneapolis, 111, 113, 158 Minnesota, 142 Minutemen, 15, 17,81 Mississi~i, 72, 72, 73, 73, 78, 118 Missouri, 128, 148 Mitchell, Billy, 156 Mitscher, 203 Moffett, William A., 153, 154, 159 Mondale, Walter, 213, 214 Monitor, 85, 89 Monongahela, 84 Montana, 118 Montauk, 105, 107, 111, 114,115 Monterey, 193, 197 Montgomery, 25, 29 Moody, Rutherford, 76, 77-78 Moody, William, Secretary of the Navy, 114 Moore, Mayor J Hampton, 117, 148 Moreno (Argentine), 126 Morgan, John To,35, 36 Morgenthau, Henry, Jro, Secretary of the Treasury, 159, 181 Moriarity, Jane, 177 Morley, Christopher, 144, 152 Morris, Anthony, 13, 26, 50 Morris, Charles, 72, 73 Morris, Luke, 13, 50 Morris, Robert, 9,13,15,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,27,28, 29,30,32,34,44 Moses, Stanford Eo, 117 ° 266 INDEX Mosquito, 27 Mud Island, 16, 41, 57 Mullany, Jimmy, 198 Mumford, Thomas, 19, 26 Murray, Commodore Alexander, 56, 57, 62, 67 Murtha, John P., 216 Mustin Flying Field, 154, 159, 160, 171, 174 Mustin, Henry Croskey, 137, 154 Mutchler, James, 183 Myers, Francis Jo, 195 Myers, William, 66 }Vahant, 90,91,96-97,107,108,109,114 }Vancy fl, 175 }Vantucket,90 }Vashville, 160 "National Floating Dock," 76 National Security Act of 1947, 192 }Vautical Magazine of the }Vaval Chronicle, 71 }Vautilus, 188 Naval Academy, 68, 94, 166, 183, 198 Naval Advisory Board, 105, 106 Naval Air Engineering Center, 212 Naval Air Material Center, 180, 189, 193 Naval Aircraft Factory, 137-38, 153-54, 160, 162, 170, 178, 180, 183 Naval Arms Limitation Conference, 152 Naval Coastal Defense Reserve Force, 134, 135 Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 219 Naval Home, 68, 113, 114, 126, 196 Naval Hospital, 126, 139, 159, 215 Naval Material Support Establishment, 203 Naval Overseas Transport Service, 136 Naval Research Laboratory, 188, 197 Naval Shore Station Development Board, 166 Navy Combat Systems Engineering Development Site, 216 Navy Day, 159-60, 164, 186 Navy Department, 160, 164, 168, 175, 176, 181, 183, 186, 198,217,219; Base Structure Committee, 216, 217, 218 }Vavy Register, 126 }Vavy Yard Beacon, 180,181 Navy Yard Career Transition Center, 206 Navy Yard Development Association, 158, 181, 182, 195 Navy Yard Glee Club, 198 Navy Yard String Band, 181, 196, 198 Neafie and Levy Ship and Engine Company, 114 }VedevaII, 136 Nelson, Donald, 176, 180 Nesbitt, John Maxwell, 13, 14, 17, 19,23,27,29,32 }Veshaminy, 84, 91 "New American Navy," 105 New Deal, 121, 158, 159, 160 "New England Mano" See Fox, Gustavus }VewHampshire, 91, 142, 144 }VewIronsides, 85, 90, 93 }Vew Jersey, 5,166,168,169,170,178,183,184,205,206, 220-21 New London, Connecticut, 89, 92, 93, 172 New Mexico, 158 New Orleans, 203,205 New York, 193 New Yard, 140, 143,143 New York, 1,2, 29, 30, 31, 35, 37, 38, 46-47, 49, 55, 69, 70, 84,86,92,113,115,135,140,176; Naval Militia, 150; Navy Yard, 148,200 New York Shipbuilding Company, 114, 131, 132, 140, 143, 152,160,171,176,199,200,202,203,206,216 Newark, 106 Newberry, Truman, 116 Newell, Harman, 97 Newport, 203,205 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, 200, 215 Nicola, Lewis, 15, 16 Nimitz, 213 Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief Chester w., 181, 183, 192 Nixon, John, 13, 14, 17, 19,23,26,27,29,32 Nixon, Richard M., 210, 213 Nokomis, 159 Norfolk, 189, 193-94, 199 Norfolk, Virginia, 2, 35, 55, 62, 69, 71, 72, 81, 109, 113, 114, 123, 131, 138, 140,203,219; Navy Yard, 116, 119, 123, 127,129,148,195,208,210,217 Norris, George Washington, 121, 123, 124 Norris, Isaac w., 76 North Carolina, 61-62, 126, 128, 130 Northern Metal Company, 175 Norton, Homer H., 159 nuclear accident, 166, 186-88,189,202 Nulton, Commandant Louis McCoy, 146,147, 148, 149, 151-52 Ohio, 128, 144 Okinawa, 200 Oklahoma, 153, 183 Olcutt, Colonel Henry Steel, 90 Old Swedes Church, 11, 13, 14,33,34,37, Olympia, 154, 159, 198,214 Omaha, 94, 97 Operation Crossroads, 193 Operation Desert Storm, 216 Operation Drumbeat, 175 Oregon, 150 Osprey, 77 Ossipee, 105 Owen, John ap, 26 Owner, Samuel, 37 Ozark, 148 46 Pacific Fleet, 183, 192, 193, 198 Padgett, Lemuel P., 136 J>alau, 198 Palmer, John, 14,28 J>anther, 111, 116, 117, 123, 156;J>anther Association, 116-17,123 Parham, John, 11, 13 Parker, Josiah, 38 J>assaic, 90, 96-97 J>atapsco, 49, 52 Patterson, Robert P., Secretary of War, 190 J>atty, 32 Paulding, James K., 71 J>awnee,78, 79 Peale, Charles Willson, 22 Pearl Harbor, 120, 148, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 183, 194 Peary, Robert E., 107-8 Pendergrast, Commodore Garrett Jesse, 84 Pendleton, Commandant Edwin C., 116 Penjerdel Council, 213, 214 Penn, Thomas, 13 Penn, William, 9, 11 J>ennsylvania, 63, 64,66-67,70,71,71,72,76,116,183 Pennsylvania Assembly, 16 Pennsylvania Council of Safety, 27 Pennsylvania Defense Committee, 26 Pennsylvania Economy League, 218 Pennsylvania Navy, 14, 16, 17, 25 Pennsylvania Railroad, 88,89,90, 93,94, 95, 97,113,132, 140 Penrose and Wharton, 14 Penrose, Bartholomew, 11 Penrose, Boies, 117, 119 Penrose, Charles, 55,56 Penrose, Isaac, 13 Penrose, James, 9, 11, 13, 14,24 Penrose, Samuel, 23 Penrose, Thomas, 11, 13,24 Penrose, Thomas, Jr., 16 Penrose, William, 34, 53 J>ensacola, 154 Pensacola, Florida, 69; Naval Air Station, 214 J>eoria, 111 Permanent Improvement Board, 107,108-9 Peters, Richard, 11, 13 J>halanx weapons system, 214 J>hiladelphia,33,46,49,52,62, 71,106,159,160,161 Philadelphia, 2,33,35,38,40, 47, 55,57,62,68-71, 73, 76, 79,81,82,84-86,88-92,94-97,101,105,106,109, 111-14, 116-19, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 132, 134-37, 145, 151, 183,218,219; Authority for Industrial Development, 219; Board of Trade, 90, 93, 95; City Council, 135 Philadelphia Division of the Naval Ship Engineering Center, 203 Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation, 218 "Philadelphia Naval Base Conversion Initiative," 218 Philadelphia Naval Business Center, 219 Philadelphia Naval Industrial Fund, 206 Philadelphia Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES),219 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, 1, 193, 195, 198, 205, 208, 212, 213,216,220; creation, 189-90 Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1, 49, 62, 70, 72, 79-81, 90, 101, 106, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126-28, 130, 132, 134, 136, 140, 142-44, 146, 148, 150, 152-54, 157-60, 164, 166, 170 INDEX 267 174,175-76,178,180-83,188,201,215; closure, 4, 216-20; Cold War, 191-206; Korean War, 196-200; map, 122,167,209; World War 11,166-90 See also League Island; Philadelphia Naval Base; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; Southwark Philadelphia Public Ledger, 84 Philadelphia Regional Introduction of Minorities in Engineering (PRIME), 214 Philadelphia Traction Company, 113 Philip, Admiral John Woodward, 113 Phineas Sprague, 81, 84 Phoenix, 160 Pickering, Timothy, 37, 39, 42, 49 Pittsburgh Bridge Works, 113 Platform Basin and Marine Railway, 76 Pogy,206 Polk, James K., 76 Pompon, 199 Porter, Captain David Dixon, 57, 94 Portland & Wiscassett, 49 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 26, 32, 35, 42, 116; Navy Yard, 202 Post, Wiley, 160 Potter, Commandant Edward E., 106-7 Potter, Woodburne, 76 Potter's American Monthly, 106 Powell, W Nowland van, 18 Prairie, 115, 123 Preble, 212 Preble, Commodore George Henry, 97 President, 34, 35 Price, Claude B., 126 Pride, 216 Princeton, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 186 Princeton University, 168, 186 Prindle, Francis C., 95-96 Prinz Eitel Friedrich, 129, 130, 132,133 Prinz Eugen, 193 Production Department, 195 Programs Reaching Options for Vocational Education (PROVE), 214 Propeller Lab, 217; Manufacturing Center, 219 Providence, 20, 26 PT-810, 205 PT-811, 205 PT-812, 197 Public Works Office, 138, 159 Puritan, 97, 113 Pusey and Jones, 86 Pushmataha, 94 Quail, 143 Quaker Light Infantry, 24 Quasi-War, 48, 49, 53 Quinnebaug,97 Radiological Decontamination 268 INDEX Training Facility, 197 Rahser, 199 Raleigh, 26 Randall, Albert E., 178 Randall, Thomas, 30 Randolph, 23,24,25,26,27, 29 Raritan, 63, 64, 74 Raton, 199 Ray, 199 Read, Captain George C., 66, 68, 74, 75 Read, Captain Thomas, 17,27 Reading Railroad, 135, 145 Reagan, Ronald, 215 Receiving Station, 129, 136, 138, 140, 166, 183 Redfin, 199 Reduction-in-Force (RIF) Unit, 194, 208, 215 Reich, Robert, Secretary of Labor, 219 Reliance, 180 Relief, 69, 143,143 Rendell, Mayor Edward G., 218, 219 Renshaw, John, 66 Requin, 197 Reserve Basin, 3,109,114,118,128,130,138,144 45,145, 146,148,152,159,164,165,192,216,218 Resolution, 172 Retaliation, 44 ReuterdaW, Henry, 130 Revolutionary War, 2, 11, 13,29,49 Reyburn, Mayor John E., 118-19 Reynolds, James, 13 Rhile, Henry, 30, 31 Rhind, 159, 160 Rhoades, Samuel, 14 Rhode Island, 17, 19,20,21,26,29,46,49,89 Rice, Commander Joseph E., 200, 212 Rice, John, 23, 97 Richmond,119,193 Rickover, Admiral Hyman G., 188,206 Riddle, 197 Rigden, William, 26 Rising Sun, 30 Rittenhouse, David, 15 Rivers, Mendel, 203 Rizzo, Mayor Frank L., 212 Roach,John, 104, 105, 106, 134 Robert B Taney, 159 Robert, William Pierre, 151, 166, 189 Robeson, George Maxwell, 95, 96, 97,105 Robinson, 186 Robinson, Theodore D., Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 154 Robinson, Lewis Wood, chief engineer, 111 Robinson, Henry C., 158 Robinson, Samuel, 168 Rock, 199 Rodgers, Commodore John, 57 Rodman, Rear Admiral Hugh, 148 Roebuck, 28 Stansbury, Joseph, 28 Stark, Commander Harold R., 181 Steele, Robert W, 97 Stefano, Angelo M., 198 Stephens, Mark, 218 Stevvart, Charles, 66, 68, 70-71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 81 Stilvvell, Commander James J., 206, 207 Stimson, Henry L., Secretary of War, 168 Stockton, Captain Robert F., 72, 73, 74 Stodder, David, 39 Stoddert, Benjamin, 40-41, 43, 43, 44-45, 49-50, 52-53 Stotesbury, Edvvard Townsend, 119, 135 Stotesbury, Lucretia Cromvvell, 135, 136 Stribling, 145-46 Stribling, Commandant Cornelius K., 88 Strickland, William, 68 Stringham, 146 Stringham, Commodore Silas H., 89, 90, 93, 94 Submarine Supply Office, 193, 202 Submarine Station, 152 submarines, 138,139, 152,153, 172, 175, 198,210 Sumter, 203, 207 Sun Shipbuilding Company, 140, 176 Supply Department, 195, 198 Supreme Court, 218 Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, 14 Susquehanna, 76-77,78,79,84 Sussex, 125, 127 Svvanson, Christopher, 11 Svvanson, Claude A., Secretary of the Navy, 159, 160, 168 Svvanvvick, John, 38,39 Svvanvvick,William, 43 Swatara, 84, 91 Swearer, 197 Syren, 53, 71 Tacoma, 118 Tacony, 84 Taft, William Hovvard, 114, 117, 119-20, 121 Talos, 200 Tappan, Commandant Benjamin, 136, 137, 138, 142 Tardy, Walter B., 117 Tate, Mayor James H J., 203 Taylor, Frederick W, 117 Taylor, George, 17,24 Taylor, Rear Admiral David W, 138, 143, 147, 149, 150 Teale, Edvvard L., 203 Tenneco,208 Tennessee,118, 193 Termination Unit, 194 Terrier missile, 200 Terror, 97, 171, 172 Thompson, David, 23, 28 Thurber, Clinton D., 127-28 "Tidevvater Strategy," 208 Timber House, 65 Tonawanda, 85,86,86,90 Tonopah, 148 Towne, John Henry, 70, 72, 73 270 INDEX Townsend, Commandant Julius C., 166 Townsend, Edvvard, 119 Tracy, Benjamin Franklin, Secretary of the Navy, 107, 109 "Tradesmen for Building and Fitting out a Vessel of Defence," 11 Transfer, 71 Transport, 123 Treaty of Paris, 30 Treaty of Peace and Amity vvith Algiers, 37-38, 42 Trenton, 193 Trident, 212 Truman, Harry S, 190, 192, 195, 196, 198 Truxtun, Thomas, 30,31,35, 39,40, 71 Turner, Joseph, 9, 13 Turner, Robert, 11 Turner, Thomas, 52 Tuscarora, 84,85 Tvvining, Nathan Crook, ordnance officer, 116 Tydings, Millard E., 186 Tyler, John, 74 Union, 82 United Nations, 196, 197, 198 United States, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40-41, 49, 50, 71, 72,150,151, 152, 195 United States Ship-Yard (Humphreys), 37, 38, 44, 46, 49, 53 UNiVAC:II, 200; III, 212 University of NevvHampshire, 192 University of Pennsylvania, 94, 170, 195 Upshur, Abel P., 74 Urban Engineers, Inc., 218 U.S Coast Survey, 81, 88 U.S House of Representatives, 50, 90; Armed Service Committee, 203, 208; Naval Affairs Committee, 79, 92, 119, 123 U.S Naval Base, Philadelphia, 1, 216; creation, 189-90 U.S Senate, Armed Service Committee, 202, 212, 217, 218 Utah, 183 V-J Day, 183, 186, 194, 196 Vallette, Henry M., 63, 65, 87, 102, 104, 106 Valley Forge, 186, 194, 195 Van Keuren, Alexander H., 160, 168 Van Zandt, James E., 202 Vandalia, 68, 78 Vare, William S., 126, 132, 148, 157 Vaughan, John, 68,76 Veranger, 175 Versailles, Treaty of, 142, 148 Vesuvius, 106 Vietnam War, 3, 203, 205, 206, 208, 212 Vigilant, 28 Vinson, Carl, 168, 203 Vinson-Trammell Naval Construction Act, 159 Virginia, 28,29,85, 89 Virginia, 9, 19,28,29,38,46,49,57, 76, 123, 150,213,217 Virginia Family Compact, 28-30 Virginius, 95 Vixen, 111, 187 Voge,218 Von Steuben, 129, 132 Wabash, 78, 79 Wade, Francis, 17 Wain~right, 158,218 Wallace, John, 106 Wallin, Commander Homer N., 195, 200 Walsh, Loretta P., 135,135 Wanamaker, John, 112 War Assets Administration, 194 War of 1812, 53, 55, 56, 57, 67 War Production Board, 176, 178 Ward, Samuel, 17,21 Warner, John, 213, 217 Warren, 16, 26 Warrington, 197 Washi~ton, 16, 19,23,24,27-29, 152, 160,162,163, 164, 170 Washington, D.C., 47, 49, 55, 57, 64, 66, 76, 84, 88, 89, 106, 120,123,126, 128,148,157, 176,193, 195,202; Navy Yard, 49, 53, 54, 61, 116, 153 Washington, George, 27, 34, 37, 38 Wasp, 25, 55 Water Witch, 76, 81 Watson, Adolphus E., 166,170,172,173,175,176 Watts, Commandant William C., 158 Wayne, Captain Anthony, 16 Webb, De Witt C., 138 Weccacoe Engine and Hose Company, 88 Weeks, Benjamin, 66 Weldon, Curt, 219 Welles, Clark H., 97 Welles, Gideon, 81, 85, 89, 90, 91-92, 94, 96 West, Charles, 11 West Virginia, 152 West Yard, 143 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 219 Weston, Roy F., 218 Wetherill, John Price, 89, 136 Wetherill, John Price, Jr., 135 Wharton and Humphreys shipyard, 19, 25, 29, 30 Wharton, Captain Franklin, 53 Wharton, Carpenter, 27, 28 Wharton, Charles, 14,96 Wharton, James, 14,20,23 Wharton, John, 9, 13, 14, 16,23,24,26,27,30,32,34 Wharton,Joseph,13 Wharton, Samuel, 13 Wharton, Thomas, 13, 14 Wharton, Thomas, Jr., 13 Whipple, Joseph, 32 Whipple, William, 29 White, Robert, 28 White, Steven, 214 Whitney, William C., Secretary of the Navy, 108 Whitthorne, Washington C., 105 Wicaco, WicacoLane, 11,12, 13,23,24,49,53,54 Wichita, 159, 160 Widener, Peter A., 111 Wilbur, Curtis Dwight, Secretary of the Navy, 153, 154, 156, 157 Wild Duck, 25 William Cramp and Sons See Cramp Shipbuilding Company William J Duane, 159 William P.Frye, 130 William Wharton, Jr and Company, 112 Williams, Henry, 158 Williams, William, 28 Willing, Morris and Company, 18, 38, 43 Willing, Thomas, 9, 20, 23, 26, 27, 32 Willing, Willing, and Francis, 43 Willlde, Wendell, 170 Wilmington, Delaware, 46, 56, 70, 82, 85, 86, 95, 130, 176, 183 Wilmot, Rear Admiral Louise C., 216 Wilson, Edith, 132 Wilson, Woodrovv, 121, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 142 Wilson, S Davis, 160 Windmill Island, 32, 109 Wi~field, 197 Winterhalter, Albert G., 123 Winthrop, Beekman, Secretary of the Navy, 116 Wisconsin,S, 128, 148, 171, 183,185 Wofford, Harris, 217, 218 Wolcott, Christopher C., 113 Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 38, 39, 43, 44 women personnel, 131,131,134,135,136,138,146-47,147, 176-79,177,179; 181, 182, 186, 194,212,216 Wood, 197 Wood and Dialogue Shipyard, 98 Wood, General Leonard, 125, 134-35 Wood, Thomas, 174 Woodbine, 134 Woodbury, Levi, 69 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 159 World War I, 2, 3, 123, 127, 130, 135, 140, 166, 168, 183, 189, 196 World War II, 3,158,166,168,172,176,178,186,191,193, 196,198,199,203,205,218 Wright, 216 Wright, Charles v., 203 Wyandotte, 96-97 Wyomi~, 78, 79, 79, 153, 154 XYZ affair, 41 Yantic, 84 Yarmouth, 29 Yazoo,90, 96-97 Yellot, Jeremiah, 44 yellow fever, 42, 44-46, 61 Yorkto~n, 106 YP 110 (PT-8), 197 Zinnia, 175 INDEX 271 ... SOUTHWARK Origin of a Navy Yard Continental Shipyard 21 United States Shipyard 32 "Second and the Next Best" Navy Yard Building a Wooden Sail and Steam Navy CivilWar and Two Navy Yards PART LEAGUE... Ahern of the Atwater Kent Museum helped organize a day-long symposium at the National Archives on the history of the Philadelphia Navy Yard The session brought together the last shipyard commander... Greatest Navy Yard, " and the "finest and most extensive dockyard in the world." These superlatives, while satisfying to regional pride, distorted the historical meaning of the Philadelphia Navy Yard