Basic ship theory

Basic Ship Theory K.J Rawson MSc, DEng, FEng, RCNC, FRINA, WhSch E.C Tupper BSc, CEng, RCNC, FRINA, WhSch Fifth edition Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA, 01801-2041 Contents First published by Longman Group Limited 1968 Second edition 1976 (in two volumes) Third edition 1983 Fourth edition 1994 Fifth edition 2001 Reprinted 2002 Acknowledgements Copyright © 2001, KJ Rawson and E.C Tupper All rights reserved Introduction Foreword to the fifth edition Units Examples References The right or KJ Rawson and E.C Tupper to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WI T 4LP Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers XVll XVlll XIX XXlll and the Internet Symbols and nomenclature General Geometry of ship Propeller geometry Resistance and propulsion Seakeeping Manoeuvrability Strength Notes British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Art or science? Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Naval Ships architecture Classification societies Government bodies International bodies Learned societies XXlll XXIV XXIV xxv xxv xxv XXVI XXVll XXVll XXVlll today Authorities ISBN 7506 5398 xv Some tools Basic geometric concepts Properties of irregular shapes 4 6 -#'fIi Typeset in India at Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, india 605005; www.integra-india.com Trapezoidal rule Simpson's rules Tchebycheff's rules 14 14 17 19 21 22 22 23 24 31 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, www.biddles.co.uk Gauss 32 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Plane shapes Three-dimensional shapes Metacentre Hollow shapes Symbols and conventions Approximate integration rules Contents Computers Digital computers Simulators Approximate formulae and rules Normand's fonnu1a Weight conventions Statistics Probability Probability curve Worked examples Problems Flotation and trim Flotation Properties of fluids Archimedes' principle Vertical movement Trim Changes of draught with trim Moment causing trim Addition of weight Large weight additions Determination of design trim Change of water density Hydrostatic data Hydrostatic curves Calculation of hydrostatic data The metacentric diagram Worked examples Problems Stability Equilibrium and stability Disturbance from state of equilibrium Initial stability Adjustment of transverse metacentric height by small changes of dimensions Effect of mass density Effect of free surfaces of liquids Effect of freely suspended weights The wall-sided fonnula Complete stability Cross curves of stability Derivation of cross curves of stability Curves of statical stability Main features of the -G-Zcurve 35 35 37 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 48 Angle of loll Effect of free liquid surfaces on stability at large angles of inclination Surfaces of B, M, F and Z Influence of ship fonn on stability Stability of a completely submerged body Dynamical stability Stability assessment Stability standards Passenger ship regulations The inclining experiment Precision of stability standards and calculations 52 52 52 53 57 61 62 64 66 68 70 71 73 73 75 76 77 85 Problems Hazards and protection Flooding and collision Watertight subdivision Flotation calculations Damaged stability calculations Damage safety margins Damaged stability standards for passenger ships Loss of stability on grounding Berthing and ice navigation Safety of life at sea Fire Life-saving equipment Anchoring Damage control Uncomfortable cargoes Nuclear machinery 91 91 91 93 94 97 99 101 101 104 104 107 112 113 Other hazards Vulnerability of warships Ship signatures General vulnerability of ships Abnormal waves Environmental pollution Problems The ship girder The standard calculation The wave Weight distribution Buoyancy and balance Loading, shearing force and bending moment vii 115 116 117 122 124 125 127 127 130 130 135 137 145 145 145 147 152 155 157 158 158 159 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 165 1." 169 171 172 172 177 179 180 182 183 185 Second moment of area Bending stresses Shear stresses Influence lines Changes to section modulus Slopes and deflections Horizontal flexure Behaviour of a hollow box girder Wave pressure correction Longitudinal strength standards by rule Full scale trials The nature of failure Realistic assessment of longitudinal strength Realistic assessment of loading longitudinally Realistic structural response Assessment of structural safety Hydroelastic analysis Slamming Conclusions Problems 189 191 193 194 196 200 200 201 202 203 206 207 208 209 213 217 218 219 219 220 222 224 225 227 228 229 230 Structural design and analysis 237 Loading and failure Structural units of a ship 237 239 240 240 243 246 246 247 247 249 255 256 257 265 266 274 276 Material considerations Geometrical discontinuities Built-in stress concentrations Crack extension, brittle fracture Fatigue Discontinuities in structural design Superstructures and deckhouses Stiffened plating Simple beams Grillages Swedged plating Comprehensive treatment of stiffened plating Panels of plating Behaviour of panels under lateral loading Available results for flat plates under lateral pressure Buckling of panels Frameworks Methods of analysis Elastic stability of a frame End constraint Finite element techniques Realistic assessment of structural elements Fittings Control surfaces Problems Launching and docking Launching Launching curves Construction of launching curves Groundways The dynamics of launching Strength and stability Sideways launching Docking Load distribution Block behaviour Strength of floating docks Stability during docking Shiplifts Problems The ship environment and human factors The external environment The sea Water properties The sea surface Waves Trochoidal waves Sinusoidal waves Irregular wave patterns Sea state code Histograms and probability distributions Wave spectra Wave characteristics Form of wave spectra Extreme wave amplitudes Ocean wave statistics Climate The wind Ambient air Climatic extremes Physical limitations The internal environment Motions The air Lighting Vibration and noise Vibration 280 280 281 286 286 287 289 291 293 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 299 299 302 303 303 304 306 306 311 312 315 315 318 320 323 327 330 1ft 338 340 342 343 344 345 347 348 350 350 Contents Excitation Responses Body response Calculations Noise Ice Human factors Problems 10 Powering of ships: general principles Fluid dynamics Components of resistance and propulsion Effective power Types of resistance Wave-making resistance Frictional resistance Viscous pressure resistance Air resistance Appendage resistance Residuary resistance The propulsion device The screw propeller Special types of propeller Alternative means of propulsion Momentum theory applied to the screw propeller The blade element approach Cavitation Singing Interaction between the ship and propeller Hull efficiency Overall propulsive efficiency Ship-model correlation Model testing Resistance tests Resistance test facilities and techniques Model determination of hull efficiency elements Propeller tests in open water Cavitation tunnel tests Depressurized towing tank Circulating water channels Ship trials Speed trials Cavitation viewing trials Service trials Experiments at full scale 350 351 354 356 358 360 360 362 365 366 368 369 370 371 374 377 377 378 378 379 379 382 385 387 388 391 392 392 394 394 396 397 397 398 399 401 401 402 402 403 403 404 405 405 Summary Problems 11 Powering of ships: application Presentation of data Resistance data Propeller data Power estimation Resistance prediction Appendage resistance 1978 ITTC performance prediction method Effect of small changes of dimensions Variation of skin frictional resistance with time out of dock Resistance in shallow water Calculation of wind resistance Propeller design Choice of propeller dimensions Propeller design diagram Cavitation Influence of form on resistance Reducing wave-making resistance Boundary layer control Compatibility of machinery and propeller Strength of propellers Effect of speed on endurance Computational fluid dynamics Summary Problems 12 Seakeeping Seakeeping qualities Ship motions Undamped motion in still water Damped motion in still water Approximate period of roll Motion in regular waves Presentation of motion data Motion in irregular seas Motion in oblique seas Surge, sway and yaw Limiting seakeeping criteria Speed and power in waves Slamming Wetness Propeller emergence Degradation of human performance xi 407 407 411 411 411 416 418 418 420 422 424 426 427 429 433 433 437 444 444 446 447 447 447 448 450 452 452 457 457 459 460 :t 464 468 470 476 476 479 479 481 484 485 486 Overall seakeeping performance Acquiring data for seakeeping assessments Selection of wave data Obtaining response amplitude operators Non-linear effects Frequency domain and time domain simulations Improving seakeeping performance Influence of form on seakeeping Ship stabilization Experiments and trials Test facilities Conduct of ship trials Stabilizer trials Problems 13 Manoeuvrability General concepts Directional stability or dynamic stability of course Stability and control of surface ships The action of a rudder in turning a ship Limitations of theory Assessment of manoeuvrability The turning circle Turning ability The zig-zag manoeuvre The spiral manoeuvre The pull-out manoeuvre Standards for manoeuvring and directional stability Rudder forces and torques Rudder force Centre of pressure position Calculation of force and torque on non-rectangular rudder Experiments and trials Model experiments concerned with turning and manoeuvring Model experiments concerned with directional stability Ship trials Rudder types and systems Types of rudder Bow rudders and lateral thrust units Special rudders and manoeuvring devices Dynamic positioning Automatic control systems Ship handling Turning at slow speed or when stopped Interaction between ships when close aboard Broaching 487 490 491 494 501 502 504 505 506 515 515 516 518 518 523 523 524 526 530 531 531 531 534 535 536 537 538 539 539 542 544 548 548 549 551 552 552 554 554 558 558 559 559 560 562 Stability and control of submarines Experiments and trials lJesign assessment Modifying dynamic stability characteristics Efficiency of control surfaces Effect of design parameters Problems on manoeuvring 14 Major ship design features Machinery Air independent propulsion (AlP) Electrical generation Systems Electrical distribution system Piping systems Air conditioning and ventilation Fuel systems Marine pollution Cathodic protection Equipment Cargo handling Replenishment of provisions Life saving appliances Creating a fighting ship General Weapons and fighting capabilities Integration of ship, sensors and weapons Accommodation Measurement Problems 15 Ship design Objectives Economics Cost effectiveness Boundaries Economic, ethical and social boundaries Geographical, organizational and industrial boundaries Time and system boundaries Creativity Iteration in design Design phases Prime parameters Parametric studies Feasibility studies 562 566 567 567 569 569 570 574 574 579 581 582 582 583 589 596 598 599 602 602 603 604 605 605 605 607 607 610 614 617 618 66~ 623 623 624 624 625 626 628 629 633 636 Full design Computer-aided design (CAD) Design for the life intended Design for use Design for production Design for availability Design for support Design for modernization The safety case Conclusion 16 Particular ship types Passenger ships Ferries and RoRo ships Aircraft carriers Bulk cargo carriers Submarines Commercial submarines Container ships Frigates and destroyers High speed small craft Monohulls Multi-hulled vessels Surface effect vehicles Hydrofoil craft Inflatables Comparison of types Offshore engineering Tugs Fishing vessels Yachts Annex-The Froude 'constant' notation (1888) Bibliography Answers to problems Index 638 643 645 645 647 647 651 651 652 653 655 655 657 659 662 665 670 671 672 675 676 676 678 682 684 685 685 688 690 692 695 705 709 715 Foreword to the fifth edition Over the last quarter of the last century there were many changes in the maritime scene Ships may now be much larger; their speeds are generally higher; the crews have become drastically reduced; there are many different types (including hovercraft, multi-hull designs and so on); much quicker and more accurate assessments of stability, strength, manoeuvring, motions and powering are possible using complex computer programs; on-board computer systems help the operators; ferries carry many more vehicles and passengers; and so the list goes on However, the fundamental concepts of naval architecture, which the authors set out when Basic Ship Theory was first published, remain as valid as ever As with many other branches of engineering, quite rapid advances have been made in ship design, production and operation Many advances relate to the effectiveness (in terms of money, manpower and time) with which older procedures or methods can be accomplished This is largely due to the greater efficiency and lower cost of modern computers and proliferation of information available Other advances are related to our fundamental understanding of naval architecture and the environment in which ships operate These tend to be associated with the more advanced aspects of the subject: more complex programs for analysing structures, for example, which are not appropriate to a basic text book The naval architect is affected not only by changes in technology but also by changes in society itself Fashions change as the concerns of the public, often stimulated by the press Some tragic losses in the last few years of the twentieth century brought increased public concern for the safety of ships and those sailing in them, both passengers and crew It must be recognized, of course, that increased safety usually means more cost so that a conflict between money and safety is to be expected In spite of steps taken as a result of thet experiences, there are, sadly, still many losses of ships, some quite large an some involving significant loss of life It remains important, therefore, to strive to improve still further the safety of ships and protection of the environment Steady, if somewhat slow, progress is being made by the national and international bodies concerned Public concern for the environment impacts upon ship design and operation Thus, tankers must be designed to reduce the risk of oil spillage and more dangerous cargoes must receive special attention to protect the public and nature Respect for the environment including discharges into the sea is an important aspect of defining risk through accident or irresponsible usage A lot of information is now available on the Internet, including results of much research Taking the Royal Institution of Naval Architects as an example xv of a learned society, its website makes available summaries of technical papers and enables members to join in the discussions of its technical groups Other data is available in a compact form on CD-rom Clearly anything that improves the amount and/or quality of information available to the naval architect is to be welcomed However, it is considered that, for the present at any rate, there remains a need for basic text books The two are complementary A basic understanding of the subject is needed before information from the Internet can be used intelligently In this edition we have maintained the objective of conveying principles and understanding to help student and practitioner in their work The authors have again been in a slight dilemma in deciding just how far to go in the subjects of each chapter It is tempting to load the book with theories which have become more and more advanced What has been done is to provide a glimpse into developments and advanced work with which students and practitioners must become familiar Towards the end of each chapter a section giving an outline of how matters are developing has been included which will help to lead students, with the aid of the Internet, to all relevant references Some web site addresses have also been given It must be appreciated that standards change continually, as the titles of organizations Every attempt has been made to include the latest at the time of writing but the reader should always check source documents to see whether they still apply in detail at the time they are to be used What the reader can rely on is that the principles underlying such standards will still be relevant 2001 KJ R ECT Acknowledgements The authors have deliberately refrained from quoting a large number of references However, we wish to acknowledge the contributions of many practitioners and research workers to our understanding of naval architecture, upon whose work we have drawn Many will be well known to any student of engineering Those early engineers in the field who set the fundamentals of the subject, such as Bernoulli, Reynolds, the Froudes, Taylor, Timoshenko, Southwell and Simpson, are mentioned in the text because their names are synonymous with sections of naval architecture Others have developed our understanding, with more precise and comprehensive methods and theories as technology has advanced and the ability to carry out complex computations improved Some notable workers are not quoted as their work has been too advanced for a book of this nature We are indebted to a number of organizations which have allowed us to draw upon their publications, transactions, journals and conference proceedings This has enabled us to illustrate and quantify some of the phenomena discussed These include the learned societies, such as the Royal Institution of Naval Architects and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; research establishments, such as the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, the Taylor Model Basin, British Maritime Technology and MARIN; the classification societies; and Government departments such as the Ministry of Defence and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions; publications such as those of the International Maritime Organisation and the International Towing Tank Conferences Introduction In their young days the authors performed the calculations outlined in this work manually aided only by slide rule and, luxuriously, calculators The arduous nature of such endeavours detracted from the creative aspects and affected the enjoyment of designing ships Today, while it would be possible, such prolonged calculation is unthinkable because the chores have been removed to the care of the computer, which has greatly enriched the design process by giving time for reflection, trial and innovation, allowing the effects of changes to be examined rapidly It would be equally nonsensical to plunge into computer manipulation without knowledge of the basic theories, their strengths and limitations, which allow judgement to be quantified and interactions to be acknowledged A simple change in dimensions of an embryo ship, for example, will affect flotation, stability, protection, powering, strength, manoeuvring and many sub-systems within, that affect a land architect to much less an extent For this reason, the authors have decided to leave computer system design to those qualified to provide such important tools and to ensure that the student recognizes the fundamental theory on which they are based so that he or she may understand what consequences the designer's actions will have, as they feel their way towards the best solution to an owner's economic aims or military demands Manipulation of the elements of a ship is greatly strengthened by such a 'feel' and experience provided by personal involvement Virtually every ship's characteristic and system affects every other ship so that some form of holistic approach is essential A crude representation of the process of creating a ship is outlined in the figure This is, of course, only a beginning Moreover, the arrows should really be pointing in both directions; for example, the choice of machinery to serve speed and endurance reflects back on the volume required and the architecture of the ship which affects safety and structure And so on Quantification of the changes is effected by the choice of suitable computer programs Downstream of this process lies design of systems to support each function but this, for the moment, is enough to distinguish between knowledge and application The authors have had to limit their work to presentation of the fundamentals of naval architecture and would expect readers to adopt whatever computer systems are available to them with a sound knowledge of their basis and frailties The sequence of the chapters which follow has been chosen to build knowledge in a logical progression The first thirteen chapters address elements of ship response to the environments likely to be met; Chapter 14 adds some of the major systems needed within the ship and Chapter 15 provides some discipline to the design process The final chapter reflects upon some particular ship types showing how the application of the same general principles can lead to significantly different responses to an owner's needs A few worked examples are included to demonstrate that there is real purpose in understanding theoretical naval architecture The opportunity, afforded by the publication of a fifth edition, has been taken to extend the use of SI units throughout The relationships between them and the old Imperial units, however, have been retained in the Introduction to assist those who have to deal with older ships whose particulars remain in the old units Care has been taken to avoid duplicating, as far as is possible, work that students will cover in other parts of the course; indeed, it is necessary to assume that knowledge in all subjects advances with progress through the book The authors have tried to stimulate and hold the interest of students by careful arrangement of subject matter Chapter and the opening paragraphs of each succeeding chapter have been presented in somewhat lyrical terms in the hope that they convey to students some of the enthusiasm which the authors themselves feel for this fascinating subject Naval architects need never fear that they will, during their careers, have to face the same problems, day after day They will experience as wide a variety of sciences as are touched upon by any profession d!" Before embarking on the book proper, it is necessary to comment on the units employed UNITS In May 1965, the UK Government, in common with other governments, announced that Industry should move to the use of the metric system At the same time, a rationalized set of metric units has been adopted internationally, following endorsement by the International Organization for Standardization using the Systeme International d'Unites (SI) The adoption of SI units has been patchy in many countries while some have yet to change from their traditional positions In the following notes, the SI system of units is presented briefly; a fuller treatment appears in British Standard 5555 This book is written using SI units The SI is a rationalized selection of units in the metric system It is a coherent system, i.e the product or quotient of any two unit quantities in the system is the unit of the resultant quantity The basic units are as follows: Quantity Name of unit Unit symbol Length Mass Time Electric current Thermodynamic temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Plane angle Solid angle metre kilogramme second ampere kelvin candela mole radian steradian m kg s A K cd mol rad sr Special names have been adopted for some of the derived SI units and these are listed below together with their unit symbols: Physical quantity Force Work, energy Power Electric'charge Electric potential Electric capacitance Electric resistance Frequency Illuminance Self inductance Luminous flux Pressure, stress Electrical conductance Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density SI unit newton joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm hertz lux henry lumen pascal megapascal siemens weber tesla Unit symbol N = kgm/s2 J=Nm W = J/s C=As V=W/A F = As/V 0= VIA Hz = S-I Ix = Im/m2 H = Vs/A 1m = cdsr Pa = N/m2 MPa = N/mm2 S = 1/0 Wb=Vs T = Wb/m2 The following two tables list other derived units and the equivalent values of some UK units, respectively: Physical quantity SI unit Unit symbol Area Volume Density Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration square metre cubic metre kilogramme per cubic metre metre per second radian per second metre per second squared m2 m3 kg/m3 m/s radls m/s2 Annt'x tI"'''' Table A.2 a and f values R E Froude's frictional data Values at standard temperature = 15 C Length (ft) 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 ]8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 = 59 F (British Units),f related to 0.15485 0.1493 0.1448 0.1409 0.13734 0.13409 0.1312 0.12858 0.1262 0.12406 0.1221 0.12035 0.11875 0.11727 0.] 160 0.1147 0.] 136 0.11255 0.11155 0.1106 0.10976 0.1089 0.1081 0.1073 0.1066 0.1059 0.10282 f 0.012585 0.012345 0.012128 0.011932 0.011751 0.011579 0.011425 0.011282 0.011151 0.011033 0.010925 0.010829 0.010742 0.010661 0.010596 0.010524 0.010468 0.010413 0.010361 0.010311 0.010269 0.010224 0.010182 0.010139 0.010103 0.010068 0.009908 Fronde method Using the 'constant' notation: S in ft2, Length (ft) 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 ]60 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 V in knots, R in lbf 0.1 0043 0.09839 0.09664 0.0938 0.09164 0.08987 0.0884 0.08716 0.08511 0.08351 0.08219 0.08108 0.08012 0.07814 0.07655 0.07523 0.07406 0.07305 0.07217 0.07136 0.07062 0.06931 0.06818 0.06724 0.06636 0.06561 0.06493 f 0.009791 0.009691 0.009607 0.009475 0.009382 0.009309 0.009252 0.009207 0.009135 0.009085 0.009046 0.009016 0.008992 0.008943 0.008902 0.008867 0.008832 0.008802 0.008776 0.008750 0.008726 0.008680 0.008639 0.008608 0.008574 0.008548 0.008524 Table A.3 f values R E Froude's skin friction constants (Metric units) Length (m) f Length (m) f Length (m) f' 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10 1.966 1.913 1.867 1.826 1.791 1.761 1.736 1.715 1.696 1.681 1.667 1.654 1.643 1.632 1.622 1.613 1.604 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 1.589 1.577 1.566 1.556 1.547 1.539 1.532 1.526 1.520 1.515 1.506 1.499 1.492 1.487 1.482 1.472 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 1.464 1.45') 1.454 1.447 1.441 1.437 1.432 1.428 1.421 1.415 1.410 1.404 1.399 1.389 1.380 1.373 = f (Imperial units) x 160.9 = fSVL825 = Frictional resistance, N S = wetted surface, m2 V = speed, mls L = waterline length, m in metric units = f in Imperial units x 47.87 when f in metric units RF RF f V is in knots Bibliography References are grouped by chapter, or group of chapters, with a final listing for general reading Those references quoted will lead on to other useful references for the student to pursue The transactions, and conference proceedings, of the learned societies are among the main sources Others are technical journals, research organizations and the universities Much information on these sources can be gleaned from the Internet The following abbreviations have been used, with the letter Tstanding for Transactions: RINA SNAME DTMB IMO HMSO The Royal Institution of Naval Architects (IN A prior to 1960) The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers David Taylor Model Basin, USA International Maritime Organisation Her Majesty's Stationery Office, now the Government Bookshop Chapter 1, Art or science? Lavanha, J B (1996) Livro primeiro da architectura naval (1598) in Portugese and English Academia de Marinha, Lisbon Lloyd's register of Shipping Rules and regulationsfor the classification ofships (Also the rules of other classification societies) Chapter 2, Some tools Nowacki, H and Kaklis, P D (Eds) (1998) Creating fair and shape-preserving curves and surfaces, B G Teubner Stuttgart Thornton, A T (1992) Design visualisation of yacht interiors, TRINA Chapter 3, Flotation and trim; Chapter 4, Stability Burcher, R K (1980) The influence of hull shape on transverse stability, TRINA Derrett, D R and Barrass, C B (1999) Ship stability for masters and mates, Butter- , worth-Heinemann Sarchin, T H and Goldberg, L L (1962) Stability and buoyancy criteria for US naval ships, TSNAME Chapter 5, Hazards and protection Greenhorn, J (1989) The assessment of surface ship vulnerability to underwater attack, TRINA Hicks, A N (1986) Explosion induced hull whipping Advances in Marine Structure, Elsevier Chapter 6, The ship girder; Chapter 7, Structural design and analysis Caldwell, J B (1965) Ultimate longitudinal strength, TRINA Chalmers, D W (1993) Design of ships' structures, HMSO 706 Bibliography BiblicJKraphy Clarkson, J (1965) The elastic analysis of flat grillages, Cambridge University Press Faulkner, D and Sadden, J A (1979) Towards a unified approach to ship structural safety, TRINA Faulkner, D and Williams, R A (1996) Design for abnormal ocean waves, TRINA Petershagen, H (1986) Fatigue problems in ship structures, Advances in Marine Structure, Elsevier Smith, C S et al (1992, and earlier papers) Strength of stiffened plating under combined compression and lateral pressure, TRINA Somerville, W L., Swan, J and Clarke, J D (1977) Measurements ofresidual stress and distortions in stiffened panels, Journal of Strain Analysis Southwell, R (1940) Relaxation methods in engineering sciences, Oxford University Press Sumpter, J D G (1986) Design against fracture in welded structures, Advances in Marine Structure, Elsevier St Denis, M and Pierson, W J (1953) On the motions of ships in confused SCIIN, TSNAME Schmitke, R T (1978) Ship sway, roll and yaw motions in oblique seas, TSNAM H Chapter 13, Manoeuvrability Burcher, R K (1991) The prediction of the manoeuvring characteristics dynamics of ships, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Dand, W (1981) On ship-bank interaction, TRINA of vessels, The Chapter 14, Major ship design features Ware, H D (1988) Habitability in surface warships, TRINA Chapter 9, The ship environment and human factors Chapter 15, Ship design Guide for the evaluation of human exposure Hogben, N and Lumb, F E (1967) Ocean Hogben, N., Dacunha, N M C and Oliver, Maritime Technology Ltd Overall evaluation of vibration in merchant Carreyette, J (1977) Preliminary ship design cost estimates, TRINA Friedman, N (1979) Modern Warship Design and Development, Conway Goss, R O (1982) Advances in Maritime Economics, UWIST Press Rawson, K J (1989) Ethics and fashion in design, TRINA Reliability of system equipment, British Standard 5760, BSI Van Griethuysen, W J (1993) On the choice of monohull warship geometry, to whole-body vibration, ISO 2631 wave statistics, HMSO G F (1986) Global wave statistics, British ships, BS6634, HMSO 707 TRINA Chapter 11, Powering of ships: application Chapter 16, Particular ship types Bertram, V (2000) Practical Ship Hydrodynamics, Butterworth-Heinemann Breslin, J P and Andersen, P (1994) Hydrodynamics of Ship Propellers, Cambridge University Press Carlton, J S (1994) Marine propellers and propulsion, Froude, R E (1888) On the 'constant' system of notation, TINA Gawn, R W L (1953) Effect of pitch and blade width on propeller performance, TINA Hadler, J B (1958) Coefficients for International Towing Tank Conference 1957 Lerbs, H (1952) Moderately loaded propellers with a finite number of blades and an arbitrary distribution of circulation, TSNAME Model-ship correlation line, DTMB Report 1185 Standard procedure for resistance and propulsion experiments with ship models, National Physical Laboratory Ship Division Report No 10 Taylor, D W (1943) The Speed and Power of Ships US Government Printing Office Re-analysed by Gertler, M in David Taylor Model Basin Report 806 (1954) Van Lammeren, W P A et al (1969) The Wageningen B-screw series, TSNAME Chapter 12, Seakeeping Havelock, T H (1956) The damping of heave and pitch: a comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations, TINA Lewis, F M (1929) The inertia of the water surrounding a vibrating ship, TSNAME Lloyd, A R J M and Andrew, R N (1977) Criteria for ship speed in rough weather, 18th American Towing Tank Conference Lloyd, A R J M (1998) Seakeeping Ship behaviour in rough weather Newman, J N (1978) The theory of ship motions, Advanced Applied Mechanics Salvensen, N., Tuck, E O and Faltinsen, O (1970) Ship motions and sea loads, TSNAME Brown, D K and Tupper, E C (1989) The naval architecture of surface warships, TRINA Claughton, A R., Wellicome, A J F and Shenoi, R A (1998) Sailing Yacht Design: Theory (Vol 1), Practice (Vol 2), Addison, Wesley and Longman Dawson, P (2000) Cruise Ships, Conway Maritime Press Dorey, A L (1989) High speed small craft, TRINA Kaplan, P et al (1981) Hydrodynamics of SES, TSNAME Patel, M H (1989) Dynamics of Offshore Structures, Butterworths Pattison, D R and Zhang, J W (1994) The trimaran ships, TRINA General Merchant Shipping (Crew accommodation) Regulations, HMSO Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods) Regulations, HMSO Merchant Shipping (Fire Appliances) Regulations, HMSO Merchant Shipping (Grain) Regulations, HMSO Merchant Shipping (Life Saving Appliances) Regulations, HMSO Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ship Construction and Survey) Regulations, Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations, HMSO International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, IMO MARPOL Regulations and Guidelines, IMO SOLAS, Regulations and Guidelines, IMO Bishop, R E D and Price, W G (1979) Hydroelasticity of Ships, Cambridge Press Friedman, N (1979) Modern Warship Design and Development, Conway ' HMSO University 708 Bibliography Kuo, C (1998) Managing Ship Safety, LLP Ltd Nishida, S (1992) Failure Analysis in Engineering Applications, Butterworth-Heinemann Schneekluth, H and Bertram, V (1998) Ship Designfor Efficiency and Economy, Butterworth- Heinemann Answers to problems Taylor, D A (1996) Introduction to Marine Engineering Revised, Butterworth- Heinemann Tupper, E C (2000) An Introduction to Naval Architecture, Butterworth-Heinemann Watson, D G M (1998) Practical Ship Design, Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series Significant Ships Annual publication service of the RINA reviewing some of the ships entering Chapter Some useful web sites Much useful data can be gleaned from the Internet As an example, the RINA makes available all its technical papers which are issued for discussion Other sites give details of the facilities at various research establishments The LIoyds Register site gives information on the software they have available The following are some sites the student may find helpful Many others relating top shipbuilders and equipment manufacturers, are regular contained in the advertisements in technical publications, such as The Naval Architect which is the journal of the RINA Learned societies Royal Institution of Naval Architects Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Institute of Marine Engineers The Nautical Institute USA www.rina.org www.sname.org www.imare.org.uk www.nautinst.org 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 International and government organizations International Maritime Organisation Dept of the Environment, Transport and the Regions UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency US Coast Guard Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (UK) MARIN (Netherlands) David Taylor Model Basin (USA) www.imo.org www.detr.gov.uk www.mcagency.org.uk www.uscg.mil www.dera.gov.uk www.marin.nl www50.dt.navy Classification Societies International Association of Classification American Bureau of Shipping Bureau Veritas China Classification Society Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd Korean Register of Shipping LIoyds Register of Shipping Nippon Kaiji Kyokai Registro Italiano Navale Russian Maritime Register of Shipping Societies www.iacs.org.uk www.eagle.org www.veristar.com www.ccs.org.cn www.dnv.com www.GermanLloyd.org www.krs.co.kr www.lr.org www.classnk.orjp www.rina.it www.rs-head.spb.ru 18 19 21 22 23 25 26 0.73,0.80,0.97, 3.70m 8771 tonnef, 86.1 x 106 newtons, 103 m3, 0.722 0.785, 0.333, 0.500 146.25 m2, 145.69 m2, 1.0039 2048 m2 1.2 per cent low, 0.46 per cent low 9.33m3, 0.705MN 5286 m2, 1.65 m abaft ord 2306 tonnef, 16.92m above 10 ord 403 tonnes 36,717m3, 4.85m, 5.14m 243,500 m4, 23,400 m4 182.2 x 106m4 39.42m, 48.17m 55.4 KN, 8.50 m 3.12m (a) 539.3 (Simpson 2),561.0 (trap) (b) 278.7 (Simpson 58-1), 290.0 (trap) 0.41 per cent M = ih2(Yl + 6Y2 + 12Y3 + 18Y4 + ) about lord (a) 2.09440, (b) 1.97714, (c) 2.00139, (d) 2.00000 correct (a) 201.06, (b) 197.33, (c) 199.75, (d) 200.59, (e) 200.51 (a) 141.42, (b) 158.93, (c) 158.02, (d) 157.08 correct (a) 23.37, (b) 11.36 (a) 4.37, (b) 7.23, (c) 9.3 per cent Chapter 3 10 11 12 13 14 (a) 146, (b) 544 4.94m 242m3,0.12m3/tonnef Approx cm below keel degrees 21 m 535MN, 4.1m below lWL (1331 Rule) 39,650 tonnef, 4.34m below WL 0.27 m below 2! WL 3.83 m, 5.65 m 5.94m abaft amidships, 6.71 m 4.39 m 4.21 m forward, 4.70m aft 7// Answers to prohlem.f 15 11.4m forward, 12.3m aft 16 17 18 19 1.34, 1.65m 3.704m,2.744m 3.72MN, 4.06m, 5.06m 1.95 hours, 0.92m, 3.56m 20 (a) 2388 tonnef, 3.36 m aft of amidships, (b) 208 tonnef, 3.58 m 21 3.77m fwd, 4.33m aft 22 3.22m,4A4m 23 9.22m forward, 9.28m aft 24 8847m3, 2.76m 25 115.8MN 26 12.86m before amidships, 2.74m, 2.66m Chapter 1.73m port, 2.99 m starboard 13.25m,2.92m 288 tonnef, 4.70m, 5.83m; 6.23m, 5.81 m 20,740 tonnefm, 10°37',93.31 m (added weight), 91.58 m (lost buoyancy) (i) 170 tonnef, (ii) 0.63 m, (iii) 0.59 m (a) 4.09m, (b) 3A2m, (c) 0.79m 7.06 m, 4.92 m forward; 4.33 m, 2.20 m aft 1.70m 9.70m, +0.98m 10 40 tonnef, 94 tonnef, 22cm II 10 degrees 12 1.8 degrees 13 53 tonnef, I! degrees * Chapter 1.- - - 1.972m, 0.536m, 1.047m 3875 tonnefm, 1252 tonnefm, 15.6 degrees 2.05 m, 1.99m 2.1 m, 15Am 2.9 cm 0.97T 10 1° 27' 11 4.388m 12 - 13 7° 7' 14 90 degrees 15.2.39m,27.13m 16 1.25m 17 0.927 m 18 lA4m 19 1°22' 20 0.21 m 21 0.28m 22 3.28 m 23 45 degrees 24 - 25 0.37 m 26 (a) 70Ao, (b) 84.9°, (c) 87.1°, (d) 95.50 27 74MJ 28 2.60, 1.035 : 29 0.67m 30 OA7 m 31 2.53m, 2.82m, 0.09m, 4.57m, 75.SO 32 0.509 m, OA9 m 33 -OA3 m 34 - 14 4.26m 15 4.63 16 Starboard hit 40 per cent, 22! per cent; Port hit 40 per cent, 10 per cent Chapter 6 10 35.7m from fore end, 486 tonnef/m SF, 0.21L from end = W/lOA; BM amidships = WL/32 Max SF., 30.75 tonnef; max BM, 132.6 tonnef/m SF, 48 tonnef 30 m from ends; BM 960 tonnef/m amidships Max SF, 690 tonnef; max BM, 13,000 tonnef/m 16mm SF, 714 tonnef at 3/4; BM 24,500 tonnef mat 5/6 113.5 pascals 55.3 and 65.5 MPa (/0, 93.7 MPa, (/K, 56.7 MPa II 35 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 zo, 1.59m3; ZK, 1.22m3; (/0, 71 MPa; (/0,40 MPa; (/K 58 MPa 52cm2 57.5,42.2, 19.7MPa 42.9,42.9, 33.2 MPa 6M/WL = 0.144 and 0.115 20cm2 19mm 131MPa, 0.3 degrees 55 mm approx Chapter I 260 MPa 7700cm3, 14,800cm3 (a) 1:2.92, (b) 1:2.20 (a) 2664cm4, (b) 7Amm 18mm 4A5 tonnef 7Acm (/K, 93 MPa , 712 Answers to problems (a) 20mm, (b) 8mm (a) 0.112 MPa, (b) 0.035 MPa, (c) 5.7mm 10 (a) 0.11, (b) 0.73, (c) 0.22, (d) 0.40 MPa 11 (a) 2.0, (b) 1.17 12 90 MPa 13 41.7 MPa, in rib at deck edge 14 MEA = 420, MAE = 840, MBA = 27,300, MBF = 8480, MBC = 35,760, MFB = 2120 Nm 15 MAB = 0.77, MBC = 3.07, MCB = 12.36, MCG = 2.07, MCD = 14.43, MGC = 1.02 tonnef/m 16 0.03 MN 17 Torque 15.9 tonnef/m; BM =237 tonnef/m 18 554mm, 11.56kW Chapter 75.5m, 7.7MN, 0.19 N/mm2 18.36, 14.31 fwd, 22.41 aft tonnef/m2• -2.38 m forward, 6.91 m aft 8.7m (a) 97m, (b) 1,480 tonnef, (c) 41,000 tonnef/m (a) lift at 144m (b) max force on FP 7,950 tonnef, (c) tip mt 700,000 tonnef/m, (d) floats off Max BM, 184,000 tonnef/m; max SF, 439 tonnef (a) 16.2m, (b) 1500 tonnef, (c) 57,000 tonnef/m Chapter 1.96m 1.25MN, 0.67MN, 1.19MN, Index l.4m 0.184MNm -0.194MNm 7.- 16 tonnef m, 237 tonnef/m 2.540 m2, 2.127 m, 3.403 m4, 0.833 m4• 10 ±29°20' I I 55.2,47.3, 41.4m2 12.14.8MNm 0.607 ;L wave 181 3, 10 minus one rule 29 13 A stable, B unstable; 19.4 m, 38.5 m 14 40.2m, 70.7m 15 40 m, stable, 2.38 knots Chapter 14 II 328kN/m2, 196kN/m2 12 112.7 MN/m and 470 kW, 1.97 MN/m2 and 8.2 kW 13.1046 litres/min at 0.99 MPa; 23.2kW for smooth pipes, 1046 litres/min 25.6 kW for rough pipes 14.21 IOl/s, 9401/s 15.1O,7001/s 16 Approx 7°C, about 25cc 17 About 4.65 x 103 ljkg from 16.6/15.6 to 21/17 18 Slope 0.49, off Coil 14/13, mix 30/23.6; I.54m3/sec solution 19 Approx 1020m2 20 (a) 64 per cent, (b) 57 per cent approx 21 30000GT, 23232 NT, (a) the same, (b) 23307 (including at 1.06MPa; fresh air) is one abnormal waves 171,327 accommodation 607 accretion of ice 343, 360 acquiring seakeeping data 490 action of rudder in turning a ship 530 Active 406 active fins 507 active rudder 555 active stabilizer systems 507 active tank system 508 active weights 507 added mass 461,497 added weight method 148 addition of weight 66 additions to section modulus 196 advance 532 advance coefficient 368,395,402,416 aerofoil sections 390,421 aerostatic force 679 after perpendicular ahead resistance coefficient 430 air 340, 347 air conditioning 589 air cushion vehicles 676 air cycle 592 air drawing 688 air independent propulsion 579, 666, 670 air purity 670 air resistance 370,377,397,422,429,431,681 aircraft carrier 659 ALARP 653 albacore shape 669 A/buera 206 ambient air 340 American Bureau of Shipping amidships amphibiosity 680 amplitude response operator 468,494 analogue computers 38 analysis pitch 381 anchoring 161 angle of attack 389,444 angle of heel in turn 533, 539 angle of lol! 115, 154 angstrom (A) 348 anti-nodes 352 AP (after perpendicular) appendage coefficient 369, 395 resistance 370, 378, 420, 700 scale effect factor 395, 700 approximate formulae 39 BM 39 centre of pressure 542 longitudinal strength 203 powering 388 roll period 463 rudder force 540 VCB 39 vibration 357 wetted surface 414, 700 wind resistance 429, 430 approximate integration 22 arched rib analysis 259, 267 Archimedes' principle 53,72 arctic extremes 341 areas, curve of 11,446 arresting cracks 224 arresting gear 660 artificial intelligence 37 aspect ratio 539, 541 Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique assumed neutral axis 189 atmosphere control 670 attributes 625 Atwood's formula 105 augment of resistance 393 automated draughting equipment 37 automatic control systems 558 automatic pilot 558 availability 575,621, 647 availability diagram 626 axial inflow factor 388 azimuthing propeller 689 B, M, F & Z surfaces 117 bacteria 168,343 balance, longitudinal 179, 183 balanced reaction rudder 556 balanced rudder 553 bale capacity 614 bar xxi, 52 Barnes'method 109 bathtub curve 648 batteries 667 beam/draught ratio 251 Beaufort number 479 Beaufort scale 338 bending moment, longitudinal 185 bending stresses 191 716 Index Bernoulli, D 387 Bernouilli-Euler hypothesis 240 berthing 158 bilge keels 420, 506 bilging 70,145 biological agents 347 blade area ratio 380,383,434 blade element theory 388 blast 165 block coefficient 12, 505, 633, 675, 688 blocks, dock 297 BM 20, 39 boats 604, 656 body plan body responses 351,354 bollard pull 688, 689 Bonjean curves 12, 70, 183, 289 boss, propeller 383 Bouguer I boundaries of design 623 boundary element method 451 boundary layer 374 control 386,447 bow rudder/thruster 523, 554, 658 bow shape 412 box girders 193,201,214 brackets 266 breakage 294, 298 Bretschneider spectrum 324 brittle fracture 220, 224 broaching 502, 562, 692 Bruce 206 Btu (British Thermal Unit) xxi bubble cavitation 391 buckling 177, 189, 215, 238, 255, 278 built-in stresses 207,214,222,277 bulbous bow 446,480,506,635 bulk carriers 163,603,662 bulkhead deck 146, 155 bulwark 485 buoyancy 54, 56, 178 buoyancy curve 178, 183 Bureau Veritas cable, chain 161 camber 11, 289 camber, propeller 382, 392, 444 camber ratio 382 canal effect 562 candela (cd) xxi capability 621, 626, 685 Captain careening 295 cargo deadweight 610 cargo handling 602 cargo shift 163 cash flow 619 Castigliano, theorem of 260,267 casualties 169 catamarans 676 cathodic protection 599 InclC'x cavitation 350,379,383,401,444 bucket 443, 444 inception 392 number 368, 391 tunnel 401 viewing trials 404 CD-rom 35 Celsius unit 347 centre of buoyancy 18,74,446,465 flotation 15,62,74 gravity 19,124 lateral resistance 525, 534 pressure 542 change of density 71 changes of dimensions 94, 196 changes of dimension, powering 424 Chapman, Frederick I Charpy test 225 chilled water 588, 590 choice of machinery 575 chord, propeller 382 chord, rudder 541 circular notation 396,411,695 circulating water channel 402 circulation 389, 390 circulation control 386 Clan Alpine 206 classification societies 4, 203 climate 338 closed cycle diesels 580, 670 coastguards, US coefficient of contraction 162 fineness 12,94 lift, rudder 541 cofferdams 164 collapse design 216,262 collision 145, 344 collision bulkhead 146 colour 361 comfort 458, 479, 486, 591 coming alongside 559 commercial submarines 670 compactors 598 comparison, law of 397 comparison of plate theories 250 compartment standard 155 compatibility, machinery/propeller 447 composite sections 190 computational fluid dynamics 366,450,503 computer-aided design 36, 643 computer-aided manufacture 644 computerized planar motion carriage 550 computers 35 concept design 627 constant displacement method 153 'constant' notation 695 containers 602, 671 container ships 625,671 continuous spectrum 318 contra-rotating propellers 383, 554 control surfaces 280, 523, 569 control systems, automatic 558 controllability 525 controllable-pitch propeller 379,382,578,636 conversion tables XXI correlation of ship/model powers 420 corresponding speed 397 corrosion 599 allowance 192,601 fatigue 238 corrugated plating 246 cost effectiveness 621 coulomb (C) xx counterflooding 162 crack arrest 224 crack extension 224 cracks 207,220 creativity 625 criterion numeral 155 criterion of failure 238 service 155 critical path 586, 640 point 566 Reynolds' number 375 speed 427, 565 cross-coupling 502 cross curves of stability 104, 107 cross-section, effect on resistance 446 crude oil washing 164 cruise ships 365, 655 CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) 225 cumulative probability 212,316 curvature derivatives 549 curve of areas 11, 446 buoyancy 118 flotation 120 statical stability 112 Cutty Sark damage control 162 damaged stability 152, 157 damped motions 462,480,496,498,499 damping 210,218 damping, propellers 392 dangerous cargoes 159, 656 dangerous goods rules 163 data, motions 468,490 davits 604 deadmass 610,630 deadrise angle 483 deadweight 610 scale, ratio, coefficient 610,611 decay of spectrum 324 decibel (dB) 358 decision aids 37 deckhouses 228, 256 decoys 605 decrement of roll 510 deflections of hull 200 deformation of structure 238 degaussing 169 degradation of human performance 4X6 de-icing 343 demersal species 690 density 71 Department of the Environment, Transpo and the Regions 6, 155 dependency diagrams 607, 626, 650 depreciation 622 depressurized towing tank 402 depth of water 344 derivatives, stability 528, 549 derricks 240, 602 design compromises 365 dynamical stability 524, 668, 694 economics 619 influence diagrams 639, 642 production 647 propeller 433 spiral 636 studies 628 trim 70 waterplane 7,9 destroyers 672 detail design 638 developed blade area 380 dew point 348, 594 diameter, steady turning 532 tactical 532 Dieudonne spiral 536 diffusion of shear 201 digital computers 35 dimensional analysis 367 dimensional ratios 634 directional stability 524, 539 disc area ratio 381 discontinuities 192,219,227 discounted cash flow 620 dispersion of machinery 168 displacement 56, 123 displacement sheet & table 75 distribution factors 257 divergent wave system 371, 372 dock blocks 296 dock loads 295 docking 67, 158,286,295 docking stability 158,299 double bottom 146, 147 drag 370 drag chains 287, 293 draught changes with trim 62, 63 draught, effect on manoeuvring 569 drift II drift angle 477, 531 drill ships 558, 559 dry bulb temperature 340, 347, 591 drydocks 286, 295 7/7 718 Index Inde.x ducted propellers 384 duration 305 dust 342 dynamic positioning 558, 686 similarity 374 stability 524, 668, 694 dynamical stability 125 dynamics of launching 293 economics 619 eddy making resistance 377 effective power 369, 394 effective temperature 348, 591 effective wave height 214 effective wave surface 464 elastic stability 265 elasto-plastic theories 225,248,251,262 electrical distribution 582 electrical generation 581 electro-chemical table 600 elements of form diagram 696 embrittlement 165 encounter frequency 471 encounter spectrum 471 end constraint 266 end pressures at launch 292 endurance 448 test 353 energy methods 260 energy spectrum 470 environment 172, 302 environmental pollution 172 equilibrium 91 equivalent SI units XXI ergonomics 361,645 erosion 391, 584 error function 320,476 escape and rescue 656 escort tug 688 Estonia 658 ethics 623 Euler buckling 242 evacuation 605, 656 exaggeration factor 243 exceptional waves 171 excita tion 350 exempted spaces 612 expanded area ratio 381 expansion joints 229 expansion of outer bottom 21 experiment, inclining 130 experiments dynamic control 549 seakeeping 515 turning 548 expert systems 37 explosives 164 extreme air temperatures 341 climatic conditions 341 value statistics 327 wave heights 494 waves 171,327 face 380 cavitation 392 pitch 381 factor of subdivision 155 Fahrenheit unit xxi failure 193,207,217,237,648 farad (F) xx fatigue 207, 219, 225, 238, 351 fau)t tree diagram 652 feasibility 627, 636 F-curve 117, 118 ferries 657, 676 fetch 305, 323 fighting capabilities 167, 606 fighting ships 605 finite difference 451 finite element analysis 226, 274, 643 finite volume methods 451 fins active 507 fixed 509 fire 159 fire protection 160 fishing vessels 690 fixed pitch propeller 379 flags of convenience 623 flap rudder 556 flare II, 482, 506, 635 flash 164 Flettner rotor 386 Flettner rudder 556 flexure 200 floating docks 296, 298 floodable length 155 flooding 145,165 board 162 flotation 52 calculations 147 flow diagrams 641 separation 447 visualization 403 fluid dynamics 366 fluid properties 52 fluid systems 583 flutter 200 force displacement 56 force on a rudder 530, 539, 544 fore poppet 287 form 635 form drag 377 form factor 412 form influence on stability 122 form motions 505 form resistance 444 fouling 395,421,426 foundering 145 FP (fore perpendicular) fracture 225, 238 frameworks 239, 256 freak waves 171 free surface 99, 116, 146 freeboard 10, 155,458,485, 506, 692 freely suspended weights 101 freight rate 619 frequency domain 502, 531 friction in pipes 584 frictional form resistance 377 frictional resistance 370, 374, 375, 397, 407,445 frigates 672 Froude constant notation 411,695 Froude's hypothesis 464 Froude-Kriloff hypothesis 495 Froude's law of comparison 397,406,418 Froude method 695 Froude number 367, 371 Froude wake factor 393 Froude, William I fuel 365, 575 cells 580 consumption 448 systems 596 full scale trials 405, 494 garbage 596 gas attack 168 Gaul 136 Gaussian distribution 212,218,316,320 Gauss' rules 32 generators 581 geographical boundaries 624 geometric discontinuities 220 geometric similarity 397,425,468 Germanische Lloyd globe temperature 347 gnomon rudder 544, 553 grain capacity 614 grain, carriage of 100, 163 grain carriers 664 graving dock 297, 298 gravity wave 371 grease, launching 291 Great Lakes carriers 192 green seas 343,484 Greyhound trials 406 grillage 177,243 gross tonnage 612,613 grounding 67, 146, 158 groundways 286,291 growth of spectra 323 Gumbel statistics 327 Gyroscopes 508 -G-Zcurve 102,113 hail 343 half breadth plan half cycle rolling 478 handing of propellers 380 hard chine forms 676 hard corners 277 Hardy Cross 257 Haslar formula 700 hazards 145 heat transfer 584 heave 461,466 heel II, 339 heeling during turn 533, 539 heeling trials 137 henry (H) xx Herald of Free Enterprise 4,157 hertz (Hz) xxi, 349 high speed craft 675 high-speed stability 564 high speed turns 129 high winds 343 histograms 315 hogging 132, 178, 203 hole, inflow of water 162 holes in plating 220 hollow box girder 193,201,214 horizontal flexure 200 hotel load 448 hovercraft 678 hull efficiency 394, 395, 433 hull efficiency elements 394, 399 hull roughness 377,406 hull weight distribution 182 human factors 302, 360, 645 human performance 486, 504, 645 human responses 345 humidity 302, 340, 591 hydraulic propulsion 385 hydraulic smoothness 376 hydro-elastic analysis 218 hydrofoil craft 365, 504, 676, 682 hydrogen peroxide 164 hydroplanes 280, 563, 666 hydrostatic curves 74 data 65, 74 pressure 54 hygroscopic material 163 submarines 667 lACS (International Association of Classification Societies) ice 127,225,360 ice navigation 158 Icmg 341,343,458, 692 illumination 349 IMO (International Maritime Organisation) 6, 156, 159 impact 219 impressed current protection 600 improving seakeeping 504 impulse wave testing 500 incidence controlled foils 683 incinerators 599 71Y 720 Index inclining experiment 130 incremental analysis 217 index path, circuit 586 inert gas systems 662 inflatables 604, 656, 684 inflow through a hole 162 influence lines 182,194 infra-red radiation 169 inherent controllability 525 initial response to rudder 530 initial stability 93 initiation of cracks 224 inlets, resistance 421 instability, structural 207,238 insulation 592 integrator 69, 107 interaction between ships 560 ship and propeller 392 interactive systems 35 inter-bulkhead collapse 668 inter-frame collapse 668 internal environment 344 internet xxiii, 366, 706 inviscid flow 390 Iris correction 399 irregular seas 470 irregular shapes 14 irregular waves 306, 312 isochronous rolling 461 ITTC correlation line 420,423 performance prediction 422 presentation 411 spectrum 324, 327, 330 J contour integral 225 Jackstay 604 jet propulsion 385 Jetfoil 682 joule (1) 348 kelvin (K) xx, 371 Kempf manoeuvre 535 kinematic viscosity 303, 367 kitchen rudder 554, 560 knot XXll knowledge-based systems 37 knuckles 458, 635 L/20 wave 181,213 Lagrange I laminar flow 375 laminar sub-layer 376 large amplitude rolling 461,478 large angle stability 104 large plate deflection 247, 250 large weight addition 68 latent heat 348,591 lateral thrust units 554 launching 70, 286 Indc'x launching curves 287, 289 launching forces 288, 291 law of comparison 397,406,418 law of flotation 54 LCB (longitudinal centre of buoyancy) 18 LCG (longitudinal centre of gravity) 18 Leclert's theorem 121 lee helm 694 left handed propellers 380 length 9, 123,633 motions 505 length/beam ratio 505, 569, 633 Liberty ships 220 lifeboats 604, 658 life cycle 624 life of ships 192 life saving appliances 604, 656 life saving equipment 159,160 lift 390 light fittings 349 lighting 345, 348 lightweight 610 limit design 257, 262 limiting seakeeping conditions 479 limiting seakeeping criteria 489 line spectrum 318 lines plan liquid gas 164 Lloyd, Edward Lloyd's Insurance Incorporation Lloyd's Register of Shipping LNG carriers 665 load factor 395 load shirking 189,215 load shortening curves 215, 246 loading and unloading risks 204 loading, longitudinal 180, 185,237 loadline 157 convention 156 locked up stresses 207,214,217,222 log normal distribution 316 loll 115, 154 long-crested waves 312 longitudinal inertia 506, 565 longitudinal strength 203 long-term statistics 207,212 loss of speed on turn 533 losses at sea 145 losses in pipes 584 lost buoyancy method 148 Lucy Ashton trials 406 Lumen 348 lux (Ix) xx, 348 Mach number 367 machinery 383, 574 compatibility with propeller magnetic mines 169 magnification factor 351,466 magnus effect 557 main hump 374 447 maintainability 575 maintenance envelopes 651 maloperation of docks 298 manoeuvrability 523, 531 manoeuvre, zig-zag, spiral 535, 536, 549, 551 manoeuvring 383 Marchioness 657 margin line 154,155 Marine Accident Investigation Branch marine escape systems 604 pollution 598 safety 159 Maritime and Coastguard Agency MARPOL 6,172 mass density 52, 97, 303 mass displacement 56 mass in design 625 masts 240 matrix, stiffness 274 maximum stresses 204 MCT (moment to change trim) 64 mean, arithmetic 41 measured mile 403 measurement 610 mechanical shock 165 median 381 median 41 meganewton (MN) xx megapascal (MPa) xx membrane tension 247 memory effects 504, 531 merchant ship regulations 655 metacentre 19, 74, 93 metacentric curve 119 metacentric diagram 76 metacentric height 74, 94, 114 effect on turning 570 method of least squares 133 methodical series 366,400 metric equivalents XXll middle deck tankers 663 middle line plane mid ship section coefficient 12 midships mile, nautical xxii military worth 621 minimum -G-M- 155 mock ups 641 mode 41 model testing 366, 397, 500 modes of vibration 352 modular ships 651 modulus calculation 186,204 moment causing trim 64 moment distribution 257,270 momentum resistance 681 momentum theory, propeller 387 monohulls 676 Moorson system 611 Morrish's rule 39 Moseley's formula 127 Moskowitz 324 motion in irregular waves 468, 502 oblique seas 476 regular waves 464 waves 457 motions 345 motion sickness 345 incidence 487 spectra 502 mould 343 moulded dimensions MTBF 649 multi-hulled ships 676 multiples xx multiples of units xxii NACA 0015 section 541 natural frequencies of hull 358 natural gas carriers 665 nausea 38, 345, 346 nautical mile xxi NBCD 168 net present value 619 net tonnage 613 networks 640 neutral axis 180,216 neutral point 528, 554, 565 Neverita 206 Newcombia 206 newton (N) xx Newton-Cotes' rules 24, 30 Nippon Kaiji Kyokai nodes 352 noise 358, 392, 402, 418 effects 302, 359 underwater 169 nomenclature XXll non-linear effects 477, 501, 503 normal distribution 316, 322 Normand's rule 39 Norske Veritas, det North Atlantic seas 127, 315 notch toughness 219 nuclear reactors 147, 159, 164 objectives in design 618 oblique seas, motion in 476, 549 Ocean Vulcan 206 ocean wave statistics 330,488 Oertz rudder 556 offset offshore engineering 685 ohm (0) xx oil pollution 159 oil tankers 663 one metre trim moment 66 open water tests 401 operator, response amplitude 468,494 optimum structural design 237 orbit centres 310,311 721 /22 Index Ind(Jx outer bottom expansion 21 overall seakeeping performance overdeck tonnage 612 overload fraction 395 overshoot 535, 539 ownership cost 619 487 paddle wheel 386 effect 559 palletized cargo 602 panel methods 451 panels of plating 215,238,239,247 Pappus Guldinus, theorem of 47 parametric rolling 478 parallel sinkage 57 parametric studies 633 partial safety factors 218 pascal (P) xx passenger ship construction rules 157 passenger ship regulations 130, 157 passenger ships 655 passengers, crowding of 129 passive stabilizer systems 506, 509 pelagic species 690 Penelope 406 period of roll 463 periodic forces 351 permeability 149,170 permissible length 155 permissible stresses 205 petrol, carriage 163 phases of motion 457,466 pi theorem 367 Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum 324 piloted controllability 558 pipe erosion 391, 584 pipe friction 584 piping systems 383, 585 pitching 461,466 pitch ratio 381 pivoting point 532 planar motion mechanism 550 planes of reference planing craft 365, 676 plastic design 262 hinges 214,248,263 modulus 213 plasticity 248 plates under lateral pressure 247, 249 plating-stiffener 239 Pleuger active rudder 555 plunge 145 pollution 172, 663 polyethylene oxide 447 population 318 portals 256 positioning, dynamic 558, 686 potential flow 390,450,496 poundage 21 power estimation 418 power in waves 457, 479 powering of ships 365,411,668 preferred values xxii prefixes XXII presentation, motion data 468 pressure hull 667 pressure in a wave 137,202, 311 pressure mines 169 Preston 206 pre-wetting 168 principal axes 151 prismatic coefficient 13, 445, 505, 634 prismatic hump 374 probability 40,170 distributions 315 standards 169 of exceedance 208 production 647 Prohaska's method 112 projected blade area 380 pro-metacentre 20, 119 propeller 635 controllable pitch 379, 382, 578, 636 data 416 design diagram 437 dimensions 433 efficiency 388, 395 emergence 479, 485 geometry 380, 381 number of blades 433 open water tests 401 strength 447 properties of fluids 52 irregular shapes 14 materials 53, 303 propulsion components 368 device 379 propulsive coefficient 394, 396, 435 psychrometric chart 591, 593 protection 145 pull-out manoeuvre 534, 549 pulpers 599 pump jets 385 purse seiners 691 QPC factor 395,433,435,700 quasi-propulsive coefficient 395 radhaz 168 radioactive particles 164 radius of gyration 506, 565 rain 342 rake 11 propeller 382 ramp, aircraft carrier 661 range (statistical) 41 range of stability 114 Rankine Rankine unit XXI Rankine-Gordon formula 242 RAO (response amplitude operator) 210 Rayleigh distribution 211,218,316, 321 realistic longitudinal strength 208 realistic structural elements 276 realistic structural response 213 reciprocal weight density 53 reduction of resistance 446 redundancy 650 Reech's method 110 Reed's method 229 register tonnage 612 Registro Italiano regressional analysis 366,431 regular waves 464 reinforcement 227 relative humidity 343, 348, 591 relative rotative efficiency 393,395,400,422 relaxation methods 257 reliability 575, 588, 648 remotely operated vehicles 670 repair by replacement 651 replenishment 562, 596, 603 required freight rate 620 requirements, ship 618 reserve of buoyancy 57, 145, 157 residual-G-Z 112,158 resistance aIr 370,377,397,429,431,681 appendage 370, 378, 420, 700 coefficients 367 components 368 data presentation 367 dimension changes 426 eddy making 377 effect of form 424 form 444 frictional 370,374,375,397,407,445 frictional form 374 in pipes 584 prediction 415 residuary 378,397,411,445 shallow water 427 test facilities 402 tests 397 total 378 time out of dock 426 viscous 377 wavemaking 371 resonances 137, 350, 351 response operators 468,474,494 reversal speed 565 reversals of stress 207 Reynolds' number 367,374,402,418 right handed propeller 380 righting moment, lever 93 rigid inflatables 684 rim reinforcement 221 ring mains 588 rise of floor 10, 112, 482 river water 71 roll, approximate period 463 roll on, roll off 603, 625, 656, 657 rolling in still water 460 in waves 464 RoRo ferries 147 rotating arm 549 rotating cylinder rudder 557 roughness, effect on resistance 377, 39 round bilge forms 676 round down 11 Royal George Royal Institution of Naval Architects rudder action 530 force 280, 539, 548 stock 280 torq ue 544, 548 types of 552, 554 S-N curves 226 sacrificial anodes 599 safety case 652 safety factors 217 margins 155 of life at sea (SOLAS) 6, 159 sagging 132, 178, 205 sailing boats 386, 692 salinity 125, 304 samples 318 sand 342 sandwich protection 146 Santacilla I scale effect correction 422 Scandinavian Star 159 Scheduling 640 Schlick formula 357 Schoenberger 486 scope (anchors) 161 Scott Russell screw propeller 379 sea areas 330 state code 315 surface 304 seakeeping 457, 505 basins 515 criteria 479 influence of form 505 parameters 479 performance 487 seasickness 345,486 sea states 488 seaworthiness 457, 504 second moment of area 16, 189 section area constant 695 section modulus 189, 196, 262 self pitching propeller 383 self propulsion point 400 72 self trimming 163 semi-submersibles 504 sensible heat 348 sensible heat ratio 591,593 separation 378 sequence of unloading 664 service trials 405 sewage systems 598 sewage treatment 172 shaft brackets 42] power 394, 424, 698 transmission efficiency 395 shallow water effects 344, 427 shape factor 262 shear diffusion 201,228 force 185, 205 lag 201,214,228,243 stresses, longi tudina] 193 sheer drawing sheer plan sheet cavitation 391 shelter deck ships 611 shielding, reactor 147,165 shift of cargo 163 shifting boards 163,664 ship design 617 ship form, effects on stability 122 ship girder 177 ship handling 559 ship lifts 299 ship-model correlation 396,398,406 ship motion 330 trials 516 ship responses 459,488 ship routing 458, 504 ship tank 398 ship trials 403,501 ship-weapon system 605 shirking load 246,277 shock 165, 167 shore test facility 641 shrouded propeller 384 SI units xviii sickness 346 sickness index 487 sidewalls 680 sideways launching 286, 294 siemens (S) xx signatures 165, ]68, 575, 605, 674 significant wave height 172,314,321,325 sills 146 similarity 366 simple beams 242 Simpson's rules 24,76 simulation 502, 559 modelling 37 simulator 37, 559, 567 singing propeller 392 sinkage 344, 399 Index sinusoidal waves 210 sisal 164 skegs 525, 538 skew 381, 392 skin friction correction 420,426,699 slamming 207,218,219,458,481, 505, 635, 664 slender body theory 2]1,495 sliding ways 286 slip 381 ratio 381 slipways 286 slope deflection methods 257,258,269 slow-speed turning 559 small deflection of plates 247 Smith correction 137,202, 31] smoothness of hull 374 social boundaries 623 Society of Nava] Architects and Marine Engineers Society of Nava] Architects of Japan solar radiation 342, 343 SOLAS (safety of life at sea) 6,90157,170 Sources and sinks 390 sources of noise 359 spade rudder 553 specific fuel consumption 448 specific gravity 53 specific volume 53 spectra 212, 323 spectra, wave 470 spectrum encounter 471 motion 468 speed coefficient 412 in waves 457,479 loss on turn 533, 539 trials 396,403,501 spiral manoeuvre 536, 549 spira], design 636 spray 458, 482, 484 spreading function 327 springing 351 sprinkler systems ]60 square holes 220 squat 562 stability 91 criterion or index 528 derivatives 527 directional 524, 539 dynamic 524, 668, 694 on docking 158,299 on launch 289, 293 standards 127 stability and control submarines 562 surface ships 524 stabilization, ship 458 stabilizer trials 510 stabilizers 280,421,506,677 stalling, rudder 540 standard climate 341 standard deviation 41 standard longitudinal strength 179 standards of manoeuvre 531, 538 starved horse look 248 statical stability 91,112 statistical analysis 415,458,500 statistics 40,169 statutory freeboard 156 steady turning diameter 532 stealth 575, 605, 674 steering 523 stern drive tugs 689 stern lift at launch 287, 294 stern wheelers 386 stiff ship 461 stiffened plating 242, 246 stiffness matrix 274 still water loading 204 stirling engines 580, 670 stratified measure of merit 490 streamlined rudders 556 strength of wind 305, 323 strength on launch 293 strength, propellers 447 stress concentrations 219 intensity factor 225 strip theory 206,211,276,495,499 structural design 237 elements 239 response 213 safety 209,217 struts 244 subjective loudness 359 subjective, magnitude of motions 486 submarines 665 stability and control 523, 566 submarine trials 566 submerged body stability 124 submersibles 670 sub-surface trochoids 309 supercavitating propellers 392 superstructure 197,228 support 651 surface effect 678 film resistance 593 tension 366 texture 377 surface effect vehicles 56 surface piercing foils 682 surface ship stability and control 524 surfaces of stability lJ7 surf riding 562 surge 477 surveillance 605 susceptibility 165, 605 suspended weights 101 SWATH 504, 676 sway 477,499 swedged plating 246 swell 305, 330 symbols xxii, xxiv, 22 system effectiveness 622 systems 582 engineering 617 SZ 106, 153 table of offsets tactical diameter 532 tankers 662 Taylor resistance data 412 wake factor 393,422 TCB (transverse centre of buoyancy) 18 Tchebycheff's rules 31,76 temperature ambient 125, 302 dry bulb 340, 347 effective 348, 595 globe 347 wet bulb 340, 347 tender ship 465 tension leg platform 687 thermal conductivity 592 thermal efficiencies 593 thickness distribution 382 thickness ratio, propeller 382 threshold of comfort 591 through life costing 624 thrust coefficient 368,401,416 deduction factor 393,422,444 power 394, 396 tilt test 137 time domain 503,531 time out of dock, resistance 404, 426 time to repair 649 tip vortex cavitation 391 Todd formula 357 tolerance to environment 361 tonnage deck 612 formulae 613 measurement 610 tonne xxii tonnef xxii torque coefficient 368,401,416 rudder 544, 548 total heat 348, 591 toughness of steel 224 towing tanks 398 TPC (tonnefper centimetre) 58,74 TPI (tonnef parallel immersion) 58,74 tractor tugs 689 trailing vortices 391 transfer 532 transient wave testing 500 72~ transition 375 regIOn 376 temperature 224 transmission efficiency 395 transom 416 transverse planes trapezoidal rule 23 trawlers 690 tree systems 588 trials 167, 206 propeller viewing 404 ship motion 516,518 speed 396,403, 501 trim 11,61,399,569,667 correction 64 trimarans 678 trimming and inclining experiment triplets 426 tripping brackets 265 TRITON 678 Trochoid 181,202,306 tropical climate 341 tugs 386, 690 tumble home II tuning factor 210,466 turbulence stimulation 377 turbulent flow 375, 450 turning values 322 turning ability 534 at slow speed 559 circle 531 rate 539 trial 551 twin-hull ships 676 two-dimensional system 313 types of resistance 370 types of rudder 552, 554 667 ultimate longitudinal strength 214,217 unbalanced rudder 554 uncomfortable cargoes 163 undamped motions 460 underdeck tonnage 612 underwater explosions 166,274 union purchase 602 unitization 575 unitized machinery 168 units xx upkeep 651 US Coastguards 6, 345 utility 622 valve engineering 642 vanishing stability 114 vapour pressure 366 variance 41 Vasa VCB 18 VCG 21 velocity of sound 483 vent plates 164 ventilation 589 vertical axis propeller 383, 523, 555, 578 vertical prismatic coefficient 14 vibration 302,344,350,418,575 modes 352 virtual reality 36,641 virtual work 264 viscosity 303, 366, 374, 450 viscous pressure resistance 370, 377 VLCC 662 Voith-Schneider propeller 555 volt (V) xx volume in design 629 volume of displacement 12 vortex 377,389,391,457 VSTOL 661 vulnerability 165, 169,575,626, 675, 681 wake 390,392,393,400,407 wake adapted propeller 387 wake fraction 422 wake, Froude, Taylor 393,422 wake survey 390 walk through presentation 643 wall roughness gauge 407 wall-sided formula 101 waste disposal 598 water density xxii, 303, 366 depth 344, 427 inflow 162 properties 303 temperature 341 waterplane coefficients, 13, 505, 635 waterplanes, lines watertight subdivision 145,159 watt (W) xx wave breaking resistance 377 wave characteristics 320 data 491 elevation 321 frequency 210,311 height 491 number 311 period 493 period code 332 pressure correction 202, 308 sinusoidal 311 spectra 206,276,318,323,470,473 standards 180 trochoida 1181,202,306 wave climate synthesis 491 wave-induced bending moment 204 wavemakers 515 wavemaking resistance 370, 407, 446 weapon attack 165 weapon blast 165 weapons 457, 605 wearout 648 weather deck layout 602 web sites 706 weber (Wb) xx weber number 367 weight density 22, 52 distribution 178, 182 weights over the side 129 welding stresses 207,214,222,277 wet and dry temperatures 591 wet bulb temperature 340, 347 wetness 458,480,484 wetted length 445 wetted surface 414, 700 whipping 67, 207, 351 wide flanged beams 240 wide plate crack arrest test 225 wind 127, 323, 338 resistance 429,431 speed, variation with height Wolf 206 work done in heeling 125 work study 642 worldwide seas 337 yachts 692 yaw 11,477 yield 620 yielding out 207, 223 Young's modulus xxii Z curve 121 Z-drive tugs 689 zero crossings 322 zig-zag manoeuvre 535, 551 zoning 165, 652, 675 340 ... architecture is art and science Basically, naval architecture is concerned with ship safety, ship performance and ship geometry, although these are not exclusive divisions With ship safety, the naval... merchant ship design (see Chapter 16) ;JJt/!'f Specialization applies equally to warships Basically, the warship is designe3 to meet a country's defence policy Because the design and building of warships... on shipbuilding, merchant ship design and ship safety are the classification societies Among the most dominant are Lloyd's Register of Shipping, det Norske Veritas, the American Bureau of Shipping,