Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck) Chapter 21 Origin of Modern Astronomy 1) One of the discoveries which led to the modern view of the solar system was that the orbits of the planets are A) circles B) ellipses C) hyperbolas D) parabolas Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 2) According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, how many "heavenly" bodies could be observed wandering along the background of stars? A) one B) two C) five D) seven Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 3) Galileo observed several features using the telescope Which one of the following did he NOT discover? A) sunspots B) phases of Venus C) Jupiter's four largest moons D) the two moons of Mars Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 4) The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 5) This scientist determined the nature of the forces that kept the planets in their orbits A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus Answer: A Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 6) This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 7) Three laws of planetary motion were discovered by A) Johannes Kepler B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus Answer: A Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 8) In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the A) Earth was flat B) Earth was in the center of the universe C) Sun was in the center of the solar system D) Earth rotated on its axis to produce night and day Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9) The apparent westward "drift" of the planets compared to the background stars is called A) Ptolemaic motion B) occultation C) precession D) retrograde motion Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 10) The belt of constellations through which all the planets move is called the A) Planetoid B) Parallax C) Cosmos D) Zodiac E) Milky Way Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Remembering 11) The true shape of the planetary orbits was discovered by A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus E) Johannes Kepler Answer: E Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 12) Who wrote the book entitled Of the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres (De Revolutionibus)? A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus E) Johannes Kepler Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 13) This scientist wrote a book that compared the Earth-centered system with the Sun-centered system entitled Dialogue of the Great World Systems A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus E) Johannes Kepler Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 14) Which of these men formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation? A) Sir Isaac Newton B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe D) Nicolaus Copernicus E) Johannes Kepler Answer: A Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 15) The Earth-centered system of the universe that was accepted for nearly seventeen centuries was presented in a treatise called the Almagest that was written by A) Aristotle B) Ptolemy C) Aristarchus D) Eratosthenes E) Hipparchus Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 16) The first successful attempt to establish the size of Earth is credited to A) Aristotle B) Ptolemy C) Aristarchus D) Eratosthenes E) Hipparchus Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 17) The apparent westward drift of the planets as compared to the background stars is called A) Ptolemaic motion B) occultation C) precession D) perturbation E) retrograde motion Answer: E Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 18) Any variance in the orbit of a planet from its predicted path is referred to as A) Ptolemaic motion B) occultation C) precession D) perturbation E) retrograde motion Answer: D Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 19) A very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called A) Ptolemaic motion B) occultation C) axial precession D) perturbation E) retrograde motion Answer: C Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 20) The apparent path of the Sun upon the celestial sphere is called the A) parallax B) ecliptic C) precession D) declination E) sidereal Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 21) In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the stars are attached to the A) celestial sphere B) zodiac C) plane of the ecliptic D) deferent E) stadia Answer: A Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 22) The length of daylight on the Moon is about A) 24 hours B) 48 hours C) two weeks D) one month E) one year Answer: C Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Remembering 23) The period of time required for the Moon to complete a cycle of phases is called the month A) equinox B) sidereal C) synodic D) zodiacal E) Julian Answer: C Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Remembering 24) The day is the time it takes for Earth to make one complete rotation with respect to a star other than our Sun A) equinox B) sidereal C) synodic D) zodiacal E) Julian Answer: B Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Word Analysis Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases Choose the option which does not fit the pattern 25) Galileo Aristotle Kepler Answer: Aristotle Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 26) rotation revolution Answer: declination Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Analyzing Newton precession 27) declination right ascension Answer: perihelion Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Analyzing perihelion declination equatorial system 28) The ancient Greeks proposed an Earth-centered view of the universe Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 29) The planets maintain circular orbits around the Sun Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 30) Galileo discovered that the Sun has "blemishes," which we call sunspots Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 31) Galileo discovered Jupiter's four largest moons Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 32) Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 33) Earth is closest to the Sun in January Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Analyzing 34) Earth is closest to the Sun in July Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Analyzing 35) The planets maintain elliptical orbits around the Sun Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 36) According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) system, the planets have circular orbits Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 37) Using the telescope, Galileo discovered that the planet Mars had polar ice caps not unlike those on Earth Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 38) The apparent annual path of the Sun upon the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Analyzing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 39) When Earth is the farthest from the Sun, it is said to be in the perihelion position Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Analyzing 40) The angular distance north and south of the celestial equator is called right ascension Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Analyzing 41) Patterns or configurations of stars named in honor of mythological characters are called perturbations Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Analyzing 42) Tycho Brahe used a telescope to accurately record the position of the planet Mars Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 43) Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 44) Galileo believed in a Sun-centered view of the universe Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 45) The distance from Earth to the Sun is used to measure distances in the solar system and is called a light year Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 46) Sir Isaac Newton was convicted of heresy for supporting the Sun-centered view of the universe Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing 47) The length of daylight on the Moon is about one month Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Analyzing 48) The same side of the Moon is always visible from Earth Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Analyzing 49) The cycle of phases of the Moon is the basis for our month Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Analyzing 50) An eclipse of the Moon can be seen by anyone on the side of Earth facing the Moon Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Bloom's: Analyzing 51) Lunar eclipses last longer than solar eclipses Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Bloom's: Analyzing 52) Solar eclipses are more common than are lunar eclipses Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Bloom's: Analyzing 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 53) The proposal that contends that Earth is in the center of the universe is called the view Answer: geocentric Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 54) The first scientist to use a telescope for astronomical purposes was Answer: Galileo Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 55) The law of universal gravitation was formulated by Answer: Sir Isaac Newton Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 56) In the Ptolemaic system, planets orbited in small circles called while revolving along large circles called Answer: epicycles, deferents Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 57) The apparent shift in the position of a nearby star when viewed from extreme points in Earth's orbit six months apart is called Answer: stellar parallax Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 58) The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 59) The apparent westward drift of the planets as compared to the background stars is called motion Answer: retrograde Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 60) The two primary motions of the Earth are and Answer: rotation, revolution Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 61) The average distance from Earth to the Sun is called the unit Answer: astronomical Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 62) The planets stay in orbit around the Sun because of a balance between and Answer: inertia; gravity Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 63) The proposal that contends that the Sun is in the center of the universe is called the view Answer: heliocentric Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 64) The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated by Answer: Sir Isaac Newton Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 65) Patterns or configurations of stars named in honor of mythological characters are called Answer: constellations Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Remembering 66) Any variance in the orbit of a planet from its predicted path is called a(n) Answer: perturbation Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 67) The planets, Moon, and the Sun lie along nearly the same plane and therefore move along the same region of the sky that is called the Answer: ecliptic Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 68) Earth is closest to the Sun in the month of Answer: January Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 69) When Earth is closest to the Sun, its location is referred to as the position Answer: perihelion Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 70) When Earth is farthest from the Sun, its location is referred to as the position Answer: aphelion Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 71) One of the discoveries that led to the modern view of the solar system was that the orbits of the planets are Answer: elliptical Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 72) The belt of constellations through which all the planets move is called the Answer: zodiac Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Remembering 73) Which astronomer developed the three laws of planetary motion? Answer: Johannes Kepler Diff: Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Remembering 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 74) A very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called Answer: precession Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 75) The angular distance north or south of the celestial equator is called Answer: declination Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Remembering 76) The is at the point in the sky where the Sun crosses the celestial equator at the onset of spring Answer: vernal equinox Diff: Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky Bloom's: Remembering Critical Thinking and Discussion Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 21 to answer the questions below 77) Compare and contrast the Ptolemaic System with the Copernican System Are there any similarities? What are the key differences? How did the prevailing ideas or perspectives of society affect each of these explanations? Answer: The Ptolemaic model represents a geocentric system, with planets moving in perfect circles around a motionless Earth Given that Ptolemy used an incorrect model to formulate his theories, it is a miracle that he was able to account for the planets' motions His findings went unchallenged until the 17th century On the other hand, the Copernican System is a heliocentric model, with the Sun in the center of the solar system and the planets orbiting it Also, the Copernican system included the idea that the planets' orbits were elliptical in shape rather than perfect circles Nicolaus Copernicus never had to deal with the criticism of his ideas because he died as they were being published However, one of his followers was killed during the Inquisition Diff: Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy and 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Bloom's: Analyzing and Remembering 14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 78) Briefly discuss the various motions of Earth What motion is often mistakenly credited for causing seasons here on Earth? How are these motions related (if at all) to the modern calendar that we use today? Answer: The two primary motions of Earth are rotation (the turning of earth on its axis) and revolution (the motion of Earth along a path around the Sun) The Earth's distance from the Sun, which is caused by revolution, is mistakenly thought to be the cause of seasons In fact, the tilt of the Earth on its access is the cause of seasons When the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun and the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, the southern hemisphere experiences summer while the northern hemisphere experiences winter The same applies for the opposite scenarios These processes contribute to creating seasons and our modern calendar Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering and Understanding 79) Discuss the phases of the moon and how they relate to the motions of the Earth and Moon Also, how are eclipses of the Moon and Sun related to these motions? Answer: The moon goes through phases each month, starting with new-Moon and then followed chronologically by crescent phase, waxing, first-quarter phase, full-Moon phase, and waning before returning to new-Moon phase When the Moon lies between the Sun and Earth, none of its bright side faces Earth, so we see the new-Moon phase (or rather don't see any moon) When the Moon lies on the side of the Earth opposite the Sun, all of its lighted side faces Earth, so we see the full Moon Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Remembering and Understanding 15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 80) Use Figure 21.26 below to help explain the difference between the sidereal and synodic month Answer: Answers will vary, but all should include a brief discussion of the revolutional and rotational periods of the Moon along with an explanation of how returning to the exact same phase each month takes more time than expected due to Earth's revolution around the Sun Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System Bloom's: Applying 16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 81) The diagram below illustrates the relationship of the Moon and the Earth during a lunar eclipse Based on the illustration, would you expect lunar eclipses to occur more or less frequently than solar eclipses? Also, which type of eclipse would be seen by a larger portion of the Earth (and therefore potentially more people)? Answer: Lunar eclipses are more common and they are seen by more people on Earth than is a solar eclipse The Earth casts a much larger shadow than does the Moon so lunar eclipses occur more frequently and the larger areas of the umbra and penumbra affect larger areas on Earth Diff: Topic: 21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Bloom's: Applying 17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc ... Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 68) Earth is closest to the Sun in the month of Answer: January Diff: Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth Bloom's: Remembering 69) When Earth is closest... Answer: The two primary motions of Earth are rotation (the turning of earth on its axis) and revolution (the motion of Earth along a path around the Sun) The Earth' s distance from the Sun, which... Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth- Moon System Bloom's: Analyzing 48) The same side of the Moon is always visible from Earth Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth- Moon System Bloom's: