Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck) Chapter 10 Mountain Building 1) A fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks A) stick slip B) oblique slip C) strike slip D) dip slip Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 2) In a fault, the hanging wall block moves up with respect to the footwall block A) normal B) inverse C) reverse D) abnormal Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 3) In thrust faulting, A) grabens develop on the footwall block B) the crust is shortened and thickened C) horizontal, tensional stresses drive the deformation D) the hanging wall block slips downward along the thrust fault Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 4) Which one of the following stress situations results in folding of flat-lying, sedimentary strata? A) horizontally directed; compressive stresses B) vertically directed; extensional or stretching stresses C) horizontally directed; extensional stresses D) vertically directed; compressional stresses Answer: A Diff: Topic: 10.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 5) A graben is characterized by A) a hanging wall block that has moved up between two reverse faults B) a footwall block that has moved up between two normal faults C) a hanging wall block that has moved down between two normal faults D) a footwall block that has moved down between two reverse faults Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 6) The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of the western United States formed in response to A) strike-slip faulting and hanging wall block uplifts B) reverse faults and large displacement, thrust faulting C) tensional stresses and normal-fault movements D) normal faulting and horizontal compression Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 7) In a normal fault A) the hanging wall block below an inclined fault plane moves downward relative to the other block B) the footwall block below an inclined fault plane moves downward relative to the other block C) the hanging wall block above an inclined fault plane moves downward relative to the other block D) the footwall block above an inclined fault plane moves upward relative to the other block Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 8) A transform fault is A) a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates B) a dip-slip fault connecting an anticline with a syncline C) a reverse fault that steepens into a thrust fault D) the rift bounding faults on a mid-ocean ridge Answer: A Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9) Brittle deformation would be favored over plastic deformation in which of the following conditions? A) high confining pressures B) warmer temperatures C) cooler temperatures D) deeper depths Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 10) A thrust fault is best described as A) a steeply inclined, oblique-slip fault B) a low-angle, reverse fault C) a vertical, normal fault D) a near vertical, strike-slip fault Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 11) A horst is A) an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults B) a downdropped block bounded by two reverse faults C) an uplifted block bounded by two reverse faults D) a downdropped block bounded by two normal faults Answer: A Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 12) A syncline is A) a fold in which the strata dip away from the axis B) a fold with only one limb C) a fold in which the strata dip toward the axis D) a fold characterized by recumbent limbs Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.2 Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 13) The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) A) anticline B) syncline C) basin D) dome Answer: D Diff: Topic: 10.2 Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 14) Large circular downwarped structures are called A) anticlines B) synclines C) basins D) domes Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.2 Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 15) Which of the following combinations should favor folding rather than faulting? A) high temperature and low confining pressure B) low confining pressure and low temperature C) high confining pressure and low temperature D) high temperature and high confining pressure Answer: D Diff: Topic: 10.2 Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 16) Tensional forces normally cause which one of the following? A) strike-slip faults B) reverse faults C) normal faults D) thrust faults Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 17) The in California is the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates A) Sierra Nevada frontal fault B) San Andreas strike-slip fault C) San Luis Obispo thrust fault D) San Francisco normal fault Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering 18) A(n) is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate A) mass movement complex B) continental shelf, terrain complex C) accretionary-wedge complex D) subterranean-accumulation complex Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Remembering 19) The Sierra Nevada, California, and Teton, Wyoming, ranges are examples of A) fault blocks uplifted by late Tertiary to Quaternary normal faulting B) folding, compression, and thickening of Paleozoic strata in Jurassic time C) isostatic uplift of crust overthickened in early Paleozoic time D) uplifted blocks bounded by Quaternary reverse faults Answer: A Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Remembering 20) A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the A) north flank of the East Pacific Rise B) west coast of South America C) east coast of the Japanese Islands D) east coast of North America Answer: D Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 21) The area geologically old mountain range folded and deformed during the Paleozoic A) Cascades in the northwestern United States B) Rockies in the western United States C) Appalachians in the eastern United States D) Alps in Europe Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering 22) The term refers specifically to geologic mountain building A) orogneisses B) orogenesis C) orthogeny D) orthogonal Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering 23) The is (are) characterized by terrane accretion that has been active throughout most of Mesozoic and Cenozoic time A) western margin of Africa B) southern margins of India and Australia C) western margin of North America D) western margin of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering 24) Folded limestones that occur high in the Himalayas were originally deposited as sediments in a A) marine basin between India and Eurasia B) Cenozoic fault basin between Africa and Arabia C) deep ocean trench along the southern margin of India D) late Paleozoic syncline north of the Tibetan Plateau Answer: A Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 25) The concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance is known as A) isotropy B) isostasy C) isobration D) isomonism Answer: B Diff: Topic: 10.8 Vertical Movements of the Crust Bloom's: Remembering 26) A(n) is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate A) mass movement complex B) continental shelf, terrain complex C) accretionary-wedge complex D) subterranean-accumulation complex Answer: C Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Remembering 27) Which one of the following is an example of an isostatic movement? A) stream downcutting following a drop in sea level B) arching of strata at the center of a dome C) numerous aftershocks associated with deep-focus earthquakes D) uplift of areas recently covered by thick, continental ice sheets Answer: D Diff: Topic: 10.8 Vertical Movements of the Crust Bloom's: Remembering Word Analysis Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases Choose the option which does not fit the pattern 28) elastic ductile folding compression Answer: elastic Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 29) dome anticline monocline basin Answer: monocline Diff: Topic: 10.2 Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 30) normal fault reverse fault thrust fault Answer: strike-slip fault Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 31) Himalayas Andes Appalachians Answer: Andes Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Understanding strike-slip fault Alps 32) High rock temperatures enhance plastic deformation and flow in the asthenosphere and inhibit brittle fracturing Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Understanding 33) In a reverse fault, the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 34) Normal faults form in response to horizontal, tensional stresses that stretch or elongate the rocks Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 35) Basin and range topography, like that in the western and southwestern United States, indicates that compressive folding is active today or was active very recently, geologically speaking Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth's Varied Topography? Bloom's: Understanding 36) Plastic deformation occurs more readily in warm rock than in cool rock Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 37) A graben is an upraised block bounded by two reverse faults Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 38) Horizontal, compressive deformation involves shortening and thickening of the crust Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Understanding 39) The Himalayan Mountains and Tibetan Plateau are still rising today as Eurasia slides beneath the Indian subcontinent Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Understanding 40) Terrane accretion generally occurs along a divergent boundary between a continental plate and an oceanic plate Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Understanding 41) Accretionary wedges develop along subduction zones where sediments and other rocks are scraped off a descending plate and piled against the leading edge of the overriding plate Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Understanding 42) Fold-and-thrust belts are commonly associated with fault-block mountains Answer: False Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth's Varied Topography? Bloom's: Understanding 43) Fractures in rock that have not involved any fault slippage are called joints Answer: True Diff: Topic: 10.4 Mountain Building Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 44) Are horsts and grabens bounded by normal or reverse faults? Answer: normal faults Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 45) A(n) has strata on both limbs dipping inward toward the axis Answer: syncline Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 46) A circular to elliptical structure developed by upward arching of the central strata is a Answer: dome Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 47) In a thrust fault, the hanging wall moves relative to the footwall, and the fault plane is oriented at a angle Answer: up; low Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 48) A(n) fault develops in response to horizontal, tensional stresses in crustal rocks Answer: normal Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 49) A circular to elliptical structure developed by downwarping of the central strata is a Answer: basin Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying 50) The east coast of North America is a good example of a tectonic margin Answer: passive Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Applying 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 51) The mountains in North America were formed by a continent-continent collision in the Paleozoic Answer: Appalachian Diff: Topic: 10.5 Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Bloom's: Applying 52) Fault-block mountains occur in regions dominated by faulting Answer: normal Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth's Varied Topography? Bloom's: Applying 53) Any accreted crustal fragment that has a geologic history distinct from that of the adjoining fragments is termed a Answer: terrane Diff: Topic: 10.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Applying 54) are fractures showing little or no movement of the rocks on either side Answer: Joints Diff: Topic: 10.4 Mountain Building Bloom's: Applying Critical Thinking and Discussion Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 10 to answer the questions below 55) A fault is observed in a road cut, but there are no obvious rocks units to correlate on either side of the fault to determine relative movement How else might you determine or even infer whether the hanging wall has moved up or down relative to the footwall? (Hint: Think of fossils, tectonic setting, etc.) Answer: Determining the type of fault based on the angles of tectonic plates relative to one another, the visibility of fossils and the spacing of the ditch, or graben will help to explain whether the hanging wall shifted upward or downward relative to the footwall Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Evaluating 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 56) A region is characterized by numerous anticlines and synclines There are also several faults present that appear to have formed at the same time as the folding Without looking at any details, what type of faults would you assume them to be? Why? Answer: This would be a type of dip-slip fault because faults in which the movement is primarily vertical are called dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults include both normal and reverse faults Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Evaluating 57) Describe the characteristics of regions dominated by fault-block mountains such as the Basin & Range What is their relationship to plate tectonics and why don't they create large-scale areas of orogenesis like Andean-Type margins or continental collisions? Answer: However, other tectonic processes, such as continental rifting, can also produce uplift and the formation of topographic mountains The mountains that form in these setting are faultblock mountains and are bounded by high-angle normal faults that gradually flatten with depth Most fault-block mountains form in response to broad uplifting that causes elongation and faulting Large scale areas of orogenesis not occur because the brittle upper crust features of the mountains break into fault blocks and tilt giving rise to nearly parallel mountain ranges Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth's Varied Topography? Bloom's: Evaluating 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 58) Carefully study each illustration below to determine the type(s) of geologic structure(s) it contains Match each one to the correct answers listed reverse fault monocline normal fault (a) (b) (c) Answer: (a) normal fault (b) reverse fault (c) monocline Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Evaluating 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 59) On the blanks provided below, fill in the name of the specific type of geologic features that have been labeled Answer: (a) graben (b) horst (c) normal faults Diff: Topic: 10.3 Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Evaluating 14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc ... B) arching of strata at the center of a dome C) numerous aftershocks associated with deep-focus earthquakes D) uplift of areas recently covered by thick, continental ice sheets Answer: D Diff:... or was active very recently, geologically speaking Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth' s Varied Topography? Bloom's: Understanding 36) Plastic deformation occurs more readily in... are commonly associated with fault-block mountains Answer: False Diff: Topic: 10.7 What Causes Earth' s Varied Topography? Bloom's: Understanding 43) Fractures in rock that have not involved any