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Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Questions Capital assets are the longlived assets that are acquired by a firm. Capital assets provide the essential production and distributional capabilities required by all organizations Each criterion provides different information about projects. By using multiple criteria, more dimensions of competing projects can be compared as a basis for allocating scarce capital to new investment Cash flows are the final objective of capital budgeting investments just as cash flows are the final objective of any investment. Accounting income ultimately becomes cash flow but is reported based on accruals and other accounting assumptions and conventions. These accounting practices and assumptions detract from the purity of cash flows and are, therefore, not used in capital budgeting Analysts separate the act of financing a business's many integrated investments and the related financing cash flows from the selection of capital projects and the cash flows related to such selections because of the virtual impossibility of convincingly assigning dollars obtained from the many general financing sources to the particular projects being selected during a given year Timelines provide clear visual models of the expected cash inflows and outflows for each point in time for a project. They provide an efficient and effective means to help organize the information needed to perform capital budgeting analyses The payback method measures the time expected for the firm to recover its investment. The method ignores the receipts expected to occur after the investment is recovered and ignores the time value of money 113 114 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting The time value of money is important because having a sum of money now allows a company to earn a return on it; if the same amount were not received until some time in the future, a return could not be earned on it between now and the time it is received. All else being equal, managers prefer to have cash receipts now rather than in the future and would prefer to make cash disbursements in the future rather than now. Future values can be converted into equivalent present values by the process of discounting. The following methods use the time value of money concept: net present value, internal rate of return, and the profitability index. The accounting rate of return and payback period do not use the time value of money concept Return of capital means the investor is receiving the principal that was originally invested. Return on capital means the investor is receiving an amount earned on the investment The NPV of a project is the present value of all cash inflows less the present values of all outflows associated with a project. If the NPV is zero, it is acceptable because, in that case, the project will exactly earn the required cost of capital rate of return. Also, when NPV equals zero, the project’s internal rate of return equals the cost of capital 10 It is highly unlikely that the estimated NPV will exactly equal the actual NPV achieved because of the number of estimates necessary in the original computation. These estimates include the project life, the discount rate chosen and the timing and amounts of cash inflows and outflows. The original investment may also include an estimate of the amount of working capital that is needed at the beginning of the project life 11 The NPV method subtracts the initial investment from the discounted net cash inflows to arrive at the net present value. The PI divides the discounted cash inflows by the initial investment to arrive at the profitability index. Thus, each computation uses the same set of amounts in different ways. The PI model attempts to measure the planned efficiency of the use of the money (i.e., output/input) in that it reflects the expected dollars of discounted cash inflows per dollar of investment in the project 12 The PI will exceed 1 only in instances where the net present value exceeds 0. This is because the NPV is positive only if the present value of cash inflows exceeds the present value of cash outflows. Similarly, the present value of cash inflows must exceed the present value of cash outflows if the numerator of the PI formula is to exceed the denominator Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 115 116 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 13 The IRR is the rate that would cause the NPV of a project to equal zero. A project is considered potentially successful (all other factors being acceptable) if the calculated IRR exceeds the company's cost of capital 14 On any prospective project, when the NPV exceeds zero, the project's IRR will exceed the firm's discount rate that was used to find the NPV. If the IRR equals the firm's discount rate, the NPV will equal zero. If the IRR is less than the firm's discount rate, the NPV will be negative. This relationship holds true because, ultimately, under either method the calculations for project selection are designed to hinge on the project's cash flows in relation to the firm's discount rate 15 The amount of depreciation for a year is one factor that helps determine the amount of cash outflow for income taxes. Therefore, although depreciation is not a cash flow item itself, it does affect the size of another item (income taxes) that is a cash flow 16 The tax shield is the amount of revenue on which the depreciation prevents taxation. The tax benefit is the tax that is saved because of the depreciation and is found by multiplying the company's tax rate by the tax shield provided by depreciation 17 The four questions are: Is the activity worthy of an investment? Which assets can be used for the activity? Of the assets available for each activity, which is the best investment? Of the best investments for all worthwhile activities, in which ones should the company invest? 18 NPV: Ranks projects in descending order of magnitude PI: Ranks projects in descending order of magnitude if a positive cash flow project IRR: Ranks projects in descending order of magnitude Payback: Ranks projects in ascending order of magnitude ARR: Ranks projects in descending order of magnitude 19 Several techniques should be used because each technique provides valuable and different information. Of preferred use as the primary evaluator is the net present value in conjunction with the present value index, because management's goal should be to maximize, within budget and risk constraints, the net present value of the firm Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 117 20 Capital rationing exists because a firm often finds that it has the opportunity to invest in more acceptable projects than it has money available. Projects are first screened as to desirability and then ranked as to impact on company objectives 21 Risk is defined as the likely variability of the future returns of an asset. Aspects of a project for which risk is involved are: * Life of the asset * Amount of cash flows * Timing of cash flows * Salvage value of the asset * Tax rates When risk is considered in capital budgeting analysis, the NPV of a project is lowered 22 Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the limits of value for input variables (e.g., discount rate, cash flows, asset life, etc.) beyond which the project's outcome will be significantly affected. This process gives the decision maker an indication of how much room there is for error in estimates for input variables and which input variables need special attention 23 Postinvestment audits are performed for two reasons: to obtain feedback on past projects and to make certain that the champions of proposed projects submit realistic numbers knowing their estimates will ultimately be compared to actual numbers. These audits can provide information to correct problems and to assess how well the capital investment selection process is working. The larger the capital expenditure, the more important it is to perform postinvestment audits. Postinvestment audits are performed at the completion of a project 24 The time value of money refers to the concept that money has timebased earnings power. Money can be loaned or invested to earn an expected rate of return. Present value is always less than future value because of the time value of money. A future value must be discounted to determine its equivalent (but smaller) present value. The discounting process strips away the imputed rate of return in future values, thus resulting in smaller present values. 25 An annuity is a cash flow that is repeated in successive periods. Single cash flows occur only in one period 118 26 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting ARR = Average annual profits ÷ Average investment Unlike the rate used to discount cash flows or to compare to the cost of capital rate, the ARR is not a discount rate to apply to cash flows. It is measured from accrualbased accounting information and is not intended to be associated with cash flows Exercises 27 a. 3 b. 10 c. 2 d. 9 e. 5 f. 8 g. 6 h. 4 i. 1 j. 7 28 a. 9 b. 4 c. 7 d. 3 e. 6 f. 5 g. 10 h. 2 i. 8 j. 1 29 a Payback = $750,000 ÷ $150,000 per year = 5.00 years Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b Amount Cumulative Amount $ 75,000 $ 75,000 75,000 150,000 75,000 225,000 75,000 300,000 75,000 375,000 100,000 475,000 100,000 575,000 100,000 675,000 100,000 775,000 Payback = 8 + ($75,000 ÷ $100,000) years = 8.75 years, or 8 years and 9 months Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 30 a Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Amount $ 5,000 9,000 16,000 18,000 15,000 14,000 12,000 119 Cumulative Amount $ 5,000 14,000 30,000 48,000 63,000 77,000 89,000 Payback = 4 years + ($12,000 ÷ $15,000) = 4.8 years b Yes. Bach’s should also use a discounted cash flow technique for two reasons: (1) to take into account the time value of money and (2) to consider those cash flows that occur after the payback period Point in time Cash flows PV Factor Present Value 0 $(400,000) 1.0000 $(400,000) 1 70,000 0.8929 62,503 2 70,000 0.7972 55,804 3 85,000 0.7118 60,503 4 85,000 0.6355 54,018 5 85,000 0.5674 48,229 6 86,400 0.5066 43,770 7 86,400 0.4524 39,087 8 86,400 0.4039 34,897 9 62,000 0.3606 22,357 10 62,000 0.3220 19,964 NPV $ 41,132 31 Based on the NPV, this is an acceptable investment 32 a The contribution margin of each part is $28 ($50 $22) Contribution margin per year = $28 × 50,000 = $1,400,000 Point in time Cash flows PV factor Present Value 0 $ (500,000) 1.0000 $ (500,000) 1 8 (40,000) 5.7466 (229,864) 1 8 1,400,000 5.7466 8,045,240 NPV $7,315,376 b Based on the NPV, this is a very acceptable investment 120 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting c Other considerations would include whether the company has the necessary capacity to produce the additional output, the possibility that the customer would decide to purchase elsewhere or would no longer have need for the parts after Machado Industrial has made its investment, and whether the company has considered all of the costs that would be affected by the decision to produce the new part—especially labor and overhead. 33 PI = PV of cash inflows PC of cash outflows = ($6,000 + $30,000) $30,000 = 1.20 34 a PV of inflows $590,489 ($88,000 6.7101) PV of investment $500,000 PI = $590,489 ÷ $500,000 = 1.18 b The OTA should accept the project because its PI is greater than 1.00 c To be acceptable, a project must generate a PI of at least 1 a PV = discount factor annual cash inflow $140,000 = discount factor $28,180 Discount factor = $140,000 ÷ $28,180 = 4.968 The IRR is 12% b Yes. The IRR on this proposal is greater than the firm's hurdle rate of 10% c $140,000 = 5.335 Cash flow Cash flow = $26,242 a Year Amount Cumulative Amount 1 $14,000 $ 14,000 2 14,000 28,000 3 11,000 39,000 4 11,000 50,000 Payback = 4 years + (52,000 50,000) $9,000 = 4.22 years 35 36 Point in time Cash flows PV Factor Present Value 0 $(52,000) 1.0000 $(52,000) 1 2 14,000 1.7356 24,298 3 4 11,000 1.4343 15,777 5 6 9,000 1.1854 10,669 6 7,500 0.5645 4,234 NPV $ 2,978 b Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting c PI = ($52,000 + $2,978) $52,000 = 1.06 121 122 37 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting a b Investment ÷ Annual Savings = $2,300,000 ÷ $300,000 = 7.67 years Point in Time Cash Flows PV Factor Present Value 0 $(2,300,000) 1.0000 $(2,300,000) 1 11 300,000 6.4951 1,948,530 NPV $ (351,470) c PI = $1,948,530 ÷ $2,300,000 = 0.85 d PV = discount factor annual cash inflow $2,300,000 = discount factor $300,000 discount factor = $2,300,000 ÷ $300,000 = 7.6667 discount factor of 7.6667 corresponds to an IRR ≈ 7% Straightline method Annual depreciation = $1,000,000 ÷ 5 years = $200,000 per year Tax benefit = $200,000 0.35 = $70,000 PV = $70,000 3.7908 = $265,356 38 a b Accelerated method $1,000,000 0.40 0.35 .9091 = $127,274.00 $ 600,000 0.40 0.35 .8265 = 69,426.00 $ 360,000 0.40 0.35 .7513 = 37,865.52 $ 216,000 0.40 0.35 .6830 = 20,653.92 $ 129,600* 0.35 .6209 = 28,164.02 Total $283,383.46 * In the final year, the remaining undepreciated cost is expensed c The depreciation benefit computed in part (b). exceeds that computed in part (a). solely because of the time value of money. The depreciation method in part (b). allows for faster recapture of the cost; therefore, there is less discounting of the future cash flows Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 63 a 133 The incremental cost of the new machine: $290,000 $6,000 = $284,000 Cash flow Discount Present Description Time Amount Factor Value Incremental cost t0 $(284,000) 1.0000 $(284,000) Cost savings t1t7 60,000 4.9676 298,056 NPV $ 14,056 PI = $298,056 ÷ $284,000 = 1.05 Yes, the machine should be purchased because the NPV > 0 and the PI > 1 b Payback = $284,000 ÷ 60,000 per year = 4.73 years c Net investment ÷ annual annuity = discount factor of IRR $284,000 ÷ 60,000 = 4.7333 Discount factor of 4.7333 is between 13.0 and 13.5% Using interpolation, the actual rate is 13.40% 64 a Computation of net annual cash flow: Increase in revenues $172,000 Increase in cash expenses (75,000) Increase in pretax cash flow $ 97,000 Less Depreciation (39,000) Income before tax $ 58,000 Income taxes (30 percent) (17,400) Net income $ 40,600 Add Depreciation 39,000 Aftertax cash flow $ 79,600 Cash Flow Discount Present Description Time Amount Factor Value Initial cost t0 $(780,000) 1.0000 $(780,000) Annual cash flow t1t20 79,600 7.9633 633,879 NPV $(146,121) b No, this is not an acceptable investment. The net present value is not close to the cutoff value of $0 134 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting c Minimum annual cash flow discount factor = $780,000 Minimum annual cash flow 7.9633 = $780,000 Minimum annual cash flow = $97,949 Aftertax cash flow increase = Minimum cash flow Actual cash flow Aftertax cash flow increase = $97,949 $79,600 Aftertax cash flow increase = $18,349 Increase in revenues = Aftertax cash flow increase ÷ (1 tax rate) Increase in revenues = $18,349 ÷ 0.70 Increase in revenues = $26,213 Cash flow after tax (CFAT): Year Pretax CF Depreciation Tax CFAT 1 $52,000 $32,000 $6,000 $46,000 2 59,000 51,200 2,340 56,660 3 59,000 30,400 8,580 50,420 4 51,000 24,000 8,100 42,900 5 43,000 22,400 6,180 36,820 65 a Timeline: t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 $(160,000) $46,000 $56,660 $50,420 $42,900 $36,820 b Year Net Cash Flow Cumulative Cash Flow 1 $46,000 $ 46,000 2 56,660 102,660 3 50,420 153,080 Payback = 3 years + (($160,000153,080) $42,900) = 3.16 years Net present value: Time Amount Discount Factor Present Value Year 0 $(160,000) 1.0000 $(160,000) Year 1 $46,000 .9259 42,591 Year 2 56,660 .8573 48,575 Year 3 50,420 .7938 40,023 Year 4 42,900 .7350 31,532 Year 5 36,820 .6806 25,060 NPV $ 27,781 Profitability index = ($160,000 + $27,781) ÷ $160,000 = 1.17 IRR, is between 14.5% and 15%. Using a computer, the IRR is found to be 14.68% Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 66 a Maple Commercial Plaza: t0 t1t10 t10 $(800,000) $210,000 $400,000 High Tower: t0 t1t10 t10 $(3,400,000) $830,000 $1,500,000 b Maple Commercial Plaza: Calculation of annual cash flow: Pretax cost savings $210,000 Depreciation ($800,000 25) (32,000) Pretax income $178,000 Taxes (40 percent) (71,200) Aftertax income $106,800 Depreciation 32,000 Aftertax cash flow $138,800 t0 t1t10 t10 $(800,000) $138,800 $432,000* * Includes $32,000 from tax loss on sale (0.40 ($400,000 $480,000)) High Tower: Calculation of annual cash flow: Pretax cost savings $ 830,000 Depreciation ($3,400,000 25) (136,000) Pretax income $ 694,000 Taxes (277,600) Aftertax income $ 416,400 Depreciation 136,000 Aftertax cash flow $ 552,400 t0 t1t10 t10 $(3,400,000) $552,400 $1,716,000* * Includes $216,000 from tax loss on sale (0.40 ($1,500,000 $2,040,000)) 135 136 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting c d Aftertax NPV, Maple Commercial Plaza: Amount Discount Factor Present Value Year 0 $(800,000) 1.0000 $(800,000) Year 110 138,800 5.8892 817,421 Year 10 432,000 .3522 152,150 NPV $ 169,571 Aftertax NPV, Hightower: Amount Discount Factor Present Value Year 0 $(3,400,000) 1.0000 $(3,400,000) Year 110 552,400 5.8892 3,253,194 Year 10 1,716,000 .3522 604,375 NPV $ 457,569 Based on the NPV criterion, Hightower is the preferred investment Aftertax NPV, Hightower: Amount Discount factor Present Value Year 0 $(3,400,000) 1.0000 $(3,400,000) Year 110 180,400 5.8892 1,062,412 Year 110 372,000* 4.1925 1,559,610 Year 10 1,716,000 .3522 604,375 NPV $ (173,603) Rental portion of cash flow = $620,000 (1 tax rate) = $620,000 0.60 = $372,000 * Under this circumstance, Maple Commercial Plaza is the preferred investment 137 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 67 a Project A Year Cash Flow PV Factor 0 $(96,000) 1.0000 16 25,600 4.1114 NPV PV $(96,000) 105,252 $ 9,252 PI = $105,252 ÷ $96,000 = 1.10 IRR: Discount factor for 6 periods is $96,000 ÷ $25,600 = 3.7500, which yields a rate of just under 15.5% Year 0 110 NPV Project B Cash Flow PV Factor $(160,000) 1.0000 30,400 5.6502 PV $(160,000) 171,766 $ 11,766 PI = $171,766 ÷ $160,000 = 1.07 IRR: Discount factor for 6 periods is $160,000 ÷ $30,400 = 5.2631, which yields a rate of about 13.75% b Although the methods give conflicting results, the NPV of B is greater than that of A and this is probably the best indication for choice. Although the IRR for Project A is higher, the reinvestment assumption of that method is less attainable. Even though the PI of Project A is slightly higher, its NPV is less and usually dollars are the deciding criterion when rates are close. c Project A's IRR is 15.5% and Project B's is 13.75%. Above 13.75%, Project B will have a negative NPV. At 12%, Project A's NPV is $9,252 and Project B's is $11,766. By repeated trials, the Fisher rate (the rate at which the NPVs are equal) is estimated to be between 12.50% and 13.0%. By programmable calculator, the rate is found to be 12.64% 138 68 69 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting a Project name NPV PVI IRR Film studios $3,578,846 1.18 13.03% Cameras & equipment 1,067,920 1.33 18.62 Land investment 2,250,628 1.45 19.69 Motion picture #1 1,040,276 1.06 12.26 Motion picture #2 1,026,008 1.09 14.22 Motion picture #3 3,197,363 1.40 21.34 Corporate aircraft 518,916 1.22 18.15 b Ranking according to: NPV PVI IRR 1. Film Studios Land investment MP #3 2. MP #3 MP#3 Land Investment 3. Land Invest. Camera & Equip. Camera & Equip 4. Cam. & Equip. Corp. Aircraft Corp. Aircraft 5. MP #1 Film Studio MP #2 6. MP #2 MP #2 Film Studios 7. Corp. aircraft MP #1 MP #1 c Suggested purchases NPV 1. MP #3 @ $8,000,000 $3,197,363 2. Land invest. @ $5,000,000 2,250,628 3. Cam. & Equip. @ $3,200,000 1,067,920 4. Corp. Aircraft @ $2,400,000 518,916 Total NPV $7,034,827 a Depreciation per year = $2,000,000 ÷ 14 = $142,857 Before tax cash flows = [300 0.80 ($75 $10) 50] $100,000 = $680,000 per year Beforetax CF $680,000 Less Depreciation (142,857) Income before tax $537,143 Less tax (35%) (188,000) Net income $349,143 Add Depreciation 142,857 Aftertax cash flow $492,000 PV of 14 yr. annuity of $492,000 @ 13% Less cost NPV $3,100,830 (2,000,000) $1,100,830 b It exceeds the highest rate provided in the table. By computer it is 23.29% c Cash flow discount factor = $2,000,000 Cash flow (6.3025) = $2,000,000 Cash flow = $317,334 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 139 d 6 years e $217,425 after tax CF [($217,425 $142,857) ÷ 0.65] + $142,857 + $100,000 = $357,577 before tax CF ($357,577 ÷ 300) ÷ $65 = 19 rooms (rounded up) 70 a Year Revenue VC FC Net Cash Flow 1 4 $125,000 $ 75,000 $20,000 $ 30,000 5 8 175,000 105,000 20,000 50,000 9 10 100,000 60,000 20,000 20,000 Year Cash Flow PV Factor PV 0 $(145,000) 1.0000 $(145,000) 1 4 30,000 3.1699 95,097 5 8 50,000 2.1651 108,255 9 10 20,000 .8096 16,192 10 10,000 .3855 3,855 NPV $ 78,399 b Year Revenue VC FC Net Cash Flow 1 4 $120,000 $ 78,000 $15,000 $27,000 5 8 200,000 130,000 17,500 52,500 9 10 103,000 66,950 25,000 11,050 Year Cash flow PV Factor PV 0 $(137,500) 1.0000 $(137,500) 1 4 27,000 3.1699 85,587 5 8 52,500 2.1651 113,668 9 10 11,050 .8096 8,946 10 23,500 .3855 9,059 NPV $ 79,760 c The biggest factors are the increased level of variable costs, the additional working capital, the lower initial revenues, and the lower cost of production equipment 140 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Year Net Income 1 $(107,500) 2 (40,000) 3 5,500 4 88,000 5 240,000 6 240,000 7 72,000 8 (42,000) $456,000 71 a Average annual income = $456,000 ÷ 8 = $57,000 Average Investment = (Cost + Salvage) ÷ 2 = ($1,600,000 + $0) ÷ 2 = $800,000 ARR = $57,000 ÷ $800,000 = 7.125% b Cash Cash Year Receipts Expenses $750,000 $ 657,500 800,000 640,000 930,000 724,500 1,280,000 992,000 1,600,000 1,160,000 1,600,000 1,160,000 Net Cumulative Inflows Cash Flows $ 92,500 $ 92,500 160,000 252,500 205,500 458,000 288,000 746,000 440,000 1,186,000 440,000 1,626,000 Payback = 5 + (($1,600,000$1,186,000)÷ $440,000) years = 5.94 years Year Cash flow 0 $(1,600,000) 1 92,500 2 160,000 3 205,500 4 288,000 5 440,000 6 440,000 7 272,000 8 158,000 NPV c PV factor 1.0000 .8929 .7972 .7118 .6355 .5674 .5066 .4524 .4039 PV $(1,600,000) 82,593 127,552 146,275 183,024 249,656 222,904 123,053 63,816 $ (401,127) Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 72 a 141 Initial cost: t0 = $(730,000) + $170,000 = $(560,000) Annual cash flow: Additional revenue ($1.20 110,000) $132,000 Labor savings 30,000 Other operating savings ($192,000 $80,000) 112,000 Total $274,000 NPV = $(560,000) + ($274,000 6.1446) = $1,123,620 b Discount factor = $560,000 $274,000 = 2.0438 The IRR exceeds numbers reported in the present value appendix. By computer, the IRR is found to be 47.96% c $560,000 $274,000 = 2.04 years d ARR = ($274,000 $31,000) (($560,000 + $0) 2) = 86.79% e Incremental revenue ($132,000 10 years) $1,320,000 Labor cost savings ($30,000 10 years) 300,000 Savings in other costs ($112,000 10 years) 1,120,000 Less incremental cost (560,000) Incremental profit $2,180,000 Because the incremental profit is greater than $0, the firm should buy the new equipment 142 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Cases 73. Note: Students may have slightly different answers. The CMA solution uses only twodigit present value factors a Present Value Analysis (using 6%) Initial Outlay 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 NPV Internal Financing Outlay ($1,000,000) Depr tax shield $160,000 $ 96,000 $ 57,600 $ 43,200 $ 43,200 Net CF ($1,000,000) $160,000 $ 96,000 $ 57,600 $ 43,200 $ 43,200 PV factors 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.75 NPV ($1,000,000) $150,400 $ 85,440 $ 48,384 $ 34,128 $ 32,400 $(649,248) Bank Loan Outlay ($100,000) Loan payment ($237,420)($237,420)($237,420)($237,420)($237,420) Interest tax shield 36,000 30,103 23,617 16,482 8,638 Depr tax shield $160,000 $ 96,000 $ 57,600 $ 43,200 $ 43,200 Net CF ($100,000) ($ 41,420)($111,317)($156,203)($177,738)($185,582) PV factors 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.75 NPV ($100,000) ($ 38,935)($ 99,072)($131,211)($140,413)($139,187)$(648,818) Lease Outlay ($ 50,000) Tax shield on outlay $ 20,000 Payments net of tax ($220,000 60%) ($132,000)($132,000)($132,000)($132,000)($132,000) NCF ($ 50,000) ($112,000)($132,000)($132,000)($132,000)($132,000) PV factors 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.75 NPV ($ 50,000) ($105,280)($117,480)($110,880)($104,280)($ 99,000)$(586,920) NPV for internal financing = $(649,248) NPV for bank loan = $(648,818) NPV for lease = $(586,920) Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 143 Supporting calculations Depreciation tax shield Year Depreciation Rate Tax shield $1,000,000 0.40 = $400,000 0.40 = $160,000 ($1,000,000$400,000) 0.40 = 240,000 0.40 = 96,000 ($1,000,000$640,000) 0.40 = 144,000 0.40 = 57,600 ($1,000,000$784,000) 0.50 = 108,000 0.40 = 43,200 ($1,000,000$784,000) 0.50 = 108,000 0.40 = 43,200 Interest tax shield Year Interest Rate $90,000 0.40 75,258 0.40 59,042 0.40 41,204 0.40 21,596 0.40 Tax shield $36,000 30,103 23,617 16,482 8,638 Metrohealth should employ the cost of debt of six percent (which represents the aftertax effect of the ten percent incremental borrowing rate) as a discount rate in calculating the net present value for all three financing alternatives Investment decisions (accept versus reject) and financing decisions should be separated. Cost of capital or hurdle rates apply to investment decisions but not to financing decisions. This application is a financing decision. Incremental cost of debt is the basic rate used for discounting in financing decisions because the assumption made is that the firm would have no idle cash available for funding and would have to borrow from an outside lending institution at the incremental borrowing rate (10 percent in this case) The financing alternative most advantageous to Metrohealth is leasing. This alternative has the lowest net present value ($586,920) when compared to the other two alternatives 144 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting b Some qualitative factors Paul Monden should include for management consideration before deciding on the financing alternatives are: The differential impact from one financing method versus another for equipment acquisitions due to various health care, thirdparty payor, reimbursement scenarios (the federal government with DRG reimbursement or insurance company reimbursement) The technology of the equipment along with the risk of technological obsolescence. If major technological advances are expected, the preferred qualitative choice would be leasing from a lessor who would absorb any loss due to equipment obsolescence The maintenance agreement included in the operating lease (CMA adapted) 74 a Incremental annual aftertax cash flows: Purchase Year 0 Purchase of new equipment $(300,000) One time production expense net of tax ($30,000 .6) (18,000) Sale of old equipment net of tax ($5,000 .6) 3,000 Total initial cash outflow $(315,000) Annual Operations Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Cash operating savings $ 90,000 $150,000 $150,000 $150,000 Less tax effect(40%) (36,000) (60,000) (60,000) (60,000) Cash savings aftertax $ 54,000 $ 90,000 $ 90,000 $ 90,000 Depr. tax shield (see sched. below) 48,000 36,000 24,000 12,000 Aftertax operating cash flows $102,000 $126,000 $114,000 $102,000 Year 1 2 3 4 Depreciation Schedule Depreciable base: $300,000 Life: fouryear limit Method: Sumoftheyears'digits Rate Depreciation Depr. Shield 4/10 $120,000 $48,000 3/10 90,000 36,000 2/10 60,000 24,000 1/10 30,000 12,000 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting b 145 The company should accept the proposal since the NPV is positive Year Cash Flow 12% PV Factor PV 0 $(315,000) 1.0000 $(315,000) 1 102,000 .8929 91,076 2 126,000 .7972 100,447 3 114,000 .7118 81,145 4 102,000 .6355 64,821 NPV $ 22,489 (CMA) 75 a. The benefits of a postcompletion audit program for capital expenditure projects include these: The comparison of actual results with projected results to validate that a project is meeting expected performance or to take corrective action or terminate a project not achieving expected performance An evaluation of the accuracy of projections from different departments. The improvement of future capital project revenue and cost estimates through analyzing variations between expected and actual results from previous projects and the motivational effect on personnel arising from the knowledge that a postinvestment audit will be done b Practical difficulties that would be encountered in collecting and accumulating information include: Isolating the incremental changes caused by one capital project from all the other factors that change in a dynamic manufacturing and/or marketing environment Identifying the impact of inflation on all costs in the capital project justification Updating of the original proposal for approval of changes that may have occurred after the initial approval Having a sufficiently sophisticated information accumulation system to measure actual costs incurred by the capital project Allocating sufficient administrative time and expenses for the postcompletion audit (CMA adapted) 146 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Reality Check 76 77 78 a It is no easier for a healthcare concern than any other business to invest in capital assets when doing so is not justified on financial grounds. The problem described in the article would seem to describe a failure of the information systems of healthcare providers to fairly capture all relevant financial dimensions of longterm strategic investments. It is unreasonable to think that benefits such as “improving quality of care or patient satisfaction” have no financial return. b As an accountant with a healthcare provider, you could identify “nonfinancial” benefits such as those described in part a. and, if appropriate, assign values to them. The key contribution you would make is to provide a rigorous investment analysis that includes not only those costs and benefits usually captured by accounting systems, but to add other benefits that may be missed because the financial impact is indirect (e.g., increased consumer satisfaction) rather than direct. a For laborintensive operations, labor cost and quality would be substantial considerations in locating new investments. Having skilled labor available at a competitive cost would determine the likelihood that the new investment would be profitable. b In addition to labor cost and quality, firms would also consider these factors: Political risks of the alternative investment locations Nearness to suppliers and markets Tax rates of the alternative locations Incentives offered by local governments Location of competitors a When shortrun economic conditions become difficult, companies must be very careful when cutting costs to protect profits. In particular, cutting spending on training, research and development, and customer service will surely have a deleterious effect on product and service quality. Alternatively, cutting advertising costs and other marketing costs may have much less effect on product quality Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 79 80 147 b Any costcutting measures that affect employee and managerial training or research and development will have longterm implications. In cutting these activities, the firm is essentially mining future profitability to protect current profitability. The consequence will be lower future profits, fewer product innovations, and underdeveloped human resources. a Managers bear the burden of maximizing the wealth of their investors. To the extent that holding assets (as opposed to selling them) results in diminished wealth, the managers are failing in their obligation to the shareholders. Managers may have incentives to hold nonperforming assets if their compensation and incentives are related to the size of the firm. Even so, managers have an ethical obligation to pursue the maximization of investor wealth subject to ethical treatment of other stakeholders. This obligation is no less binding merely because it conflicts with the managers’ personal incentives b Spinoffs may result in the firing of workers or the downgrading of their jobs. Managers have a responsibility to see that workers who are involved in spinoffs are treated ethically. Disaffected workers should be given all the support services necessary to find comparable alternative employment. If possible, workers should be given opportunities to transfer to other operations of the company. Otherwise, workers should be provided with employment counseling and training necessary to finding equivalent employment with another firm. a A lease is often found appealing by consumers because it results in a lower monthly payment in many instances than the monthly payment that is required to purchase a car. This allows the consumer either to enjoy a lower monthly payment or, for the same monthly payment required to amortize the cost of one vehicle, pay a similar monthly amount for a more expensive car b Yes. A consumer should be provided with all necessary information to make a fair comparison between the lease and purchase alternative c As an accountant, you could provide a financial comparison of the lease and purchase alternatives. Using a discounted cash flow approach, you could compare the present value of purchasing the vehicle to the present value of leasing the vehicle ... the process of developing products and services to deliver over the Internet and this process requires substantial capital investment. Consequently, their investing activities, managed by the capital budgeting process, are the focus of ... The biggest factors are the increased level of variable costs, the additional working capital, the lower initial revenues, and the lower cost of production equipment 140 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Year Net Income 1... must exceed the present value of cash outflows if the numerator of the PI formula is to exceed the denominator Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 115 116 Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting 13 The IRR is the rate that would cause the NPV of a project to