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Chapter 13 The Master Budget Questions The diversity of resources used, activities conducted, and quantities of funds provided/used make budgeting important to business. Since there is no assurance of the continuity of management, written plans are more useful than spoken plans to define and communicate the direction of the business. Further, psychologically, writing plans down is the first step in gaining commitment to those plans The basic budgeting process begins with planning. This planning involves the setting of objectives and translating those objectives into required activities and needed resources. The process also includes a control function of measuring whether the predetermined objectives have been successfully attained and providing feedback to concerned and involved parties A budget is considered a communication device because it indicates what is to be accomplished over a certain time period. It helps to promote unity of goals throughout the organization because it should have been developed following an exchange of ideas and information among the people in the organization Budgeting translates goals and objectives into the required resources, activities, and arrangements needed to accomplish those goals and objectives. The translation is extended to assign activities and allocate resources to departments and personnel who are responsible for execution of the budget The strategic plan defines the basic purposes and goals of an organization. As such, the strategic plan identifies the key variables that will largely determine the success of the organization. Some of the major factors taken into account in formulating the strategic plan include the state of the local and global economy, trends in technology and materials, and the legislative and political climates 87 88 Chapter 13 The Master Budget Longer term plans contain insufficient detail to direct a business. Although the longer term plans provide general direction for a business, they are too vague to provide guidance on a daytoday basis. Consequently, shorter term plans are compiled to implement the longer term plans for a specific period. The shorter term plans can be made with greater attention given to current organizational and environmental constraints (current market, material and labor conditions). Also, the roles of specific middle and lower level managers can be determined in the detailed shortterm plans. The budget represents the cornerstone for a company’s management planning system. Budgeting utilizes goals, objectives, and forecasts in developing plans for production, revenues, costs, cash flows, and resource procurement. Budgeting originates with strategic planning. As goals are implemented and programs developed, management needs information about various alternatives so they can be evaluated. When a specific plan of action is determined, the budget becomes management’s master plan Control is really an extension of planning rather than a separate managerial function. Without formal planning, there can be little control Budgets serve as planning tools by providing an a priori view of what is expected to happen in the organization for a specific period of time. After the period, the budgets serve as a benchmark against which actual performance can be compared. Because participants know there will be an after thefact comparison between the actual performance and the budget, they are more attentive to the budget in the planning and implementation phases 10 An operating budget presents units expected to be sold or used by a company and the price/costs associated with those units. The sales and production budgets are operating budgets. Financial budgets detail the funds to be generated or used during the budget period (cash budget and capital expenditure budget). The results from the operating budgets are the sources of input for the financial budgets. For example, sales projected in the sales budget impact the cash collections/receipts portion of the cash budget 11 The master budget is "demand driven" in that it is based in its entirety on projected sales. In some cases, demand does not "exist" at the point the budget is prepared (for example, when the company is introducing a new product). Without sales or expected sales, the company would have no need to acquire resources or remain in operation Chapter 13 The Master Budget 89 90 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 12 Managers estimate collections from sales through historical company data on collection patterns, industry trends/patterns, and judgment. Current economic information can play an important part in estimating the collection pattern since inflation/deflation, interest rates, and employment affect both business and consumer ability to pay Cash collections are important in the budgeting process because of their impact on the cash budget and the availability of funds with which to make disbursements for operating and capital expenditures, and ownership distributions 13 The production and purchases budgets are similar in that they both begin with a key variable to their particular area, add ending inventory, and subtract beginning inventory. These budgets differ in that the key variable for the production area is sales, but the key variable for purchases is production. The production budget is used to schedule needed material, labor, and overhead. The purchases budget is used to determine the amount and timing of material input to the production process as well as provide input into the cash budget as to the amount and timing of cash disbursements for such purchases 14 To predict overhead cost for a specific volume of production, costs must be separated into those that are volume dependent (variable costs), and those that are volume independent (fixed costs). The expected overhead for a given period is the sum of the projected fixed cost plus the total variable cost. The total variable cost is a function of the variable cost per unit and the expected volume of production. 15 Cash is a very important resource for an organization because it is the medium of exchange for organizational inputs and outputs. A shortage of cash creates liquidity problems and may prevent the firm from acquiring inputs that are crucial to its survival. A firm can cover periods of cash shortages with loans, equity sales, or sales of assets. 16 A company needs to maintain a minimum cash balance simply to have funds on hand in the event of an emergency or in the event that the budget does not "work out" exactly as planned. If cash collections are lower or cash disbursements are higher than expected, the minimum cash balance provides a cushion or margin of safety to fall back on. It is also possible that the company’s bank requires a minimum cash balance in the corporate account as either a condition of the account or as a compensating balance for an outstanding loan Chapter 13 The Master Budget 91 17 Future sales are the primary source for future cash collections. Consequently, the firm's future sales and its collections policy, which is reflected in its current and projected accounts receivable balance, are the primary determinants of the amounts and timing of future cash collections 18 Pro forma financial statements give managers a preview of how things will turn out if actual activities conform to budgeted activities. If managers are not pleased with what is revealed, they are in a position to adjust their plans and actions 19 The pro forma financial statements serve two primary purposes; they are useful summary performance measures of the operating plans and they may highlight organizational constraints that cannot be identified in the other budgets. For example, contracts with creditors may require the company to maintain a certain interest coverage ratio or a particular debttoasset ratio. Only the pro forma income statement and balance sheet would provide confidence that the firm would be in compliance with these contractual requirements. 20 They are similar in that they both focus on the balance of cash and explain the change in cash balance over a period of time. However, there are substantial differences between the two. For example, the cash budget typically covers shorter time periods and has as its primary objective the identification of periods of cash shortages and cash excesses The statement of cash flows has as its primary purpose the identification of the activities (operating, investing, and financing) that explain the change in the cash balance for a period. 21 The process of continuous budgeting provides an on going 12 month period of planning for managers. The planning horizon does not change and keeps management aware of the need for foresight and the ramifications of their activities 22 Budgetary slack results from an overestimation of expected expenses or an underestimation of expected revenues so that the budget will be more easily achieved. Because managerial performance is evaluated based on a comparison of actual and budgeted performance, the actual performance will appear to be more favorable if sufficient slack is impounded in the budget 92 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 23 Employees are more likely to attempt to achieve objectives that they had a part in setting than ones that were imposed on them. Participation also substantially increases the acceptance of budget requirements, such as monetary or other resource constraints. Empirical literature has shown that there is a high degree of correspondence between the participatory budgeting process and job satisfaction. Finally, helping in the budgeting process may result in a higher degree of commitment to the organization (not just its goals) 24 Sections of budget manual a. Statement of purposes and desired results b. Budgetary activities to be performed c. Calendar of budgetary activities d. Sample forms e. Original, revised and approved budgets 25 The budget manual provides for standards of performance and quality control in the budgeting process. Having and using a budget manual communicates top management’s commitment to an effective budgeting process for lowerlevel managers 26 Students will have different answers. No solution provided Reasons for the section a. To communicate as a first step of cooperation b. To designate who is responsible c. To indicate time table and provide coordination of efforts d. To provide for consistent preparation e. To reflect revision of the process and serve as a control document Exercises 27 January February March Budgeted sales 12,800 12,000 16,000 Ending inventory 6,000 8,000 9,600 Total required 18,800 20,000 25,600 Beginning inventory (6,400) (6,000) (8,000) Budgeted production 12,400 14,000 17,600 28 Quarter Total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales 270,000 340,000 245,000 275,000 1,130,000 End. inv. 102,000 73,500 82,500 90,000 90,000 Total 372,000 413,500 327,500 365,000 1,220,000 Beg. inv. ( 81,000) (102,000) ( 73,500) ( 82,500) (81,000) Production 291,000 311,500 254,000 282,500 1,139,000 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 29 93 Sales of boots 21,480 EI of boots 3,800 Total 25,280 BI of boots (1,154) Production 24,126 24,126ì2.5ft.=60,315ft. 60,315ft.ữ3ft.peryard=20,105yds Yds.neededforproduction20,105 Endinginventory9,000 Total29,105 Beginninginventory(3,000) Yds.topurchase26,105 30 a.,b.Sales(units) 190,000 EI 20,000 Total 210,000 BI (24,500) Production 185,500 Concrete Gravel (12 lbs. per) (15 lbs. per) Production 2,226,000 2,782,500 EI 68,600 92,500 Total 2,294,600 2,875,000 BI (82,000) (65,300) Purchase (lbs) 2,212,600 2,809,700 Cost per lb ×0.10 ×0.03 Cost $ 221,260 $ 84,291 31. a b Boxes Trays Production budget Units of sales 42,000 24,000 Units desired in ending inv. 3,500 2,000 Units needed 45,500 26,000 Units in beginning inv. (1,000) (500) Budgeted production 44,500 25,500 Purchases budget Material A Total Units needed for production (42,500 2) + (25,500 1) 114,500 Required ending inventory (annual units ÷ 12) 9,542 Total requirements 124,042 Less beginning inventory (4,000) Pounds to be purchased 120,042 94 Chapter 13 The Master Budget Purchases budget Material B Units needed for production (44,500 4) + (25,500 4) 280,000 Required ending inventory (annual units ÷ 12) 23,333 Total requirements 303,333 Less beginning inventory (6,000) Pounds to be purchased 297,333 c Direct labor budget Required hours 89,000* 51,000** 140,000 * 44,500 2 = 89,000; **25,500 2 = 51,000 Overhead budget Activity base (hours) 89,000 51,000 Multiply by rate × $2 × $2 Overhead cost $178,000 $102,000 $280,000 a. January February March Nov. sales (30% × $41,500) $12,450 Dec. sales (30% × $38,000) 11,400 Dec. sales (30% × $38,000) $11,400 Jan. sales (40% × $29,500 × 99%) 11,682 Jan. sales (30% × $29,500) 8,850 Jan. sales (30% × $29,500) $ 8,850 Feb. sales (40% × $34,000 × 99%) 13,464 Feb. sales (30% × $34,000) 10,200 Mar. sales (40% × $39,500 × 99%) 15,642 Total collections $35,532 $33,714 $34,692 d 32 b Feb. sales to be collected in April (30% × $34,000) $10,200 Mar. sales to be collected in April (30% × $39,500) 11,850 Mar sales to be collected in May (30% × $39,500) 11,850 Total A/R balance at March 31 $33,900 33 a $606,900 Balance at Oct. 1 (450,000) Remainder of Sept. billings $156,900 Remainder of Aug. billings $156,900 = 0.25 August billings $627,600 = August billings b $450,000 = 0.80 September billings $562,500 = September billings $562,500 × 3% = $16,875 estimated uncollectibles 95 Chapter 13 The Master Budget c Oct. collections of Aug. billings ($627,600 × 22%) Oct. collections of Sept. billings ($562,500 × 55%) Oct. collections of Oct. billings ($800,000 × 20%) Total October collections 34 309,375 160,000 $607,447 a $171,000 Balance at May 31 (135,000) Remainder of May sales $ 36,000 Remainder of April sales $36,000 = 0.15 April credit sales $240,000 = April sales on credit = 0.75 of total sales $320,000 = Total April sales b $135,000 = 0.40 May sales $337,500 = May sales on credit c June collections of April sales June collections of May sales ($337,500 × 25%) June cash sales ($650,000 × 25%) June collections of June credit sales ($650,000 × 75% × 60%) Total June collections d 35 $138,072 $ 36,000 84,375 162,500 292,500 $575,375 Balance from May sales ($337,500 × 15%) $ 50,625 Balance from June sales ($487,500 × 40%) 195,000 Total June 30 A/R balance $245,625 Income after taxes Accr. income tax expense (no cash involved) Increase in A/R (collected less than sold) Decrease in A/P (paid for more than purch.) Depreciation (no cash involved) Estimated bad debts (no cash involved) Projected increase in cash $280,000 62,000 (41,000) (18,300) 71,200 13,100 $367,000 Note: The declaration of a dividend does not affect cash, nor does it affect net income for the period 36. CGS [$2,000,000 × (1.00 0.40)=$2,000,000 × 0.6] $1,200,000 Less decr. in inventory (sold more than bought) (33,750) Plus decr. in A/P (paid for more than bought) 40,000 Cash payments for inventory $1,206,250 Wages expense 512,500 Other cash expenses 235,250 Total cash disbursements $1,954,000 96 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 37. July August September Total Beginning cash balance $ 4,500 $ 2,900 $ 2,900 $ 4,500 Cash receipts 8,200 10,100 16,600 34,900 Total cash available $12,700 $13,000 $19,500 $39,400 Cash disbursements: Payments on account $ 1,300 $ 3,900 $ 5,700 $10,900 Wage expenses 5,000 6,100 6,100 17,200 Overhead costs 4,000 4,600 4,400 13,000 Total disbursements $10,300 $14,600 $16,200 $41,100 Cash excess (inadequacy) $ 2,400 $(1,600) $ 3,300 (1,700) Minimum cash balance (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) Cash available (needed) $ (100) $(4,100) $ 800 $(4,200) Financing: Borrowings (repayments) $ 500 $ 4,500 $ (500) $ 4,500 Acquire (sell) investments 0 0 Receive (pay) interest (50) (50) Ending cash balance $ 2,900 $ 2,900 $ 2,750 $ 2,750 38 a Dinners Desserts Total Sales $800,000 $1,200,000 $2,000,000 Variable costs (560,000) (960,000) (1,520,000) Contribution margin $240,000 $ 240,000 $ 480,000 Fixed costs (30,000) Net income $ 450,000 b CGS = $4,000,000 + (0.40 × $20,000,000) = $12,000,000 c CGS = [(1 0.25) × $800,000] $600,000 Increase in inventories 60,000 Decrease in A/P 24,000 Total cash payment for inventories $684,000 d Sales (200,000 × 1.10) × ($20 × 1.15) = $5,060,000 Variable costs (200,000 × 1.10) × $6 = (1,320,000) Contribution margin $3,740,000 Fixed costs ($600,000 + $200,000) (800,000) Net operating income $2,940,000 (CPA adapted) 102 Chapter 13 The Master Budget (CMA adapted) 48 Freeman Manufacturing Cash Budget For Years Ending March 31, 2002 and 2003 2002 2003 Beginning cash bal. $ 0 $ 75,000 CollectionsSchedule A $ 825,000 $1,065,000 Disbursements: Direct Material Schedule B $ 220,000 $ 245,000 Direct Labor 300,000 360,000 Variable overhead 100,000 120,000 Fixed costs 130,000 130,000 Total $(750,000) $(855,000) Excess cash collections over disbursements 75,000 210,000 Cash available $ 75,000 $ 285,000 Cash received from sale of A/R & inventories 90,000 (2) 0 Total cash available $ 165,000 $285,000 Payments to creditors (90,000) (2) (270,000) Ending cash balance (1) $ 75,000 $ 15,000 (1) This amount could have been used to pay general creditors or carried forward to the beginning of next year (2) ($600,000 × 60%) ($50,000 + $40,000) Schedule A (Collections from Customers): 2002 2003 Sales $900,000 $1,080,000 Beg. accounts receivable 0 75,000 Total $900,000 $1,155,000 Ending accounts receivable (75,000) (90,000) Collections $825,000 $1,065,000 Schedule B (Disbursements for Direct Material): 2002 2003 Direct material req'd for prod. $200,000 $240,000 Required ending inventory (3) 40,000 (4) 50,000 Total needed $240,000 $290,000 Beginning inventory 0 20,000 Total materials purchased $240,000 $270,000 Ending accounts payable (20,000) (25,000) Disbursements $220,000 $245,000 (3) 12,000 units × 2/12 = 2,000; 2,000 × $20 per unit = $40,000 (4) 15,000 units × 2/12 = 2,500; 2,500 × $20 per unit = $50,000 (CMA adapted) Chapter 13 The Master Budget 103 104 49 Chapter 13 The Master Budget a $960,000ữ0.60=$1,600,000 b ($1,600,000ì0.70)ư($960,000ư$60,000)=$220,000 c 1ư0.70=0.30 d Totalexpenses=85%ofsales; Totalvariablecosts=70%ofsales; Fixedcosts=(0.85ư0.70)ì$1,600,000=$240,000 e Cash receipts: $1,600,000 × 0.45 = $ 720,000 Total expenses: $1,600,000 × 0.85 = $1,360,000 Depreciation 30,000 Cash expenses $1,330,000 Cash disbursement: $1,330,000 × 0.55 = $ 731,500 50 51 a Fixedproductioncost:($2,000,000ì1.08)ì0.80=$1,728,000 Variableproductioncost:$40ì1.15=$46 Costperunit:($1,728,000ữ200,000)+$46=$54.64 b Price=$54.64+(0.25ì$54.64)=$68.30 c Sales($68.30ì200,000)$13,660,000 CGS($54.64ì200,000)(10,928,000) Grossmargin$2,732,000 Selling and administration ($2,000,000 × 1.08) $1,728,000 (432,000) Income before taxes $ 2,300,000 d Let Y = the sales price per unit that yields income before taxes = 25 percent of sales, then: 200,000Y $10,928,000 $432,000 = 0.25(200,000Y) 150,000Y = $11,360,000 Y = $75.73 (rounded) a Sales Budget: Mixers: $ 50 × 60,000 = $3,000,000 Doughmakers: 120 × 40,000 = 4,800,000 Total budgeted sales $7,800,000 b Mixers Doughmakers Budgeted sales 60,000 40,000 Ending inventory 20,000 5,000 Beginning inventory (15,000) (4,000) Budgeted production 65,000 41,000 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 105 c Purchasing Budgets: Motors Beaters Fuses Mixer production 65,000 130,000 130,000 Doughmaker production 41,000 164,000 123,000 Ending inventory 3,600 24,000 7,500 Beginning inventory (2,000) (21,000) (6,000) To be purchased 107,600 297,000 254,500 d Purchasing Budget in Dollars: Motors Beaters Fuses To be purchased 107,600 297,000 254,500 × price per unit × $15 × $1.25 × $2 Budgeted purchases $1,614,000 $371,250 $509,000 e Direct Labor Budget: Mixers: $7 × 2 × 65,000 $ 910,000 Doughmakers: $9 × 3 × 41,000 1,107,000 Budgeted labor cost $2,017,000 (CPA adapted) 52 Note: The following solution was prepared in a spreadsheet. Although all numbers are rounded to the nearest dollar in the budgets shown, all underlying calculations were based on precise numbers Sales Budget: Jan Feb March April 8,000 10,000 15,000 12,000 × $12 × $12 × $12 × $12 $96,000 $120,000 $180,000 $144,000 Accounts Receivable collections (70%, 20%, 10%): January February March Total November $ 7,000 $ 0 $ 0 $ 7,000 December 13,000 6,500 19,500 January 67,200 19,200 9,600 96,000 February 0 84,000 24,000 108,000 March 0 0 126,000 126,000 Total $87,200 $109,700 $159,600 $356,500 Accts. Rec. ending balance = $26,500 + $396,000 $356,500 = $66,000 Production Budget: January February March Total April Sales 8,000 10,000 15,000 33,000 12,000 Ending inv. 500 750 600 600 550 Beginning inv. (400) (500) (750) (400) (600) Production 8,100 10,250 14,850 33,200 11,950 106 Chapter 13 The Master Budget Purchases Budget: Quarter January February March Total April Production 8,100 10,250 14,850 33,200 11,950 Gallons × 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 Production needs 9,720 12,300 17,820 39,840 14,340 Ending inv. 615 891 717 717 Beginning inv. (1,000) (615) (891) (1,000) Purchases 9,335 12,576 17,646 39,557 January February March Total Purchases 9,335 12,576 17,646 39,557 Cost per gallon ×$0.80 ×$0.80 ×$0.80 ×$0.80 Cost $7,468 $10,061 $14,117 $31,646 Payment of Accounts Payable (60%, 40%): December January February March Total January February March Total $2,148 $ 2,148 4,481 $2,987 7,468 6,036 $ 4,024 10,060 8,470 8,470 $6,629 $9,024 $12,494 $28,146 A/P ending balance = $2,148 + $31,646 $28,147 = $5,647 Direct Labor Budget: January February March Total Production 8,100 10,250 14,850 33,200 DLH per unit × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 Total DLHs 4,050 5,125 7,425 16,600 DL rate × $6 × $6 × $6 × $6 DL cost $24,300 $30,750 $44,550 $99,600 Variable OH Budget: January February March Total Production 8,100 10,250 14,850 33,200 MH per unit × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 Total MHs 40,500 51,250 74,250 166,000 VOH rate × $0.06 × $0.06 × $0.06 × $0.06 VOH cost $ 2,430 $ 3,075 $ 4,455 $ 9,960 Fixed OH Budget January February March Total Comments Salaries $ 6,500 $ 6,500 $ 6,500 $19,500 (cash) Utilities 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 (cash) Insurance 200 200 200 600 (decr.in prep.ins.) Depreciation 2,300 2,300 2,550 7,150 (incr. in acc.depr.) Chapter 13 The Master Budget 107 FOH cost $10,000 $10,000 $10,250 $30,250 Other Payments, Collections, and Cost Adjustments: January February March Total Comments Dividends $10,000 $10,000 (cash) Equipment $ 7,200 7,200 (cash;incr in equip.) Add'l depr. 250 250 (incr. in depr.exp.& acc. dep.) Int. expense $ 250 $ 146 $ 396 (cash) Int.received 140 140 (cash) S&A costs 25,800 25,800 25,800 77,400 (cash) SopChoppy Cash Budget For the First Quarter of 2003 January February March Total Beg. bal. $ 5,080 $ 5,071 $ 5,076 $ 5,080 Collections 87,200 109,700 159,600 356,500 Cash available $ 92,280 $114,771 $164,676 $361,580 Disbursements: Purchases $ 6,629 $ 9,024 $ 12,494 $ 28,147 DL 24,300 30,750 44,550 99,600 VOH 2,430 3,075 4,455 9,960 FOH 7,500 7,500 7,500 22,500 S&A 25,800 25,800 25,800 77,400 Equip. 7,200 7,200 Total $ 66,659 $ 76,149 $101,999 $244,807 Cash excess $ 25,621 $ 38,623 $ 62,677 $116,773 Min. bal. (5,000) (5,000) (5,000) (5,000) Cash avail. $ 20,621 $ 33,623 $ 57,677 $111,773 Financing: Repay $(10,300) $(14,700) $ (25,000) Investment 0 (18,700) $(57,800) (76,500) Pay div. (10,000) (10,000) Receive (pay) 140 140 interest (250) (147) (397) Total $(20,550) $(33,547) $(57,660) $(111,757) Ending balance $ 5,071 $ 5,076 $ 5,017 $ 5,016 108 Chapter 13 The Master Budget SopChoppy Budgeted Income Statement For the First Quarter of 2003 Sales Cost of Goods Sold Beginning inventory FG Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods avail. for sale Ending inv. FG (600 × $5.26) Gross margin Selling & administrative expenses Operating income Other income and expenses Interest expense Interest revenue Net income $ 2,104 171,682 $173,786 3,156 $ (397) 140 $396,000 170,630 $225,370 77,400 $147,970 (257) $147,713 SopChoppy Budgeted Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the First Quarter of 2003 Beginning work in process Raw material used: Beginning raw materials $ 800 Purchases 31,646 Available for use $32,446 Ending inventory (717 × $.80) 574 Cost of raw materials used $31,872 Direct labor 99,600 Variable factory overhead 9,960 Fixed factory overhead 30,250 Total mfg. costs in process Ending work in process Cost of goods manufactured $ 0 171,682 $171,682 (0) $171,682 109 Chapter 13 The Master Budget SopChoppy Budgeted Balance Sheet March 31, 2003 Assets Cash Accounts receivable Raw material inventory Finished goods inventory Prepaid insurance Investments Building and machinery Accumulated depreciation Total Assets $ 5,016 66,000 574 3,156 600 76,500 $309,000 (27,150) 281,850 $ 433,696 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities: Accounts payable $ 5,647 Note payable equipment 1,800 $ 7,447 Stockholders' Equity: Common stock $100,000 Paidin capital 50,000 Retained earnings 276,249 426,249 Total Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity $433,696 Cases 53 a Let Y = the level of gross billings that meets the required return objective, then: Y $425,000 0.20Y = $700,000 + $240,780 0.80Y = 1,365,780 Y = $1,707,225 Budget: Gross billings Variable expenses Overhead $256,083.75 Client service 85,361.25 Contribution margin Fixed costs Salaries $300,000.00 Overhead 125,000.00 Net operating earnings $1,707,225 (341,445) $1,365,780 (425,000) $ 940,780 110 Chapter 13 The Master Budget b 54 A number of actions are possible depending largely on the operating climate of the firm. Many of the actions that could be taken can fit within one of the three groupings that follow Increase the staffing level. A larger staff is a reasonable alternative only if there is an expectation that billings can be increased well above the budgeted level if the firm were allowed to grow Reduce the budgeted billings level and try to maintain the budgeted level of earnings by cutting costs. In selecting activities to cut, the firm would try to identify those activities that are not value adding Try to selectively cut down the size of the business by dropping those clients that contribute the least to the bottom line. This action requires the firm to have knowledge about the relative profitability of the various services it offers and the relative amounts of profits generated by various classes of clients (large, small, industry group, tax service, audit, etc.) a., b. (Supporting calculations for these requirements are keyed to the amounts and follow the cash budgets.) CME, INC Cash Budgets (Dollars in thousands) For Year Ending For Month Ending December 31, 2002 January 31, 2002 Cash balance,Jan.1 $ 750 $ 750 Cash receipts: Program revenue 12,000 1,440 (3) Membership income 10,000 (1) 0 Total cash available $22,750 $2,190 Cash outflows: Seminar Instruction fees $ 8,400(2) $ 0 Facilities 5,600 672 (4) Promotion 1,000 100 (5) Total $15,000 $ 772 Salaries 960 80 (6) Benefits, staff 240 18 (7) Office lease 240 20 (8) Gen. admin 1,500 125 Gen. promotion 600 50 (9) Research grants 3,000 500 Cap. expenditures 510 102 (10) Total (22,050) (1,667) 111 Chapter 13 The Master Budget Ending cash balance $ 700 Supporting calculations: (1) 100,000 members × $100 = $10,000,000 (2) $12,000,000 × 70% = $8,400,000 (3) $12,000,000 × 12% = $1,440,000 (4) $5,600,000 × 12% = $672,000 (5) $1,000,000/10 = $100,000 (6) $960,000/12 = $80,000 (7) ($240,000 $24,000)/12 = $18,000 (8) $240,000/12 = $20,000 (9) $600,000/12 = $50,000 (10) $510,000/5 = $102,000 c 55 $ 523 The most important operating problem faced by CME, Inc. is the shortterm liquidity. During the first six months expenditures ($14.5 million) are forecasted to be slightly more than double the revenue ($7.2 million). This will necessitate shortterm borrowing during the second and third quarters of the year. The second most important problem is that the cash expenditures are forecasted to exceed revenue by $50,000 and this could be further compounded by interest for shortterm borrowing, which apparently has not been forecasted. The fees do not fully support the seminars. The total of the facility costs and the faculty costs exceed the seminar revenue (CMA adapted) a The Mason Agency Revised Operating Budget Fourth Quarter 2003 Revenues Consulting fees Management consulting $468,000 EDP consulting 478,125 Total consulting revenue 946,125 Other revenue 10,000 Total revenue $956,125 Expenses Consulting salary expense $510,650 Travel and related expense 57,875 General and admin. expense 93,000 Depreciation expense 40,000 Corporate allocation 75,000 Total expenses 776,525 Operating income $179,600 Supporting computations: Schedule of Projected Revenues for Fourth Quarter 2003 Mngmt Consulting EDP Consulting Third Quarter Revenues $315,000 $421,875 Divided by billing rate ÷ $90 ÷ $75 Billable hours 3,500 5,625 112 Chapter 13 The Master Budget Divided by # of consultants ÷ 10 ÷ 15 Hours per consultant 350 375 Fourth Quarter Planned increase 50 50 Billable hrs per consultant 400 425 # of consultants × 13 × 15 Billable hrs 5,200 6,375 Billing rate × $90 × $75 Projected revenue $468,000 $478,125 Schedules of Projected Salaries, Travel, General and Administrative, and Allocated Corporate Expenses Mngmt Consulting EDP Consulting Compensation Existing consultants Annual salary $ 50,000 ($50,000 × 92%) $ 46,000 Quarterly salary 12,500 11,500 Planned increase (10%) 1,250 1,150 Total $ 13,750 $ 12,650 # of consultants × 10 × 15 Total $137,500 $189,750 New consultants (3) at old salary (3 × $12,500) 37,500 0 Total $175,000 $189,750 Benefits (40%) 70,000 75,900 Total $245,000 $265,650 Total compensation = $245,000 + $265,650 = $510,650 Travel expense Management consultants (400 hrs. × 13) 5,200 EDP consultants (425 hrs. × 15) 6,375 Total hours 11,575 Rate per hour* × $5 Total travel expense $57,875 *Thirdquarter travel expense divided by hours = rate per hour ($45,625/9,125 = $5) General and administrative ($100,000 × 93%) $93,000 Corporate allocation ($50,000 × 150%) $75,000 b An organization would prepare a revised forecast when the assumptions underlying the original forecast are no longer valid. The assumptions may involve factors outside or inside the company. Changes in assumptions involving external factors may include changes in demand for the company's products or services, changes in the cost of various inputs to the company, or changes in the economic or political environment in which the company operates. Changes in assumptions involving internal factors may include changes in company goals or objectives by management or stockholders Chapter 13 The Master Budget 113 114 Chapter 13 The Master Budget c Although management of General Services can do this using an “abilitytobear” basis, the increase can be demoralizing to Mason Agency personnel unless the increased activity can be shown to have caused an increase in corporate expenses (CMA adapted) Reality Check 56 The spenditorloseit attitude is induced by the incentives in the budget and evaluation cycle. It is much likelier that a manager will be called to task for overspending rather than underspending the budget. This induces the manager to build slack into the budget. Partly because of the slack in the budget, managers may find themselves in an "underspent" position near the end of the fiscal year. If the manager ends the year with a big budget surplus, the slack built into the budget would be revealed. Naturally, the manager would be fearful of revealing the budgetary slack because a consequence would be that a smaller budget would be awarded in ensuing years. Both superior and subordinate managers have an ethical obligation to overcome the spenditorloseit attitude. Honest communication between upper and lower managers is the fastest approach to curing this attitude. Further, upper managers have an obligation to provide incentives to lower managers that do not encourage the spenditorloseit attitude. 57 Key variables are the factors that are believed by management to be significant causes of organizational success. By concentrating on the key variables, managers can attempt to directly control the factors that influence success. Typical key variables for companies include market share, cash flow, product quality, and rate of innovation. 58 Continuous budgeting means that a budget that covers the coming 12 months of operations is constantly maintained. As one month expires, another month is added to the budget. The advantage of the continuous budget is that a constant planning horizon of 12 months is maintained. If only annual budgets are prepared, the budget covers a fixed period, typically one year. Because budgeting is an ongoing activity, budgeting skills are maintained throughout the year and the time crunch that typically accompanies annual budgeting is avoided. One further benefit is that a continuous budget may be more flexible in that revisions can be made as conditions warrant. The main disadvantage of the continuous budget is the time dedicated to planning activities. Continuous budgeting is more time intensive because planning activities are always Chapter 13 The Master Budget under way. 115 116 Chapter 13 The Master Budget 59 Planning and control are highly related activities. A plan cannot be successfully implemented without controls and controls cannot be successfully implemented without plans. Plans serve to define the expected outcomes. Without having expectations, there would be no basis for control. Controls involve methods of comparing actual and expected outcomes and stimulating organizational changes based on such comparisons. Plans are made salient to organizational participants because of the existence of controls. It is because subsequent comparisons of actual to planned results will be made that causes managers and employees to try to achieve the planned outcomes. If no comparisons were made, organizational participants would have no incentive to be attentive to the plan. The incentive to achieve the plan is created by the organizational controls. 60 The model represented by Exhibit 1316 gives managers several levels of useful information. Several special focal points are cash excess or inadequacy, cash available or needed, and total impact of planned financing. the cash budget helps a company identify periods in which a cash surplus will be available for investing activities or a cash shortage will need to be met through borrowing or asset sales 61 Each student will a different answer. No solution provided 62 Each student will a different answer. No solution provided ... compared. Because participants know there will be an after the fact comparison between the actual performance and the budget, they are more attentive to the budget in the planning and implementation phases 10 An operating budget presents units expected to be sold or used... An operating budget presents units expected to be sold or used by a company and the price/costs associated with those units. The sales and production budgets are operating budgets. Financial budgets detail the funds to be generated or used during the budget period (cash budget and capital ... used during the budget period (cash budget and capital expenditure budget) . The results from the operating budgets are the sources of input for the financial budgets. For example, sales projected in the sales budget impact the cash