DR KARL DISQUE BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Basic Life Support 2nd edition © 2017 Dr Karl Disque & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-1650-6 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com CONTENTS BASIC LIFE SUPPORT CONTENTS General concepts of basic life support 1.1 Initiating chain of survival 1.2 2015 BLS guideline changes BLS for adults 10 2.1 One-rescuer BLS/CPR for adults 11 2.2 Two-rescuer BLS/CPR for adults 13 2.3 Adult mouth-to-mask ventilation 14 2.4 Adult bag-mask ventilation in two-rescuer CPR 15 2.5 Self-assessment for adult BLS 17 Use of automated external defibrillator 18 3.1 AED steps 19 3.2 Self-assessment for AED 20 BLS for children (1 to years) 22 4.1 One-rescuer BLS for children 22 4.2 Two-rescuer BLS for children 23 www.sylvania.com We not reinvent the wheel we reinvent light Fascinating lighting offers an ininite spectrum of possibilities: Innovative technologies and new markets provide both opportunities and challenges An environment in which your 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SUPPORT GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States and is responsible for over 600,000 deaths every year Research continues to improve how we respond with life-saving techniques to emergencies hese techniques are based on the most current research and are organized into a systematic response called the Chain of Survival, which begins with Basic Life Support (BLS) he Chain of Survival provides the person the best chance to receive the care needed and return to a healthy life he heart pumps blood through the lungs, where blood takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide his blood then returns to the heart where it is pumped out to vital organs – the heart and brain – as well as the rest of the body When the heart stops, blood low stops, and the person quickly becomes unconscious Without blood low, the heart and the brain quickly become damaged due to lack of oxygen he actions that make up BLS try to prevent or slow the damage until the cause of the problem can be corrected BLS improves a person’s chance of surviving until advanced care becomes available Take Note Taking the right action quickly and confidently can make the difference between life and death for a person dealing with cardiac arrest Keys for BLS: • Quickly start the Chain of Survival • Deliver high-quality chest compressions to circulate oxygen to the brain and vital organs • Know when and how to use an Automatic External Deibrillator (AED) • Provide rescue breathing • Understand how to work with other rescuers as part of a team • Know how to treat choking Download free eBooks at bookboon.com GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT BASIC LIFE SUPPORT 1.1 INITIATING CHAIN OF SURVIVAL Early initiation of BLS has been shown to increase the probability of survival for a person dealing with cardiac arrest To increase the odds of surviving a cardiac event, the rescuer should follow the steps in the Adult Chain of Survival (Figure 1) Adult Chain of Survival RECOGNIZE SYMPTOMS & ACTIVATE EMS PERFORM EARLY CPR DEFIBRILLATE WITH AED ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT POST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE Figure Emergencies in children and infants are not usually caused by the heart Children and infants most often have breathing problems that trigger cardiac arrest he irst and most important step of the Pediatric Chain of Survival is prevention (Figure 2) Pediatric Chain of Survival PREVENT ARREST PERFORM EARLY CPR ACTIVATE EMS ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT POST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE Figure 1.2 2015 BLS GUIDELINE CHANGES he American Heart Association (AHA) published their 2015 guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) in the scientiic journal Circulation Resuscitation research continues to show that high-quality CPR is increasing survival rates for hospital discharge he AHA’s updated 2015 guidelines expand on many of the recommendations made in 2010 and continue to focus on high-quality chest compressions as the intervention is most likely to improve resuscitation outcomes he AHA’s analysis of the research conducted since the 2010 guidelines shows that resuscitation outcomes improve when high-quality chest compressions are started immediately he characteristics that deine high-quality compressions remain as pushing hard and fast Download free eBooks at bookboon.com GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Rate In 2010, the recommended rate was at least 100 compressions per minute he 2015 update to the CPR guideline now relects a target compression rate of 100–120 per minute he increased compression rate is likely to lead to a decrease in cardiac output due to incomplete cardiac illing during chest recoil Depth he 2015 guideline now deines the target depth for adult compressions to be between 2–2.4 inches (5–6 centimeters) Research reviewed by the AHA revealed that compressions delivered beyond this depth may result in increased risk of resuscitation related injuries, such as rib fractures, which is what led to this change in 2015 guidelines Technique he AHA’s guidelines continue to emphasize that the rescuer technique will play a major role in the quality of compressions delivered In real life resuscitations, rescuers are likely to provide compressions that are too slow, too shallow, and interrupted too often Both training and practice are important in developing good technique, with frequent refresher training for skills and knowledge During training and review, detailed feedback especially on rate and depth of compressions should be provided Sequence he change from the traditional ABC (Airway, Breathing, Compressions) sequence in 2010 to the CAB (Compressions, Airway, Breathing) sequence was conirmed in the 2015 guidelines he emphasis on early initiation of chest compressions without delay for airway assessment or rescue breathing has resulted in improved outcomes Ratio he 2015 guidelines still recommend traditional CPR cycles of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths for one-rescuer CPR in all age groups and for two-rescuer CPR in adults he 15:2 ratio of compressions to breaths remains in the 2015 guidelines for two-rescuer CPR for children and infants Community High-quality chest compressions are most valuable in saving a life Even if you not know how to anything else, chest compressions are better than doing nothing he AHA points out that most rescuers are likely to have a speakerphone equipped cell phone, and bystanders calling 911 can be instructed by EMS dispatchers to perform hands only CPR Additionally, the AHA continues to call on communities to increase public access to AEDs Download free eBooks at bookboon.com GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT BASIC LIFE SUPPORT In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) released a revision of the BLS guidelines Approximately, every ive years, the AHA updates the guidelines for CPR and ECC he content contained herein is based on the most recent AHA publications on BLS and will periodically compare previous and revised recommendations for a comprehensive review Take Note Below are the details of the changes made to 2015 guidelines for BLS: • Previously, the initial steps were Airway, Breathing, Compressions, or ABC he literature indicates that starting compressions early in the process will increase survival rates herefore, the steps have been changed to Compressions, Airway, Breathing, or CAB his is intended to encourage early CPR and avoid bystanders interpreting agonal breathing as signs of life and withholding CPR • “Look, listen, and feel” for breathing is no longer recommended Instead of assessing the person’s breathing, begin CPR if the person is not breathing (or is only gasping for breath), has no pulse (or if you are unsure), or is unresponsive Do not perform an initial assessment of respirations he goal is early delivery of chest compressions to cardiac arrest persons High-quality CPR is key and consists of doing the following: • Keep compression rate of at least 100 minute for all persons • Keep compression depth of between 2–2.4 inches for adults and children, and about 1.5 inches for infants • Allow complete chest recoil after each compression • Minimize interruptions in CPR, except to use an AED or to change rescuer positions • Do not over ventilate • Provide CPR as a team when possible • Cricoid pressure is no longer routinely performed • Pulse checks are shorter Feel for a pulse for 10 seconds; if a pulse is absent or if you are not sure you feel a pulse, then begin compressions Even trained clinicians cannot always reliably tell if they can feel a pulse • For infants, use a manual deibrillator if available If not available, an AED with pediatric dose attenuator should be used for an infant If an AED with dose attenuator is not available, then use an adult AED, even for an infant American Heart Association Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Provider Manual AHA: 2011; p 183 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com BLS FOR ADULTS BASIC LIFE SUPPORT BLS FOR ADULTS BLS for adults focuses on doing several tasks simultaneously In previous versions of BLS, the focus was primarily on one-rescuer CPR In many situations, more than one person is available to CPR his simultaneous and choreographed method includes performing chest compressions, managing the airway, delivering rescue breaths, and using the AED, all as a team By coordinating eforts, a team of rescuers can save valuable seconds when time lost equals damage to the heart and brain Simple Adult BLS Algorithm UNRESPONSIVE: NO BREATHING OR ONLY GASPING ACTIVATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE GET AED & START CPR MONITOR RHYTHM SHOCK IF NEEDED REPEAT AFTER MIN Push Hard And Fast Figure Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 10 ... questions 42 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT BASIC LIFE SUPPORT GENERAL CONCEPTS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), heart... ISBN 978-87-403-1650-6 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com CONTENTS BASIC LIFE SUPPORT CONTENTS General concepts of basic life support 1.1 Initiating chain of survival 1.2 2015 BLS guideline changes...DR KARL DISQUE BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Basic Life Support 2nd edition © 2017 Dr Karl Disque & bookboon.com ISBN