ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

In the afternoon, the old lady heard from everyone that the shoes had been red, and she said that it was very wrong of Karen, that it was not at all becoming, and that in future Karen sh

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH

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 -ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS

Supervisor : Nguyen The Hoa, M.A Group : K21A2.1

Hanoi, 2017

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PART A THE EXTRACT

Once upon time there was little girl, pretty and dainty But in summer time she was obliged to go barefooted because she was poor, and in winter she had to wear large wooden shoes, so that her little instep grew quite red

In the middle of the village lived an old Shoemaker’s wife; she sat down and made, as well as she could, a pair of little shoes out of some old pieces of red cloth They were clumsy, but she meant well,for they were intended for the little girl, whose name was Karen

Karen received the shoes and wore them for the first time on the day of her mother’s funeral They were certainly not suitable for mourning, but she had

no others, and so she put her bare feet into them and walked behind the humble coffin Then a large old carriage came came by, and in it sat sat the women; she looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her, said to the clergyman: ‘Look here, if you will give me the little girl I will take care of her!’

Karen believed that this was all on account of the red shoes, but the old lady thought they hideous, and so they were burnt Karen herself was dressed very neatly and cleanly; she was taught to read and to sew, and people said that she was pretty But the looking-glass said: “ You are more than pretty- you are beautiful.”

One day the Queen was travelling that the past country, and had her little daughter, who was a pricess, with her The people, among them Kare too, streamed towards the castle, where the little princess, in fine white clothes, stood before the window and allowed herself to be stared at She wore neither a train nor a golden crown, but beautiful red morocco shoes; they were indeed much finer than those which the shoemaker’s wife had sewn for little Karen There is really nothing in the world that can be compared to red shoes! Karen was now old enough to be confirmed; she received some new clothes, and she was also to have some new shoes

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The rich shoemaker in the town took the measure of her little foot in his own room, in which there stood great glass cases full of pretty shoes and white slippers It all looked very lovely, but the old lady could not see very well, and therefore did not get much pleasure out of it Among the shoes stood a pair of red ones, like those which the princess had worn How beautiful they were, and the shoemaker said that they had been made for a count’s daughter, but that they had not fitted her

“ I suppose they are of shiny leather?” asked the old lady “ Now, they shine so.”

‘Yes, they shine!’ said Karen, and they fitted, and were bought, but the old lady knew nothing about their being red, else she would never have allowed Karen have gone in red shoes to be confirmed Yet such was the case Everyone looked at her feet; and when she stepped through the chancel door on the church pavement, it seemed to her as if the old figures on the tombs, those portraits of old preachers and preachers’ wives, with stiff ruffs, and long black dresses, fixed their eyes on her red shoes And she thought only of them as the clergyman laid his hand upon her head, and spoke of the holy baptism, of the covenant with God, and how she should be a matured Christian; and the organ pealed so solemnly; the sweet children’s voices sang, and the old music-directors sang, but Karen only thought it

In the afternoon, the old lady heard from everyone that the shoes had been red, and she said that it was very wrong of Karen, that it was not at all becoming, and that in future Karen should only go in black shoes to church, even when she should be older Next Sunday there was the sacrament, and Karen looked at the black shoes, looked at the red ones—looked at them again, and put on the red shoes The sun shone gloriously; Karen and the old lady walked along the path through the main street; it was rather dusty there

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At the church door stood an old soldier with a crutch, and with a wonderfully long beard, which was more red than white, then he bowed

to the ground, and asked the old lady whether he might dust her shoes And Karen stretched out her little foot

‘See, what wonderfully dancing shoes!’ said the soldier ‘Sit firm when you dance"; and he put his hand out towards the soles And the old lady gave the old soldier alms, and went into the church with Karen

And all the people in the church looked at Karen’s red shoes, and all the pictures, and as Karen knelt before the altar, and raised the cup to her lips, she only thought of the red shoes, and they seemed to swim in it; and she forgot to sing her psalm, and she forgot to pray, ‘Our Father in Heaven!’ Now all the people went out of church, and the old lady got into her carriage Karen raised her foot to get in after her, when the old soldier said,

‘Look, what wonderfully dancing shoes!’

And Karen could not help dancing a step or two, and when she began her feet continued to dance; it was just as though the shoes had power over them She danced round the church corner, she could not leave off; the coachman was obliged to run after and catch hold of her, and he lifted her

in the carriage, but her feet continued to dance so that she trod on the old lady dreadfully At length she took the shoes off, and then her legs had peace

The shoes were placed in a closet at home, but Karen could not avoid looking at them Now the old lady was sick, and it was said she could not recover She must be nursed and waited upon, and there was no one whose duty it was so much as Karen’s But there was a great ball in the city, to which Karen was invited She looked at the old lady, who could not recover, she looked at the red shoes, and she thought there could be no sin in it; she put on the red shoes, she might do that also, she thought But then she went

to the ball and began to dance When she wanted to dance to the right, the

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shoes would dance to the left, and when she wanted to dance up the room, the shoes danced back again, down the steps, into the street, and out of the city gate She danced, and was forced to dance straight out into the gloomy wood Then it was suddenly light up among the trees, and she fancied it must be the moon, for there was a face; but it was the old soldier with the red beard; he sat there, nodded his head, and said, ‘Look, what beautiful dancing shoes!’ Then she was terrified, and wanted to fling off the red shoes, but they clung fast; and she pulled down her stockings, but the shoes seemed to have grown to her feet And she danced, and must dance, over fields and meadows, in rain and sunshine, by night and day; but at night it was the most fearful

She danced over the churchyard, but the dead did not dance—they had something better to do than to dance She wished to seat herself on a poor man’s grave, where the bitter tansy grew; but for her there was neither peace nor rest; and when she danced towards the open church door, she saw

an angel standing there The men wore long, white garments; he had wings which reached from his shoulders to the earth; his countenance was severe and grave; and in his hand he held a sword, broad and glittering

‘Now, dance shalt thou!’ said he ‘Dance in thy red shoes till thou art pale and cold! Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton! Dance shalt thou from door to door, and where proud, vain children dwell, thou shalt knock, that they may hear thee and tremble! Dance shalt thou—!’

‘Mercy!’ cried Karen But she did not hear the angel’s reply, for the shoes carried her through the gate into the fields, across roads and bridges, and she must keep ever dancing

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PART B CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

1 Prove the extract is a written one

• In the extract, there are a number complex grammar structures:

- Once upon time there was little girl, pretty and dainty.(1)

- In the middle of the village lived an old Shoemaker’s wife; she sat down and made, as well as she could, a pair of little shoes out of some old pieces of red cloth (4-5)

- Just then a large old carriage came by, and in it sat an old lady; she looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her, said to the clergyman: ‘Look here, if you will give me the little girl I will take care of her!’ (12-14)

- and spoke of the holy baptism, of the covenant with God, and how she should be a matured Christian; and the organ pealed so solemnly; the sweet children’s voices sang, and the old music-directors sang, but Karen only thought it (46-47)

- And she thought only of them as the clergyman laid his hand upon her head, and spoke of the holy baptism,of the covenant with God (45-46)

- Next Sunday there was the sacrament, and Karen looked at the black shoes, looked at the red ones—looked at them again, and put on the red shoes.(51-53)

- Now all the people went out of church, and the old lady got into her carriage (67)

- But there was a great ball in the city, to which Karen was invited (80)

- Then it was suddenly light up among the trees, and she fancied it must

be the moon, for there was a face (87-88)

- ‘Now, dance shalt thou!’ said he ‘Dance in thy red shoes till thou art pale and cold! Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton! Dance shalt thou from door to door, and where proud, vain children dwell, thou shalt knock, that they may hear thee and tremble! Dance shalt thou—!’ (102-105)

• There are also a complexity of word use:

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- Shoemaker (4)

- Funeral (9)

- Humble coffin (11)

- Clergyman (13)

- Hideous (16)

- Holy baptism (45)

- Christian (46)

- Sacrament (51)

- Our Father in Heaven! (65)

- Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton (102)

- Mercy! (105)

• The text use a variety of content words (512), while only 395 function words which only indicated lexical relations

2 Cohesion in the discourse

2.1 Grammatical cohesion

2.1.1 Reference

• Personal reference

- She (2): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She => Karen (7)

- She (4, 5) : personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She => a women made shoes (4)

- She (9,10): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She =>Karen (8)

- She(12) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She=> the old lady (16)

- She (17,18) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She =>Karen

- She(23) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

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She =>Princess (21)

- She (28): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She =>Karen (26, 27)

- She(38) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She=>old lady (16)

- She (40,51,64,65,69,71,73,80-85,90-95.97,105,106): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She =>Karen (8)

- He (56,60,88 ): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

He =>an old soldier (50)

- He (72 ): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

He =>a driver(61)

- She(74,77) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

She=> a women servant (72)

- He (98,100): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric

He =>a angle (96)

• Demonstrative reference

- There was little girl (1): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric

- The shoes (8, 32, 71, 75, 76, 84, 106): demonstrative reference, exophoric

- The black shoes (53): demonstrative reference, exophoric

- The red shoes (15, 54, 90): demonstrative reference, exophoric

- The little girl (12, 13): demonstrative reference, anaphoric

The little girl refer to Karen

- The people (21): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric The people refer to everyone in the town

- The little princess (22): demonstrative reference, endophoric, cataphoric

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- The old lady (31, 49, 61): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric

- Now (36, 67, 102): demonstrative adverb, endophoric, anaphoric Now refer to reality that the agreement

- The sweet children (47): demonstrative reference, anaphoric

- Then (57, 82, 90): demonstrative adverb, endophoric, anaphoric

- The old soldier (60, 62): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric

- The men (99): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric

• Comparative reference

- Fearful (94): comparative reference, endophoric, anaphoric

2.1.2 Ellipsis

- she sat down and made, as well as she could (5): clausal ellipsis, endophoric, anaphoric

 Old shoemaker’s wives

- But she meant well,for they were intended for the little girl, whose name was Karen (6, 7): lexical ellipsis, endophoric, cataphoric

- She looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her (12): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

 The old ladies

- Look here (13): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- All (31): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- Their eyes on her red shoes (44): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- And spoke of the holy baptism (45): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

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 Chistian

- Looked at the red ones—looked at them again, and put on the red shoes (53, 54): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- And all the people in the church looked at Karen’s red shoes, and all the pictures (63, 64): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- She thought (82): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

- Down the steps, into the street, and out of the city gate (85, 86): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric

2.1.3 Conjunction

- But (1, 6, 15, 18, 24, 35, 79, 82, 95, 97, 106): contrastive relation

- And (2, 11, 17, 28, 41, 44, 58, 61, 63, 70, 92): additive relation

- Because (2): clausal relation

- In the middle (4): temporal relation

- Once upon (1): clausal relation

- For (6, 88): reversed causal relation

- As well as (5): adversative relation proper

- So (3, 16): clausal relation

- The first time (8): temporal relation

- Then (11, 57, 90): temporal relation

- Therefore (32): temporal relation

- Next (52): temporal relation

2.2 Lexical cohensive divices

2.2.1 Repetition

- The little girl (1, 7, 12, 13)

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