ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1 HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH - - 10 11 12 ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 13 14 15 16 17 18 Supervisor : Nguyen The Hoa, M.A Group : K21A2.1 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Hanoi, 2017 34 PART A THE EXTRACT 35 36 37 38 Once upon time there was little girl, pretty and dainty But in summer time she was obliged to go barefooted because she was poor, and in winter she had to wear large wooden shoes, so that her little instep grew quite red In the middle of the village lived an old Shoemaker’s wife; she sat down 39 and made, as well as she could, a pair of little shoes out of some old 40 pieces of red cloth They were clumsy, but she meant well,for they were 41 intended for the little girl, whose name was Karen 42 Karen received the shoes and wore them for the first time on the day of her 43 mother’s funeral They were certainly not suitable for mourning, but she had 44 no others, and so she put her bare feet into them and walked behind the 45 humble coffin Then a large old carriage came came by, and in it sat sat 46 the women; she looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her, said to 47 the clergyman: 48 care of her!’ 49 Karen believed that this was all on account of the red shoes, but the old 50 lady thought they hideous, and so they were burnt Karen herself was 51 dressed very neatly and cleanly; she was taught to read and to sew, and 52 people said that she was pretty But the looking-glass said: “ You are more 53 than pretty- you are beautiful.” 54 One day the Queen was travelling that the past country, and had her little 55 daughter, who was a pricess, with her The people, among them Kare too, 56 streamed towards the castle, where the little princess, in fine white clothes, 57 stood before the window and allowed herself to be stared at She wore 58 neither a train nor a golden crown, but beautiful red morocco shoes; they 59 were indeed much finer than those which the shoemaker’s wife had sewn for 60 little Karen There is really nothing in the world that can be compared to red 61 shoes! Karen was now old enough to be confirmed; she received some new 62 clothes, and she was also to have some new shoes ‘Look here, if you will give me the little girl I will take 63 The rich shoemaker in the town took the measure of her little foot in his own 64 room, in which there stood great glass cases full of pretty shoes and white 65 slippers It all looked very lovely, but the old lady could not see very well, 66 and therefore did not get much pleasure out of it Among the shoes stood a 67 pair of red ones, like those which the princess had worn How beautiful they 68 were, and the shoemaker said that they had been made for a count’s daughter, 69 but that they had not fitted her 70 “ I suppose they are of shiny leather?” asked the old lady “ Now, they shine 71 so.” 72 ‘Yes, they shine!’ said Karen, and they fitted, and were bought, but the old 73 lady knew nothing about their being red, else she would never have allowed 74 Karen have gone in red shoes to be confirmed Yet such was the case 75 Everyone looked at her feet; and when she stepped through the chancel 76 door on the church pavement, it seemed to her as if the old figures on the 77 tombs, those portraits of old preachers and preachers’ wives, with stiff ruffs, 78 and long black dresses, fixed their eyes on her red shoes And she thought 79 only of them as the clergyman laid his hand upon her head, and spoke of the 80 holy baptism, of the covenant with God, and how she should be a 81 matured Christian; and the organ pealed so solemnly; the sweet 82 children’s voices sang, and the old music-directors sang, but Karen only 83 thought it 84 In the afternoon, the old lady heard from everyone that the shoes had been 85 red, and she said that it was very wrong of Karen, that it was not at all 86 becoming, and that in future Karen should only go in black shoes to church, 87 even when she should be older Next Sunday there was the sacrament, and 88 Karen looked at the black shoes, looked at the red ones—looked at them 89 again, and put on the red shoes The sun shone gloriously; Karen and the 90 old lady walked along the path through the main street; it was rather dusty 91 there 92 At the church door stood an old soldier with a crutch, and with a 93 wonderfully long beard, which was more red than white, then he bowed 94 to the ground, and asked the old lady whether he might dust her shoes And 95 Karen stretched out her little foot 96 ‘See, what wonderfully dancing shoes!’ said the soldier ‘Sit firm when you 97 dance"; and he put his hand out towards the soles And the old lady gave 98 the old soldier alms, and went into the church with Karen 99 And all the people in the church looked at Karen’s red shoes, and all the 100 pictures, and as Karen knelt before the altar, and raised the cup to her lips, 101 she only thought of the red shoes, and they seemed to swim in it; and she 102 forgot to sing her psalm, and she forgot to pray, ‘Our Father in Heaven!’ 103 Now all the people went out of church, and the old lady got into her 104 carriage Karen raised her foot to get in after her, when the old soldier said, 105 ‘Look, what wonderfully dancing shoes!’ 106 And Karen could not help dancing a step or two, and when she began her 107 feet continued to dance; it was just as though the shoes had power over 108 them She danced round the church corner, she could not leave off; the 109 coachman was obliged to run after and catch hold of her, and he lifted her 110 in the carriage, but her feet continued to dance so that she trod on the old 111 lady dreadfully At length she took the shoes off, and then her legs had 112 peace 113 The shoes were placed in a closet at home, but Karen could not avoid 114 looking at them Now the old lady was sick, and it was said she could not 115 recover She must be nursed and waited upon, and there was no one whose 116 duty it was so much as Karen’s But there was a great ball in the city, to 117 which Karen was invited She looked at the old lady, who could not recover, 118 she looked at the red shoes, and she thought there could be no sin in it; she 119 put on the red shoes, she might that also, she thought But then she went 120 to the ball and began to dance When she wanted to dance to the right, the 121 shoes would dance to the left, and when she wanted to dance up the room, 122 the shoes danced back again, down the steps, into the street, and out of the 123 city gate She danced, and was forced to dance straight out into the gloomy 124 wood Then it was suddenly light up among the trees, and she fancied it 125 must be the moon, for there was a face; but it was the old soldier with the 126 red beard; he sat there, nodded his head, and said, ‘Look, what beautiful 127 dancing shoes!’ Then she was terrified, and wanted to fling off the red 128 shoes, but they clung fast; and she pulled down her stockings, but the shoes 129 seemed to have grown to her feet And she danced, and must dance, over 130 fields and meadows, in rain and sunshine, by night and day; but at night it 131 was the most fearful 132 She danced over the churchyard, but the dead did not dance—they had 133 something better to than to dance She wished to seat herself on a poor 134 man’s grave, where the bitter tansy grew; but for her there was neither 135 peace nor rest; and when she danced towards the open church door, she saw 136 an angel standing there The men wore long, white garments; he had wings 137 which reached from his shoulders to the earth; his countenance was severe 138 and grave; and in his hand he held a sword, broad and glittering 139 ‘Now, dance shalt thou!’ said he ‘Dance in thy red shoes till thou art pale 140 and cold! Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton! Dance shalt thou 141 from door to door, and where proud, vain children dwell, thou shalt knock, 142 that they may hear thee and tremble! Dance shalt thou—!’ 143 ‘Mercy!’ cried Karen But she did not hear the angel’s reply, for the shoes 144 carried her through the gate into the fields, across roads and bridges, and she 145 must keep ever dancing 146 PART B CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS 147 Prove the extract is a written one 148 • In the extract, there are a number complex grammar structures: 149 - Once upon time there was little girl, pretty and dainty.(1) 150 - In the middle of the village lived an old Shoemaker’s wife; she sat 151 down and made, as well as she could, a pair of little shoes out of some old 152 pieces of red cloth (4-5) 153 - 154 looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her, said to the clergyman: ‘Look 155 here, if you will give me the little girl I will take care of her!’ (12-14) 156 - 157 should be a matured Christian; and the organ pealed so solemnly; the sweet 158 children’s voices sang, and the old music-directors sang, but Karen only 159 thought it (46-47) 160 - 161 head, and spoke of the holy baptism,of the covenant with God (45-46) 162 - 163 shoes, looked at the red ones—looked at them again, and put on the red 164 shoes.(51-53) 165 - 166 carriage (67) 167 - But there was a great ball in the city, to which Karen was invited (80) 168 - Then it was suddenly light up among the trees, and she fancied it must 169 be the moon, for there was a face (87-88) 170 - 171 pale and cold! Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton! Dance shalt 172 thou from door to door, and where proud, vain children dwell, thou shalt 173 knock, that they may hear thee and tremble! Dance shalt thou—!’ (102-105) 174 • Just then a large old carriage came by, and in it sat an old lady; she and spoke of the holy baptism, of the covenant with God, and how she And she thought only of them as the clergyman laid his hand upon her Next Sunday there was the sacrament, and Karen looked at the black Now all the people went out of church, and the old lady got into her ‘Now, dance shalt thou!’ said he ‘Dance in thy red shoes till thou art There are also a complexity of word use: 175 - Shoemaker (4) 176 - Funeral (9) 177 - Humble coffin (11) 178 - Clergyman (13) 179 - Hideous (16) 180 - Holy baptism (45) 181 - Christian (46) 182 - Sacrament (51) 183 - Our Father in Heaven! (65) 184 - Till thy skin shrivels up and thou art a skeleton (102) 185 - Mercy! (105) 186 • The text use a variety of content words (512), while only 395 function 187 words which only indicated lexical relations 188 189 Cohesion in the discourse 190 2.1 Grammatical cohesion 191 2.1.1 Reference 192 • Personal reference 193 - She (2): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric 194 She => Karen (7) 195 - 196 She => a women made shoes (4) 197 - 198 She =>Karen (8) 199 - 200 She=> the old lady (16) 201 - 202 She =>Karen 203 - She (4, 5) : personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She (9,10): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She(12) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She (17,18) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She(23) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric 204 She =>Princess (21) 205 - 206 She =>Karen (26, 27) 207 - 208 She=>old lady (16) 209 - 210 reference, endophoric, anaphoric 211 She =>Karen (8) 212 - 213 He =>an old soldier (50) 214 - 215 He =>a driver(61) 216 - 217 She=> a women servant (72) 218 - 219 He =>a angle (96) 220 • Demonstrative reference 221 - There was little girl 222 anaphoric 223 - 224 exophoric 225 - The black shoes (53): demonstrative reference, exophoric 226 - The red shoes (15, 54, 90): demonstrative reference, exophoric 227 - The little girl (12, 13): demonstrative reference, anaphoric She(38) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She (40,51,64,65,69,71,73,80-85,90-95.97,105,106): personal He (56,60,88 ): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric He (72 ): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric She(74,77) personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric He (98,100): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric The shoes (1): demonstrative reference, endophoric, (8, 32, 71, 75, 76, 84, 106): demonstrative reference, The little girl refer to Karen 228 229 She (28): personal reference, endophoric, anaphoric - The people (21): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric The people refer to everyone in the town 230 231 - The little princess (22): demonstrative reference, endophoric, 232 cataphoric 233 - 234 anaphoric 235 - 236 The old lady (31, 49, 61): demonstrative reference, endophoric, Now (36, 67, 102): demonstrative adverb, endophoric, anaphoric Now refer to reality that the agreement 237 - The sweet children (47): demonstrative reference, anaphoric 238 - Then (57, 82, 90): demonstrative adverb, endophoric, anaphoric 239 - The old soldier (60, 62): demonstrative reference, endophoric, 240 anaphoric 241 - The men (99): demonstrative reference, endophoric, anaphoric 242 • Comparative reference 243 - Fearful (94): comparative reference, endophoric, anaphoric 244 245 2.1.2 Ellipsis 246 - 247 endophoric, anaphoric 248  Old shoemaker’s wives 249 - But she meant well,for they were intended for the little girl, whose 250 name was Karen (6, 7): lexical ellipsis, endophoric, cataphoric 251  Karen 252 - She looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her (12): ellipsis subject, 253 endophoric, anaphoric 254  The old ladies 255 - Look here (13): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 256  She 257 - All (31): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 258 - Their eyes on her red shoes (44): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 259  She 260 - And spoke of the holy baptism (45): ellipsis subject, endophoric, 261 anaphoric she sat down and made, as well as she could (5): clausal ellipsis, 262  Chistian 263 - Looked at the red ones—looked at them again, and put on the red shoes 264 (53, 54): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 265  She 266 - And all the people in the church looked at Karen’s red shoes, and all 267 the pictures (63, 64): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 268  She 269 - She thought (82): ellipsis subject, endophoric, anaphoric 270  She 271 - Down the steps, into the street, and out of the city gate (85, 86): ellipsis 272 subject, endophoric, anaphoric 273  274 2.1.3 Conjunction 275 - But (1, 6, 15, 18, 24, 35, 79, 82, 95, 97, 106): contrastive relation 276 - And (2, 11, 17, 28, 41, 44, 58, 61, 63, 70, 92): additive relation 277 - Because (2): clausal relation 278 - In the middle (4): temporal relation 279 - Once upon (1): clausal relation 280 - For (6, 88): reversed causal relation 281 - As well as (5): adversative relation proper 282 - So (3, 16): clausal relation 283 - The first time (8): temporal relation 284 - Then (11, 57, 90): temporal relation 285 - Therefore (32): temporal relation 286 - Next (52): temporal relation They 287 288 2.2 Lexical cohensive divices 289 2.2.1 290 - Repetition The little girl (1, 7, 12, 13) 291 - Shoemaker (4, 25, 29, 34) 292 - Pretty (18,19) 293 - Preacher(43) 294 - Dance (84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 98, 108) 295 - Wonderfully (57, 60, 69) 296 - The old lady (58, 61, 67) 297 - The church (63, 72) 298 - Poor (2) 299 - Everyone (41, 49) 300 - Dance shalt thou! (102, 103, 105) 301 302 2.2.2 Synonymy 303 - The women (12) – old lady (15, 16) 304 - Right (83) – left (84) 305 - Hopy baptism (45)- sacrament (51) 306 2.2.3 307 - Summer (1) >< winter (2) 308 - Black shoes >< red shoes (53) 309 - The path >< the main street (55) 310 - The right (83) >< the left (84) 311 - Dreamlike (50) >< reality (50) 312 - Black >< white (18) Autonymy 313 314 Vietnamese translation 315 Karen cô gái nhỏ xinh xắn ngoan Mẹ cô nghèo nên 316 chẳng có giầy dép gì, mùa hè chân đất, mùa đông guốc gỗ, chân không 317 chịu rét, đỏ ửng lên Trong làng có bà thợ giầy già Thương bé, 318 bà nhặt mẩu da đỏ chắp vá cho cô bé đôi giầy Đôi giầy chẳng 319 lấy làm đẹp bà lão phúc hậu mắt kém, tay lại run, bà 320 lão tặng vật cho Karen với lòng trìu mến Cơ bé thích q 321 Ngay ngày hơm mẹ qua đời Đúng ra, nhà có tang khơng giầy 322 đỏ Nhưng khơng có đơi giầy khác nên cô bé đành phải giầy đỏ 323 Cơ bé vừa vừa khóc rũ rượi Chợt có cỗ xe ngựa lớn cũ qua, 324 có bà q phái già Trông thấy cô bé mồ côi nức nở, bà động lòng 325 thương, nói với cụ đạo hỏi xin bé Bà nói: 326 - Cụ cho tơi xin cô bé này, đem nuôi nấng chăm sóc cẩn thận 327 Lúc đầu Karen tưởng bà già lưu ý đến em em có đơi giầy đẹp, 328 bà lại bảo đôi giầy xấu phải vứt Rồi bà cho em ăn mặc đẹp đẽ 329 sẽ, lại cho em học viết, học đọc, học may vá Mọi người khen em đẹp 330 ngoan Nhìn vào gương, gương bảo em đẹp ngoan 331 Một hơm nhà vua, hồng hậu công chúa ngự giá đến thành phố gần 332 Nhân dân nô nức kéo đến chiêm ngưỡng long nhan Cô bé Karen 333 theo người lớn đến xem Cơ trơng thấy cơng chúa bận tồn xatanh trắng 334 đứng bao lơn người dân trông thấy Dưới chân công chúa 335 đôi giầy da dê màu đỏ đẹp, khác hẳn đôi giầy bà cụ thợ giầy nghèo phúc 336 hậu tặng Karen 337 Đến ngày Karen chịu lễ thêm sức, bà quý phái may cho cô quần áo đẹp 338 dẫn cô đến nhà người thợ giầy giỏi thành phố th đóng cho đơi 339 giầy Đến nơi, Karen chìa đơi chân bé nhỏ cho bác thợ giầy đo Cơ nhìn 340 chung quanh thấy tủ có đơi giầy đỏ đẹp đơi giầy công 341 chúa hôm trước Karen reo lên: Đơi giầy đẹp làm sao! Cháu thích đơi 342 giầy lắm! Bác cho cháu thử vừa bán cho cháu Bác thợ giầy đưa 343 cho bé thử nói: 344 - Đơi giầy gái vị bá tước đặt, nhỏ chật khơng 345 vừa nên tơi để 346 - Giầy da dê phải không, bà quý phái nói, trơng bóng bẩy đẹp q! 347 - Thưa vâng, da dê 348 Đôi giầy Karen vừa nên bà quý phái mua cho em Nhưng bà 349 màu đỏ, bà mắt; biết màu đỏ, bà không 350 Karen vào ngày chịu lễ thêm sức Thấy Karen giầy đỏ vào nhà thờ 351 người lắc đầu Khi qua ngưỡng cửa tất tranh treo tường 352 chằm chằm nhìn Karen khơng khơng ngượng mà hãnh diện 353 Cụ đạo nhắc nhở Karen bổn phận cô gái đến tuổi biết suy nghĩ 354 bước vào hàng ngũ chiên Đại phong cầm vang lên điệu nhạc thánh ca 355 Dàn hợp xướng nhi đồng lên hát cầu ngắm nghía đơi giầy đỏ 356 đẹp giầy cơng chúa 357 Chiều hơm nghe người xì xào bà quý phái biết Bà bảo cô bé: 358 - Vào nhà thờ dự lễ, lại giầy đỏ ngạo nghễ Từ bước 359 chân đến nhà thờ phải giầy đen, dù cũ dù rách phải 360 Chủ nhật sau Karen phải chịu lễ ban thánh Nhớ lời bà quý phái dặn, 361 Karen giầy đen vào Nhưng nhìn nhìn lại đơi giầy đỏ, thấy đẹp hơn, 362 cô bé lại tháo giầy đen ra, giầy đỏ 363 Hôm trời đẹp Muốn tận hưởng ánh nắng ấm áp, bà cụ quý phái dẫn 364 Karen qua đường nhỏ đường để đến nhà thờ Họ 365 phải qua đường đầy bụi Một ông cụ già thương binh chống gậy thấy 366 hai người đến Ông cụ xin bà già quý phái cho đánh giầy Bà già đồng ý, 367 Karen chìa đơi giày nhỏ nhắn cho ông cụ chải bụi 368 - Chà đôi giầy khiêu vũ đẹp quá! Khi khiêu vũ cô phải cho giầy bám chặt 369 vào chân kẻo rơi 370 Bà quý phái cho ông lão tàn tật đồng bạc Karen bước vào nhà 371 thờ Cả cử toạ trợn to mắt nhìn đơi giầy đỏ Các chân dung treo 372 tường dán mắt vào đơi giầy Còn Karen mải nhìn đơi giầy quên 373 cầu nguyện chịu ban lễ thánh thể, cô lơ đãng nghĩ đến đôi giầy đỏ 374 chân Cô tưởng chung quanh người ta ghen tị với đơi giầy đỏ 375 Ở nhà thờ ra, bà quý phái lên xe chờ sẵn cửa Karen 376 bước lên theo 377 Ơng già tàn tật lúc Trông thấy Karen, ông lại tắc 378 - Đôi giầy khiêu vũ đẹp thật! 379 Bỗng Karen thấy người nhấc bổng lên, đôi chân nhún nhảy liên hồi, 380 muốn ghìm khơng 381 Người đánh xe ôm vội lấy cô ấn vào xe Vào xe cô bé nhảy, đá vào 382 bà già quý phái Nhưng xe đến nhà Chị hầu phòng phải bế vội 383 bé vào, tháo đơi giầy qi gở ra, khơng nhảy nhót Bấy 384 chân Karen nghỉ ngơi 385 Đơi giầy bỏ vào tủ, khố chặt lại Mỗi ngày Karen đến ngắm ngía hàng 386 chục lần 387 Được lâu bà già quý phái ốm, cần có người bên nom chăm sóc 388 Đấy nhiệm vụ Karen Cũng vào hôm cô lại nhận giấy mời 389 hội Cơ nghĩ phải nhà để chăm sóc ân nhân Nhưng lại 390 nghĩ bà già chẳng sống bao lâu, chăm sóc có ích gì! Thế Karen 391 mở tủ lấy giầy, đôi giầy đỏ cất từ lâu Sỏ chân vào giầy cô nghĩ 392 hội mang giầy có sai sót 393 Thế Nhưng vừa bước chân khỏi cửa hai chân lại nhảy nhót, 394 hết đập vào nhau, lại nhảy sang phải, nhảy sang trái Thấy cô xinh đẹp, 395 nhảy khéo, người đường dừng lại xem Suốt dọc đường từ nhà nơi đến 396 hội, Karen nhảy nhót mệt lử khơng lê vào hội 397 trường Cơ phó mặc cho đơi giầy đưa khắp nơi qua phố, 398 ngoại thành đến khu rừng xa Đến bé lại nhìn thấy ơng lão tàn tật 399 Ơng lão nói: 400 - Chào em xinh đẹp Cơ có đơi giầy khiêu vũ kháu 401 Đến lúc Karen nhận lão già tàn tật tên phù thuỷ Lão đến 402 xin đánh giày để kiếm tiền mà để phù phép Cô bé phát hoảng 403 lên, muốn trút bỏ đôi giầy, không lôi Đơi giầy dính 404 chặt vào chân bắt cô bé phải cử động liên hồi, không ngồi xuống 405 406 Cơ bé nhảy nhót thế, băng qua đồng cỏ, ruộng mương, rừng núi, 407 chẳng nghỉ ngơi lấy giây, chẳng kịp lấy lại thở Hết ngày 408 qua ngày cô bé không ngớt quay cuồng ánh nắng lửa đốt, 409 giá lạnh mưa rào 410 Cô bị vào nghĩa địa, cố bám lấy mộ, lại bị bật 411 ngay, khơng níu Cơ lại bị lôi đến nhà thờ, cô muốn ẩn vào 412 thánh thất cầu xin thượng đế xá cho tội ngạo mạn người 413 Nhưng vị tiên cánh dài chấm đất, thái độ nghiêm khắc, vung 414 gươm sáng lống bảo cơ: 415 - Con nhảy đi, nhảy với đôi giầy đỏ mà quý cái, nhảy 416 lúc da bọc xương, thân tàn ma dại Khi qua nhà 417 đứa trẻ hay sĩ diện tự phụ, gõ cửa gọi chúng xem để 418 chúng biết tính kiêu ngạo thiệt hại Nhảy đi! Nhảy đi! 419 - Xin tha tội! Xin tha tội cho 420 Karen kêu van đôi chân kéo cô xa không nghe thấy tiếng trả lời 421 vị tiên 422 ... skeleton (102) 185 - Mercy! (105) 186 • The text use a variety of content words (512), while only 395 function 187 words which only indicated lexical relations 188 189 Cohesion in the discourse. .. clausal relation 278 - In the middle (4): temporal relation 279 - Once upon (1): clausal relation 280 - For (6, 88): reversed causal relation 281 - As well as (5): adversative relation proper 282... 273  274 2.1.3 Conjunction 275 - But (1, 6, 15, 18, 24, 35, 79, 82, 95, 97, 106): contrastive relation 276 - And (2, 11, 17, 28, 41, 44, 58, 61, 63, 70, 92): additive relation 277 - Because