A discourse analysis of news reports on climate change in english and vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG LÊ THỊ ANH A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NEWS REPORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Danang, 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG LE THI ANH A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NEWS REPORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Field: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Code: 60.22.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr LUU QUY PHUONG Danang, 2015 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere of extracted in a whole, or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, May 2015 Signature Lê Thị Anh ii ABSTRACT There is growing concern over climate change all over the world, especially, when climate change currently causes a lot of disasters such as floods, drought… Therefore, how to write articles effectively, especially articles on climate change should be paid considerable attention to The study aims at analyzing the typical discourse features of news reports on climate change in English and Vietnamese as well as discovering similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of layout, syntactic features, lexical choice and cohesive devices There were five methods used in this thesis: Qualitative and quantitative methods, statistic and descriptive methods, analytic and synthetic methods, comparative and contrastive methods, inductive method There were 60 samples of news reports on climate change (30 in English and 30 in Vietnamese), collected from the internet for analysis The findings show that news reports on climate change in English and Vietnamese employ a variety of syntactic features such as simple sentences, compound sentences, a complex sentence, a compound-complex sentence, comparative construction Besides, reference, ellipsis, conjunction and repetition in both English and Vietnamese news reports were also exploited in cohesive devices The research result is hoped to be of some contribution to the writers, especially journalists and help them be more aware of the mission of news reports in the attempt to protect the environment and raise people’s awareness iii TABLES OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims of the Study 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 PREVIOUS RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE STUDY 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Theory of Discourse Analysis 2.2.2 Fundamental Syntactic Features of Discourse 11 2.2.3 News Reports and Climate Change 14 2.2.4 Cohesive Features 17 CHAPTER RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES 30 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 30 3.2 SAMPLES AND POPULATION 31 iv 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 32 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 32 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 34 4.1 LAYOUT OF NEWS REPORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN ENGLISH AND NEWS REPORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN VIETNAMESE 34 4.1.1 Layout of NRCCE 34 4.1.2 Layout of NRCCV 47 4.1.3 Comparison of NRCCE and NRCCV in Terms of Layout 55 4.2 SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF NRCCE AND NRCCV 56 4.2.1 Syntactic Features of NRCCE 56 4.2.2 Syntactic Features of NRCCV 63 4.2.3 Comparison of NRCCE and NRCCV in Terms of Syntactic Features 69 4.3 LEXICAL FEATURES OF NRCCE AND NRCCV 70 4.3.1 Lexical Features of NRCCE 70 4.3.2 Lexical Features of NRCCE 73 4.3.3 Comparison of NRCCE and NRCCV in Terms of Lexical Features 76 4.4 COHESIVE DEVICES OF NRCCE AND NRCCV 77 4.4.1 Cohesive Devices of NRCCE 77 4.4.2 Cohesive Devices of NRCCV 82 4.4.3 Comparison of NRCCE and NRCCV in Terms of Cohesive Devices 86 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 88 5.1 A SUMMARY OF RESULTS 88 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 90 v 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 92 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 93 REFERENCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (bản sao) APPENDIX vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NRCC : News reports on climate change NRCCE : News reports on climate change in English NRCCV : News reports on climate change in Vietnamese vii LIST OF TABLES Number Name of Tables of Tables Page 4.1 Layout of NRCCE 47 4.2 Distribution of Sentence Types in NRCCE 59 4.3 Distribution of Comparison Constructions in NRCCE 60 4.4 Distribution of Voice in NRCCE 63 4.5 Distribution of Sentence Types in NRCCV 65 4.6 Distribution of Comparison Constructions in NRCCV 67 4.7 Distribution of Voice in NRCCV 68 4.8 Summary of Lexical Features of NRCCE 73 4.9 Summary of Lexical Features of NRCCV 76 4.10 Distribution of Cohesive Devices of NRCCE 82 4.11 Distribution of Cohesive Devices of NRCCV 86 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Climate change and global warming refer to an increase in average global temperatures Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures A warming planet thus leads to a change in climate which can affect weather in various ways This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and so on Many scientists, governments, companies, international institutions, and other organizations agree that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet Climate change taking place in many countries all over the world influences human’s life Meanwhile, Vietnam is one of the ten countries which gets the worst effect from climate change Many major conferences in recent years are have made people aware of the problem and find out the solution for this issue The speeches on climate change were given by many famous people in different countries, different cultures, from the leaders of the governments, scientists to the actors and event young people Mass media also gave reports on the climate change to call for the global action to improve the situation The US and Vietnamese presses have an important role in reporting the information on climate change at the major conferences in their countries They help us to know how the weather change in the world, particularly in the USA and in Vietnam and how to protect the global environment Recognizing the importance of climate change problem as well as the way of writing news reports of the US presses and Vietnamese presses, I have 89 of which WHERE is optional factor whereas the summary in Vietnamese news embraces two sentences: one for main idea and the other for additional factors introducing nearly all elements of information of which WHERE appears more frequently Syntactically, NRCCE and NRCCV have some points in common Concretely, both English and Vietnamese journalists apply three sentence types: complex, simple and compound sentences plausibly in order to convey information sufficiently and effectively Additionally, comparative constructions and voice are also employed in both English and Vietnamese news In addition to the similaritites, NRCCE and NRCCV also display some differences As regards sentence types, in NRCCE, the complex sentences take up the most with 53% whereas in NRCCV, the simple sentences are the most popular with 53.9% As for comparison, most of comparison constructions in NRCCE are scalar comparison while in NRCCV both scalar and non-scalar comparisons are used Besides, superlative comparisons prevail over the others in English news with 61.3% whereas comparisons of superiority are the most prevalent in NRCCV with 54.2% Lastly, it is quite surprising that the passive sentences preponderate over active ones in NRCCV (79% vs 21%) Conversely, in English news, the active sentences outnumber the passive ones (69% vs 31%) Lexically, words denoting decrease and increase and words denoting climate change are typical expressions employed in both NRCCE and NRCCV Firstly, verb phrases and noun phrases appear most frequently to display the decrease and increase in both NRCCE and NRCCV Secondly, words denoting climate change are present with high frequency in both NRCCE and NRCCV As regards cohesive devices, lexical reiteration and reference are 90 commonly used in both NRCCE and NRCCV Concretely, lexical reiteration is in the majority chiefly with causes and effects of climate change Additionally, anaphoric is the most common reference form in which demonstratives are also available in news in both languages Besides the similarities, they can be distinguished from each other by some prominent points Specifically, personal references preponderate over the others in English news reports whereas in NRCCV demonstratives are the most prominent reference form 5.2 IMPLICATIONS Hopefully, this thesis would be a valuable source for not only teachers and learners of English but also students specialized in journalism both theoretically and practically To teachers: This thesis can be served as a good reference material for teaching and learning English at schools, particularly at colleges specialized in English With this material, the teachers are equipped with general knowledge of discourse analysis as well as climate change in English and Vietnamese Such equipment enables the teachers to feel more confident to answer their students’ queries relevant to climate change and helps them to improve their teaching skill Here are some suggestions put forward to make teaching more effective: Firstly, before providing the theory of discourse features of NRCCE and NRCCV, the teachers should ask their students to identify parts or the layout of a news sample, then recognize other discourse features such as grammar, lexis and cohesive devices By this way, the learners will more easily memorize the general knowledge of NRCCE and NRCCV that the teachers wish to convey to them 91 Secondly, the above findings reveal that the grammar seems to be complicated in both NRCCE and NRCCV If a learner cannot grasp all these grammatical features, they may have difficulties in writing this news genre Therefore, the teachers should emphasize the importance of grammatical features in writing this news genre by giving various kinds of exercises Additionally, rules of using cohesive devices and their occurrence contribute to the unity of the news Concretely, one of the most frequent devices to make the cohesion in NRCCE is anaphoric reference which may be hard for some learners to apply Being aware of possible difficulties, the teachers are also advisable to provide learners with many examples in contexts to clarify the cases in which the native users of language take advantage of anaphoric references so that the learners can get familiar with using it at an early stage The other factor which makes most learners worried when they try to approach NRCCE is vocabulary This worry is caused by the quantity and diversity of vocabulary learners need to memorize Learners also consider learning vocabulary as problem difficult to solve when they have not enough time to learn by heart all new words and their usage because unlike grammar, most of vocabularies used in NRCCE are polysemantic and terminological That is why it requires close attention and frequent explanation on the part of the teacher, as well as patience on the part of the student Furthermore, when introducing a new word, teachers should attach it to a particular context and co-text so that the learners can not only memorize the words’ meaning but also know how to use them Finally, through the contrastive analysis, drawing out the similarities and differences between NRCCE and NRCCV, the teachers can develop their learners’ ability to translate this news genre in this language into the other 92 To students: English learners can benefit a lot from this thesis Firsly, they are provided a great deal of knowledge concerning discourse analysis as well as aware of how important discourse analysis is Secondly, all theories of discourse analysis and research method enable the English learners to explore other kinds of discourse on their own By this way, they can grasp all principles on layout, grammar, lexis and cohesive devices appropriate to different genres of discourse Thirdly, a discourse analysis of NRCC in English and Vietnamese allows the English learners to broaden their understanding not only on the climate change in general but also linguistics aspects constituting a news report on climate change so that they can achieve success in writing this type of news in both languages Finally, by deducing both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese news, learners of both languages are facilitated when translating news from this language into the other Also, they can avoid many mistakes caused by word by word translating and cultural barriers For journalism students, being offered a deep theoretical insight into elements making a successful news item on climate change is of a great value 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Despite the researcher’s great efforts in implementing the thesis, some shortcomings are inevitable Firstly, the theoretical background is not sufficient enough since it should have dealt with more concepts, especially on news Secondly, because the climate change is a rather new topic which restricts the sources of news, all samples are retrieved from some certain websites Finally, the author’s shortage of knowledge on climate change makes the use of terms in this study not as precise as we wish 93 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH For many reasons stated above, only some certain discourse characteristics of NRCCE and NRCCV such as the lay out, syntactic features, lexical features and cohesive devices were examined Besides, much effort was made to point out the similarities and differences between news in two languages Hence, there are still many linguistic aspects of this type of news awaiting analysis For further investigation, we would like to offer some suggestions: - A constrative analysis of stylistic devices of news articles on climate change in English and Vietnamese - An investigation into pragmatic features of news articles on climate change - An investigation into coherence in news articles on climate change REFERENCES ENGLISH [1] Albert, C (1996), Fundamentals of Copy and Layout, NTC Business Books [2] Brown, G and Yule, G (1983), Discourse Analysis, Cambridge: CUP [3] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2005), Cambridge University Press [4] Chimombo, M and L.Roseberry, R (1998), The Power of Discourse, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates [5] Clayton, J (1992), Journalism for Beginners, Judy Piatkus Ltd, Windmill Street, London W1D1HF [6] Cook, G (1989), Discourse, Oxford University Express [7] 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http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-12/sea-level-rise-accelerates-fasterin-past-20-years/6461752 http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/02/05/daily-circuit-climate-casthealth http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2548164/Penguins-perilclimate-change-Chicks-dying-rainstorms-heatwaves-claimscientists.html http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britain-leftexposed-to-more-floods-and-heatwaves-9877796.html http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/pine-islandglacier-melting-past-the-point-of-no-return-9059347.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/climate-change-rainforestabsorption-of-co2-becoming-erratic-9086304.html 10 http://climate.nasa.gov/news/2267/ 11 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85460 12 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/climate-change-rainforest- absorption-of-co2-becoming-erratic-9086304.html 13 http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/02/05/daily-circuit-climate-cast- health 14 http://globalwarmingsolutions.org/news/climate-change-rainforest- absorption-of-co2-becoming-erratic/ 15 http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/the-climate- change-paradox-rainforests-are-being-felled-but-the-world-is-gettinggreener-10157505.html 16 http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/05/15/us-usa-ice-antarctica- idUKKBN0O005P20150515 17 http://www.smh.com.au/environment/antarctic-glaciers-lose-ice-in- surprise-collapse-20150521-gh6smq.html 18 http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming- climate-change/threats-impacts/human-health.xml 19 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-26810559 20 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-12/sea-level-rise-accelerates-faster- in-past-20-years/6461752 21 http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/02/06/daily-circuit-will-steger 22 http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/2014-the- hottest-year-since-records-began-climate-experts-confirm-9983907.html 23 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-12/sea-level-rise-accelerates-faster- in-past-20-years/6461752 24 http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/30/penguins- suffering-climate-change-scientists 25 http://www.durahome.org/2014/11/climate-change-and-global-warming- a-break-down/ 26 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27596-wild-weather-across-us- and-mexico-a-sign-of-el-ninos-return.html#.VaJGCF_tmko 27 http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/the-climate- change-paradox-rainforests-are-being-felled-but-the-world-is-gettinggreener-10157505.html 28 http://climate.nasa.gov/news/2267/ 29 http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/05/12/3657633/study-sea-level- rise-accelerating/ 30 http://climate.nasa.gov/news/2308/ APPENDIX B: WEBSITES OF WEBSITES OF NEWS REPORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGES IN VIETNAMESE http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/5-500-song-bang-everest-co-thebien-mat-vi-bien-doi-khi-hau-3225679.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/obama-bien-doi-khi-hau-la-thachthuc-lon-nhat-3137000.html http://veia.com.vn/198-1144-Do-thi-Viet-Nam-ung-pho-voi-bien-doikhi-hau.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/dao-bang-lon-nhat-troi-len-vi-biendoi-khi-hau-2213044.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/the-gioi-duy-tri vu-khi-chongbien-doi-khi-hau-2399851.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/2014-la-nam-nong-ky-luc3130393.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/san-luong-luong-thuc-trung-quocgiam-vi-bien-doi-khi-hau-2179687.html http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/hai-ma-di-cu-o-at-vi-bang-tan3087861.html http://tuoitre.vn/tin/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/tieu-diem/20150530/el-nino-biendoi-khi-hau-khien-nua-vn-thanh-chao-lua/754191.html 10 http://khoahoc.tv/doisong/moi-truong/khi-hau/27590_bien-doi-khi-hautac-dong-bat-loi-den-suc-khoe.aspx 11 http://khoahoc.tv/doisong/moi-truong/khi-hau/61224_nhiet-do-nam-cuccao-ky-luc-dat-17-5-do-c.aspx 12 http://baochinhphu.vn/Quoc-te/The-gioi-can-hanh-dong-khan-cap-ung- pho-voi-bien-doi-khi-hau/193786.vgp 13 http://www.vietnamplus.vn/bien-doi-khi-hau-lam-sinh-vat-tien-hoanhanh-hon/58059.vnp 14 http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Khi-hau-bien-doi-anh-huong-nghiem-trongden-nguoi-ngheo/62195560/188/ 15 http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/doi-song/bien-doi-khi-hau-mang-muaden-chau-phi-569896.html 16 http://www.baomoi.com/Luong-khi-CO2-se-dat-muc-kyluc/79/14405632.epi 17 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/trai-dat-nong-len-rat-nhanh-trong10-nam-toi-2133983.html 18 http://www.vietnamplus.vn/bien-doi-khi-hau-khien-luong-ngu-coc-giam2-moi-thap-ky/249760.vnp 19 http://www.baomoi.com/Su-thay-doi-khung-khiep-cua-Trai-dat-do-biendoi-khi-hau/79/13115119.epi 20 http://www.vietnamplus.vn/bien-doi-khi-hau-anh-huong-den-chat-luonghoa-qua/216212.vnp 21 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/qua-bom-hen-gio-cua-khi-hau2133605.html 22 http://biendoikhihau.gov.vn/vi/chi-tiet/sinh-vat-duyet-vong-vi-bien-doikhi-hau-159479.html 23 http://vtc.vn/nga-ban-bo-tinh-trang-khan-cap-do-nangnong.311.220713.htm 24 http://biendoikhihau.gov.vn/vi/chi-tiet/so-nguoi-chet-vi-nang-nong-tangcao-159473.html 25 http://kenh14.vn/kham-pha/cac-toi-ac-cua-con-nguoi-khien-bien-cannui-mon-2014100106430640.chn 26 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/mien-trung-co-the-nang-nong-40-doc-3223573.html 27 http://biendoikhihau.gov.vn/vi/chi-tiet/hieu-ung-nha-kinh-159483.html 28 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/khoa-hoc/90284/2030 100-trieu-nguoi-chet-vibien-doi-khi-hau.html 29 http://biendoikhihau.gov.vn/vi/chi-tiet/so-nguoi-chet-vi-nang-nong-tangcao-159473.html 30 http://www.vietnamplus.vn/so-nguoi-chet-do-nang-nong-tai-chau-autang-manh/226889.vnp