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0 Student's Book Kathy Gude with Jayne Wildman OXFORD New Intermediate Student's Book Kathy Gude with Jayne Wildman OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents A senseo,identity Reading and Vocabulary Grammar Who are the British? V: Describing characteristics Phrasa l verbs - bring in, build up, make up, Present simple and present continuous, Stative verbs Present simple and present continuous Extension : See hear, feel, taste and smell; Adverbs of freq uency put in, put up with Exam training: Matching headi ngs R: Matchi ng head ings Page 4 Z 7n the Inind"s eye Brain power V: The brain and perception Exam training: Skim read ing Exam training: Multiple choice R: Mu ltiple choice Modal verbs: abi lity, permission, obligation and recommendation Modals in the past Can, have to, may, must, and should Extension : Ought to, need to Page 16 16 18 20 Ups and downs of the human race The past: narrative tenses: Past simple, past continuous, past perfect Past simple, past continuous, Past perfect Extension : As, when, while Tilnespost V: Describi ng people, Survival, Prepositions Exam training: Scann ing, Summarising R: Matching Page 30 30 32 34 "IIVhot lies oheod Jobs in the future V: Describing growth, Prepositions, Descri bing abilities Exam training: Missing sentences R: Missi ng sentences The futu re: Present conti nuous, will, going to Present simple The future: Present conti nuous, will, going to and present si mp le Extension : Other uses of will, when as soon as, before and after Page 42 42 44 46 S FOlneond,oTtune Fame and the family V: Fame Modal verbs: logical conclusions Logical conclusions in the past Moda l verbs: logical concl usions Logical concl usions in the past Extension Because, unless, although 56 58 60 & 7'1feons cOlnlnunicotion Body language V: Body language Exam training: Describi ng pictures R: Matching Present perfect Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Present perfect Present perfect si mple and present perfect conti nuous Extension : Already, still, yet Page 68 68 70 72 7' Slnoll beginnings New York V: Population R: Missing sentences The passive The passive Extension : The passive with by, of, with Page 56 0' Page 82 82 84 86 B TokingTisks Measuring the risks V: Possibility, result and chance Articles Relative clauses Defin ing and non-d efi ning clauses Defi ning relative clauses Non-defini ng clauses Extension: Where, when Page 94 94 96 98 Into the wild V: Wild life Phrasal verbs: weor off, wake up, settle in, First and second conditional, Wishes First and second conditional , wishes Extension : Would rather, would prefer to, prefer 108 110 112 Running out of time V: Ways of life Ph rasa l verbs: end up, look after, play on, Reported speech Reported statements Reporting requests and demands Reported speech Extension: Suggest and recommend bring about, come round 108 70 The right choice _ pull out, take part ; • I~,stening and Speaking Writing , Culture Zone / Reading for pleasure 1& Psychometric tests L: ~n announcement A talk Exam training: True I False F: Saying what you think, Inviting people to speak Exa m training: Role plays S: Role play - finding out about a job 10 Writing a letter about yourself Computer penfriends: Descriptions Exam training: Avoiding repetition Who are the British Phrasal verbs: bring in, build up, make up, 12 14 15 Identity parade L: -\ telephone conversation Exa m training: True or fa lse Exam training: Identifying statements L: Identifyi ng statements F: -\ski ng/ explaining what something means S: Role play - explaining a theft 21 Writing a letter giving advice A home-stay visit: Giving advice Brain Power Crime Phrasal verbs: put up, make up, set off, find out, R: A New Sport from joy Luck Club by Amy Tan Reliving the past L: A ta lk f : \1a king comparisons L: Orderi ng events S: Photo discussion 36 Writing a description Great wal ls: A description of place C: Different perspectives on the EU put in, put up with Jobs Word build ing Adjectives drop off Prepositions 26 Ups and downs of the hu ma n race Confusing words Phrasa l verbs: put off, take up, put up with, C: A parliamentary monarchy let (sb) down, fall through 38 40 41 23rd Century Twins L: A rad io programme Exa m training: Matching information F: Talking about the futu re S: Photo discussion Song: Imagine -!8 Writing a formal letter of complaint Tomorrow's classroom: Formal and informal language Jobs in the future Talking about the future Prepositions Phrasal verbs: bring about, come up against, R: Five-car family 50 52 53 ~tak ing changes L: A talk Exam training: Multiple choice F: Persuadi ng someone S: Role play - planning a weekend S: Photo discussion 62 Writing an argument for and against Ambition: style Exam training: Plann ing a com position Fame and the fami ly Prepositions Expressions Phrasa l verbs: hang on to, put off, carry on, C: Music 21st century style by Roger McGough count on, be up to, work out work out, go without 64 66 67 'arieties of English L: Radio programme F: Giving opinions S: A class debate So ng: Wordy roppinghood -4 Writing a letter of enquiry Mobile phones: Forma l and informal vocabu lary Body language Varieties of Engl ish Adjectives Phrasal verbs: tryout, keep up, look for, R: The Judge's house by Bram Stoker 76 78 79 Inventing tomorrow L: A talk A rad io interview F: Conversation fillers S: Role play - making enquiries Song: You get it if you really want 88 Travel writer of the year Writing a story: Orderi ng pa graphs and events New York Confusing words Uses of get Phrasa l verbs: come up with, set up, make up, C: Spending habits and lifestyles find out, fill in keep up with, grow up 90 92 93 Emergency fitness L: A telephone conversation F: Givi ng reasons S: Photo discussion Song: Nobody does it better 100 Writing a message and an informal letter Measuri ng the risks Prepositions Descri bing risk Phrasal verbs: put (sb) through, hang up, R: The London Road from When I walked out one summer morning by Laurie Lee 102 104 105 If you were in their shoes L: A TV programme F: Suggesting alternatives S: Photo discussion Song: Our house 11 Writing a discursive composition I wish : Expressing personal opi nions Into the wild Phrasal verbs: bring in, come round, settle in C: Notting Hill Carnival Chinese New Year 116 Confusing words Giving an opinion 118 What next? L: Listeni ng to opinions, a news report F: Expressing approval and disapproval S: Photo discussion So ng: Turn 126 Writing a formal letter of application Applying for a job hold back, get back, call back, get in split in, wear off Running out of time Confusing words Phrasa l verbs: carry out, give up, hondover, 119 R: Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw keep on, send in, take on, take up 128 130 133 ~ho aTe the Titish? -';.xalft traInIng Quiclcquiz Matching headings Try to identify the main point of each paragraph while you are reading This will help you to understand what you are reading and to remember what you have read How much you know about Britain? What is the name of the political union which includes England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland What is the geograph ical name for England, Scotland and Wa les? What is the shortest distance between England and France a 24 km b 34 km c 48 km How can people travel to France? a by ferry b via a bridge c via a tunnel JI Match headings a-h to paragraphs 1-7 There is one heading you not need A successful comb in ation An independ ent island Recent history Ou r view of others Four nations in one Ancient history g Surprising contradictions h A necessary indu stry a b c d e SCOT'EA-NO In pairs, tell your partner what you remember reading Use the headings to help you Answer the questions about the text rfRELAND Whose opi nion s does the writer refer to? Why? What does the writer fi nd i nteresti ng about British cha racteristics? WALES FRANCE Vocabulary Def>( ribin9 ( hara( terif>ti("f> Reading Match words 1-5 to their meanings a-e characteristics genera lisations accents backgrounds customs a b c d traditional ways of be having different kinds of pronunciation distinctive features or qualities statements based on a few examples e experiences and upbringing Look at the title of the article opposite What information you think it includes? Read the text quickly Write the time you start and finish How long did it take? Starting time: _ _ Finishing time : _ _ Tim e taken: _ _ The words below all describe people's characteristics Match each word in 1-5 to the correct meaning, a or b ta Ikative / direct a saying what you mean b likin g to talk a lot aggressive / arrogant a behaving as though yo u are better than others b ready or likely to attack serious / reserved a quiet or shy b thoughtful or unsmiling tolerant / traditional a accepting something you dislike or disagree with b relating to an old way of life outgoing / excitable a quick to show enthusiasm b friendl y and interested in others 'R eading ='JATIONALcharacteristics We often see other nationalities as having a set of characteristics which set them apart from others, particularly ourselves: the Italians are excitable and love children, the Finns are reserved people who say very little, an d so on But, if you look more closely, the situation appears more complicated You become aware that the Italians, for example, have the fewest children per family in Europe, and the Finns love to talk on their mobile phones The British are famous for their tolerance and sense of humour, yet they don't always say what they think and can be intentionally rude This amazes Americans, who not un derstand such behaviour Britain's nearest neighbours can be just as surprised as the Americans French writer -\ndre Maurois wrote: 'In France, it is rude not to have a conversation with someone: in England, it is unwise to have one No one there blames you for silence When you have not opened your mouth for three years, they will -hink, "This Frenchman's quite a nice fellow".' As with the Italians and the Finns, the truth about the British is, of course, much more complicated However, erhaps certain generalisations can be made Britain is an sland - a fact not changed by the construction of the ~ h a nnel Tunnel - and it has not been successfully conquered since 1066 For this reason, Britain and the 3ritish remain deeply individualistic However, the British are not one nationality but four, 'ho all see each other differently To the English, the Welsh :!re a much more talkative group than themselves, and _'1deed Wales has produced many preachers and trade ~nion leaders, particularly in the 19 th century In contrast, :"'le Scots are seen as serious and sometimes mean Complete the sentences using words from That man is so ' He th inks he is more important than everyone else Hatty is not very at the best of times She's normally very quiet He never shouts at the chi ldren He's so when they are noisy and excitable Julia just can 't be She always has to make a joke about the situation :) Some peop le become very when they drive They are real ly quite dangerous Stella makes friends very quickly She's very In the 1950s, many Commonwealth Citizens, mostly from the West Indies, emigrated to Britain Others came too: Asians came from the Indian subcontinent and Africa, and Chinese people came from Hong Kong Many of these newcomers have put in a lot of effort to build up successful businesses Together with Arabs and Africans, they make up 6.4% of the population and help to form what is now a multi-racial society Even though the people in Britain all have different accents, different cultural backgrounds and different views, and even different languages, they are still all part of an island race, whose culture and customs are mixed so well together that they produce a British identity To understand Britain, however, its people tell you, takes many visits Bearing in mind their inability to say what they mean, this probably translates as: 'Although we regard tourism as rather undesirable, we put up with it because we need the business the visitors are bringing in.' Based on Brian Bell , Insight Guides - Great Britain 'Phrasa\ ve.rbs 10 Underline the correct phrasal verbs in 1- 5, then match them to meanings a- e The verbs appear in the text We al l put in / brought in a lot of work for th is exam It takes time to make up / build up a successful business Together they make up / put up with a group of very interesting people I find it difficu lt to bring in / put up with arrogant people Tourism now brings in / put in a large amou nt of money a develop (over time) b bear or stand c attract (business) d form e spend a lot of time doing What nationa l characteristics are mentioned in the article? Who they belong to? Are you su rprised by any of these! Why? Why noU Why does the writer think the British are individualists? What are your nationality's characteristics? What events and situation s have helped to form them? Present simple and present continuous ~1.1 Listen to an interview with Camilla, the girl in the photo, and choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences Camilla looks a like Posh Spice b amazing She often works as a a model b a look-alike Peopl e are offering Cami lla more and more a money b work Camilla is a not studying now b still at university Today, Camilla is a staying at home b working for a magazine People are always asking her for a an autograph b about the future Present simple and present continuous Uses Look at the uses of the present simple and present continuous Match sentences 1-6, about Camilla, in above to uses a-f Present simple We use the present simple for: a somethi ng that happens regularly or is a routin e _2_ b something that is permanent or generally true Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the present simple or present continuous Present continuous We use the present conti nuous for: c something that is happening at, or around , the moment of speaking _ _ d something that is temporary, or not a normal routine _ _ e a changing situation _ _ something that often happens and annoys the speaker _ _ Form Decide whether sentences 1-4 refer to the present simple or the present continuous We form the negative and questions with ( does We add an s to the third person singular verb, e.g works, lives We form this tense with the verb be + the -ing form of the verb Some verbs are not used in this tense, e.g think, know, understand I (work) in Paris this week, filming an advert for sportswear Jamie (not ( play) football every week Look! Why (they ( wear) those Batman costumes? _ _ _ _ _ (you (l ike) the new Victoria Beckham CD? He _ _ _ _ _ (not sing) It's a recording Look at his lips They _ _ _ _ _ (usual ly ( not watch) television at the weekend Sheena (always ( phone) really late at night She 's so annoyin g According to scientists, the Earth (get) hotter Make questions from these notes Then ask and answer the questions in pairs what ( you ( usually ( ( at the weekend? what ( you ( ( now? you ( read ( anything interesting at the moment? how often ( you ( usually ( go ( to the cinema? who ( be ( your favourite ( actor? what kind of music (you (l ike? what subjects ( you ( study ( this year? Let's activate • Non-continuous forms Some verbs which describe states are not norm all y used in th e continuou s, e.g be, love, have, think lntervie~ action , e.g Anne has two sisters (state) She's having a shower (action) Look at these verbs and decide which verbs describe a state and which describe an action bel ieve go study know includ e be sl eep want work d isl i ke li ke live spe nd need loo k love hate ma ke und erstand Imagine you are a famous person Decide: • • • • • • • • Som e verbs are used to describe either a state or an a famous person what you what your usual routine is which fun ction s you norm ally attend, e.g parties, dinn ers what thin gs are changin g in your life how you fee l when som eon e recognises you wh at you are doing this wee k / month what you like / don't like about the job / your life In pairs, interview each other to find out the information in Write a short article for a magazine about your partner's life Use your notes to help you speak Action verbs Stative verbs believe - Match questions 1-6 to the correct answers, a-f What are yo u thinkin g? Do yo u see what I mea n? Where's Patrick? Do yo u think it's a a He's got ve ry blue eyes and dark hair b No In my opinion it won't work c Yes, I und erstand perfectl y d Yes, I'm see in g Mich ae l, good id ea? Are yo u goi ng out but it 's not se rious with anyo ne? e He's havin g a bath I was ju st wo nderin g if it What does he look like? will rain Read the article about a look-alike couple Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense, present simple or present continuous Supermon W hen Michelle Bada Z (come) home from work as a sales assistant in New York, she often (find) her husband, (ory, dressed as Superman 'He (always do) strange things, li ke jumping off the furniture and pretending to fly round th e apartment,' says Michelle What's the reason for his strange behaviour? (ory (work) as a lookalike Th e idea came to him when he was unemployed He wanted to be an actor, but it was difficult to find work 'People were always saying, "You (look) like Superman (be) you the actor?" so I thought to myself "That 's a way to find work!"', explains (ory Now he (perform) as Superman a lot of the time, although at the moment he _ _ _ (appear) in a play In fact, he still (hope) to make it as a serious actor If he does, Michelle will miss being Wonder Woman She became Wonder Woman to keep (ory company 'I was self-conscious at first, but now I 10 (begin) to enjoy it ', she says 'It's fun!' Let's practise grammar 'Present simp\e and present l.ontinuous Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense, present simple or present continuous Most people (want) to be good at their job Kate is a supermodel She (travel) all round the world _ _ _ _ _ David _ _ _ _ _ (do) athletics today? Teenage tennis stars _ _ _ _ _ (get) younger and younger Tina (always / complain) about having no money, but she's got more money than me! Paul (save up) to buy a new computer (a lways / talk) on her mobile She Rachel even uses it in the cinema! you normally _ _ _ What time (sta rt) work I _ _ _ _ _ (not understand) these instructions Something _ _ _ _ _ (see m) to be missing Underline the correct form of the verb to complete the text .Englishman In NewYork Read the sentences Then rewrite them using the time expression in brackets and the present continuous where possible Example I'm having lunch early today I have lunch early (today) Roger doesn't know Maggie very well (at the moment) I understand you (now) Paul goes to work by bus (this week) jenny spends a lot of time with james (lately) Charlie studies German (this year) The sports programme includes water sports (this month) Complete the sentences using the correct form of have julia brown hair and blue eyes We ju st a cup of coffee Would you like one? I think joe _ _ _ _ _ a sleep He said he was tired a fear of spiders I can't stand them I a break for lunch at 12.30 At school we every day Simon looks awful He _ _ _ _ _ a very bad cold and a headache I received a postcard from Sophie this morning She _ _ _ _ _ a wonderful time in Greece jess driving lessons She hopes to take her test next month 'It's not until you go abroad, or meet people from another country, that you think / are thinking of yourself in terms of having a talk / are talking in his new flat in New York Leon is British but lives / is living in New York for a national identity', says Leon Davies We year, while doing a post-graduate degree at Columbia University '14 don't remember / am not remembering thinking about national differences in England But when you are surrounded by people from many other countries, you start / are starting to notice the way different nationalities express / are expressing themselves, the way they behave / are behaving, and so on.' I ask / am qsking him if he feels / is feeling British 'That's just it', he says 'Now I'm away from home, I've 10 have / am talk / am talking about always know / am always become a typical Englishman I having tea at 4.30, the weather, and 12 11 knowing the cricket score.' Extension See, hear, feel taste and smell Complete the sentences using see, hear, taste, feel and ( > P134 ) These verbs can be used to describe our senses When used in this way, we not usually use them in the continuous In stead we use them with Examp les can see Jeremy coming down the road can taste nuts in this chocolate e use taste,jeel and smell without can to describe the we are eating, touching, smelling, e.g This apple smell correctly _ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ _ the music? I think there must be a party somewhere horrible I'd better open the That fish window a draught Is there a window open? I This dessert wonderful It's so fruity (not) what that I need new glasses I poster says and it's only a few metres away cold That wind I something burning ~'1in g :astes had Adve.rbs of fre.que.nG~ ( > P134 ) Put the adverb in brackets in the correct position Look at the pictures below and write your own sentences using smell, taste, feel and see jo is late for work (regularly) Steve plays cricket after school in summer (frequently) My sister is borrowing my clothes (always) Mark doesn't drink tea (usually) They don't watch television in the evening (often) My friend lane is bad tempered (never) I am forgetting my homework (a lways) Do you visit London? (ever) The ri9ht \'lord Complete the text using the correct form of these verbs write begin look put on appear hope play be look The pop star 'king' of rock 'n' roll Writer Lee Hall's play Cookin~ with Elvis about an Elvls impersonator Joe Ca~rey ,- - - - Elvis in this production When he his white SUit, -h-e-4- - just like the king of rock 'n ' roll At the moment Caffrey in the show in the West End Lee Hall to make a name for himself as a writer His work, which includes the film Billy Efliot, J, at life and death in a comical, imaginative way Hall a new play, which he • will be as successful as Cookmg with Elvis Unit Passives 'Watchoutl We cannot use the continuous form with verbs which express states or conditions, or verbs which are not normally used in continuous forms The passive Form • appear· be • have (possess) • know· seem· understand He's had a car since 1999 NOT Affirmative and negative form J.le's 1geefll'l€wiflg 61 €61rsifl6e 1999 to be + past participle are developed are being repai red have been delayed Th e suspects weren 't interviewed Our hou se was being redecorated Sam will not be given subject Present simple For, since We use for with the present perfect simple and continuous to add information about the length of time We use since with the present perfect simple and Past simple continuous to talk about the starting point of the action She's been here since yesterday Past continuous Future Ever, never to be + Was Were Have you ever been to Italy? I have never/haven't ever seen an opera I past participle caught? ta ken I at night? First the water is heated in a container Next, a chemical is added Were the new computers installed today? English is spoken all over the world still and already with the present perfect simple By, of, witl! We use yet to ta Ik about someth i ng that is expected to happen It is placed at the end of a sentence in negatives and questions The parcel still hasn 't arrived the burglar the photographs when the action is more important or interesting to us than who or what did it, for examp le to describe a process Yet, still, already We use still to talk about a situation that has unexpectedly stayed the same It comes before the auxiliary verb I subject + The post office was broken into last night Several people were seen running away went to France last year The meeting started at ten o'clock and finished at midday Have you met l ane yet? I haven't read the paper yet the job when we don 't know who or what did the action I I Use We use the past simple (not the present perfect) with definite times Already means sooner than expected, and is used before the main verb in the affirmative They have already arrived unt il re We use the passive: 'Watchoutl I he re Question form We can use ever and never/not ever with the present perfect simple to mean in your whole life up to now We cannot use ever in affirmative sentences We use yet, The photos Present My shoes continuous Present They perfect I've taught in this school for ten years + In a passive sentence, we can say who or what did the action if we th ink it is necessa ry, by usi ng by The award-winning novel was written by Paul Theroux This car was built by a computer We use of to tal k about the materia I or su bsta nce used to make something The roof is made of slate We use with to talk about: a some of the in gredients used b the tools used This bread is made with added sunflower seeds The artist carved the sculpture with a penknife 'Watch out? We often see the passive as a special 'short sentence' Made in China Printed in Portugal } nit B Sentence structure Where, when fi ning relative clauses We can use where and when in defining and non-defining relative clauses instead of thatlwho/which/whose ·n g re lative clauses give us essential information about a _ n or thing They t ell us which person or thing is being ="ed to where to talk about places This is the street where Sally lives We use when to talk about times July is the month when I usually go on holiday We use :"at or who for a perso n - at is the man that/who I was telling you about -he students that/who speak German are going to Berlin _ :nat or which for a th i ng -his is the holiday that/which interests me most ~oving is a sport that/ which can be dangerous ~h ose when we want to talk about possession -hot is the film star whose performance has just won an Oscar _ondon is a city whose population is over million Unit First and second conditional The first conditional Form If + I present + If it's sunny tomorrow, If you feel ill, I will (or a modal) + I infinitive we'll you should have a picnic see a doctor :; e =ca n leave out that/who/which when it is the object of the :: 3-i e clause ~ ~ar (that/which) I'm buying is the latest mode/ on-d efining relative clauses Yl -defining relative clauses give us extra information about :::rson or thing It is necessary to put commas at the -7~·n n ing and end of a non-defining relative clause =Lfse: ,~ hich We use the first conditional to talk about something which mayor may not happen in the future If I get good marks in the exam, I'll go out and celebrate If you pass your driving test, I might buy you a second-hand car lIVatch out? In conversation and informal writing, we use the short form of will (unless we are asking a question) I'll go and see Pam tomorrow Sam won't be back until late ,rho for a person -he students, who speak German, are going to Berlin ~ Use The second conditional for a thing Caving, which is one of my favourite sports, can be dangerous - ,',Ihose when we want to talk about possession Birmingham, whose population is about one million, is the second biggest city in England Form If + past + would + infinitive she had more money, she would buy a bigger house you saw a ghost, you'd be sca red If If Use lIVatch out? , We cannot use that in a non-defining relative clause We cannot leave out which/who/whose in a nondefining relative clause We use the second conditional: to talk about something which isn 't happening or is very unlikely to happen in the future If I won the lottery, I'd give up my job (I don 't think I'll win pressing result and purpose :: use: so that to describe purpose Ca therine worked hard so that she could get enough money to travel abroad (i n order to get enough money) - so thatto descri be resu It Catherine worked so hard that she earned enough money to cravel round the world (because she worked so hard , she ea rned enough mon ey) the lottery) If I had a lot of money, I'd buy a new car (I haven't got a lot of money) to give advice If I were/was you, I'd give up my job anyway! Unit 7D Reported speech Wishes We use wish + the past tense for wishes about a situation we wa nt to be different I wish I didn't have brown hair (I have brown hair) jon wishes he spoke Chinese (He doesn't speak Chinese) Reported statements When we change direct speech to reported speech : we usually change the pronoun, the verb tense ana' pu nctuation We use wish + would + infinitive for wishes to change something or someone's behaviour because it causes irritation , annoyance or frustration I wish Peter wouldn 't leave the top off the toothpaste I wish it would stop raining 'I th ink t t Ella said (that) she t thought fast food was gre at we leave out any unnecessary words and chec k no agreements IN'atch outY 'Well, my sister We often use the short form 'cl instead of the full form Bob said (that) t his sister loved sweets Changes in verb tenses When the reporti ng verb is in the past tense, we c h a [l~::· verbs in the direct speech to a tense further back in t ~ I wish I could go on holiday We wish we could go out more often Would rather, would prefer to, prefer We use would rather + infinitive and would infinitive to talk about specific preferences loves sweets, ' Bob sa - t would We can use I, he, she was or were after if in the second conditional When we express wishes we never say I / We wish 1/ we would We use could Present simple -+ past simple 'I'm amazed the food is so good,' Maria said Maria said (that) she was amazed the food was so go - prefer to + I'd prefer to go to the cinema tonight We'd rather stay at home We've been very busy recently We use prefer + infinitive, general preferences fast food is grea t ,' sa -ing or a noun to talk about She prefers to read rather than watch television I prefer dancing to playing sport We prefer football to basketball Although, despite, in spite of We use all these expressions to mean 'even if this is the case' Form although + clause I went to Fiona 's party although I didn 't really want to despite/in spite of + noun or -ing I went out for a long walk, despite/in spite of the rain Despite/in spite of being tired, we decided to finish the project that evening Present continuous -+ past continuous 'I'm studying geology, ' Simon said Simon said (that) he was studying geology Present perfect -+ past perfect 'We have been to the theatre,' the students sai d The students said (that) they had been to the theatre Past simple -+ past perfect 'I gave you the homework on Tuesday,' the teache' reminded the class Th e teacher reminded the class (that) she had given ; homework on Tuesday Other changes in reported speech We change words which have an immediate co np- with the present now today yesterday tomorrow th is / these here -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ then that day the day before / previous Cc the day after / the foll O\\ in; that / those there We also change present modals can will may shall -+ -+ -+ -+ could would might should Speaking activities e not change past modals could/might give you a lift home,' Tom said - Jm said he could / might give me a lift home Unit Listening and speaking page 11 13 Role play ported requests, orders or commands e use the verb asked and an indirect object + the ~fi n itive with to when we report polite orders or :om mands :> I nformation for Student B: The Grand Hotel is looking for Waiters/Waitresses and cleaners for the summer months For a II jobs no experience is needed but wou Id be usefu I However, the staff have to be hard workers, cheerful and polite ease sit down,' the manager said to us - e manager asked us to sit down •e use the verb told and an indirect object + the infinitive ·rh to when we report an order or a command =·r down and be quiet,' the father said to his children The basic pay is £5.00 an hour plus tips There is a basic 40 hou r-week pi us the opportu n ity of overtime - e fa ther told his children to sit down and be quiet Staff work five and a half days a week on a shift system .e use the verb asked or told and an indirect object + not - t he infinitive with to in a negative order or a command There is a choice of three shifts a.m p.m.; 12 noon to p.m ; or p.m to midnight ::::o n't sit on the wall,' the teacher said to us There is a 45-minute break for lunch Staff have one weekend off a month , but days off are usually during the week - e teacher told us not to sit on the wall They are looking for people to start by 15 June • po rted questions fJe n we change a direct question into a reported :Jest ion we change the pronoun, the verb tense and the ord order -0 oft en you go to the cinema?' Anya asked Mike -r·,a asked Mike how often he went to the cinema - : here is no question word, we need to add : co m plete the sentence If or whether - a e you ever been to Paris?' Mike asked Anya ·-e asked Anya if/whether she had ever been to Paris ~ p orting verbs "'-'" are many reporting verbs in English Here are some of Unit Listening and speaking page 23 15 Role play Information for Student B: You need to find out the details of the crime Ask about: • place the bi ke was left • time of day the bike was left • the appearance of the bike • how the bike was locked (to what) Unit Listening and speaking page 89 Role play Information for Student B: _: • ad mit· agree· answer· ask· confess· explain • -:; e it) clear· order· promise· reply· tell· want to know • _- :;r> to say · recommend· offer· suggest - ggest, recommend -: rep ort suggestions we use either: - suggest + that + object + present simple suggest that julia works with Tim - suggest + -ing She suggested starting the project as soon as possible -:; re po rt recommendations we use either: - recommend + that + object + present simple ,~e are recommending that you take the exam again - recommend + object (+ to + someone) ~he book club recommends a new book (to us) every week The Reading pen helps students learn English It allows them to read texts without using a dictionary and build up their vocabulary Students simply scan the word they don 't know with the pen and use the keypad to choose the function they want Students ca n: • hear the pronunciation of the words • hear how the word is spelled • hear and read the definition of the word • keep a record of the words they have scanned The pen holds 200,000 defi n itions It costs $100.00 Wordlist Unit Nouns ability /::l' bIl::lti/ (PI abilit ies) (to sth) the mental or physica l power or skill that makes it possible to sth: an ability to make decisions accent I 'reks::lnt ; -sentl a particular way of pronouncing words that is connected with the country or area that you come from annoyance /a' n:JI::lns/ the feeling of being angry or slightl y angry verb : annoy background I' brekgraundl the type of family and socia l class that you come from and th e ed ucation and experience you have behaviour IbI'helvjal the way that you act or behave build /blld/ the shape and size of sb's body candidate I 'krendld::lt; -deltI a person who makes a formal request to be considered for a job characteristic /, krer::lkt::l'nstlk/ (of sb/st h) a quality that is typical of sb/sth and that makes him/ her/ it different from other people or things citizen l 'sItIznl a person who is lega lly accepted as a member of a particular country combination l, kombI'neISnl a number of people or things mixed or joined together; a mixtu re confusion Ikan'fju:3nl a state of disorder ve rb : confuse contradiction /,kontr~ 'd lkSn / a statement, fact or action that is opposite to or different from another one verb: tra di ct culture l' kAltS::l1 the customs, ideas, beliefs, etc of a particular society, country, etc custom l 'kAst::lml a way of behaving which a particular group or society has had for a long tim e decision /dI'sI3n/ a choice or judgement that yo u make after thinking about various possibilities: Have you made a decision yet? verb decide determination /dI,t3:mi'neISn/ (to st h) the qua lity of having firmly decided to sth, even if it is very difficult You need great determination to succeed in business adjective: determ ined effect /r 'fektl (on sb/st h) a change that is ca used by sth; a resu lt the effects of acid rain on the lakes and forests ve rb affed emotion lI'mauSnI a strong feeling such as love, anger, fear, etc employee /rm'pbIi:/ a person who wo rks for sb: The factory has 500 employees employer /rm'pb[a/ a person or company that pays people to work for him /her/ it environment Im'VaIr::lnm::lntl the co nditi ons in which you live, work, ete adject ive: enviro nme nta l expansion IIk'sprenSnl the act of becoming bigger or the state of being bigger than before verb: expan d flexibility l ,flek s::l'bIl::ltil the fact of being able to be moved or cha nged easily generalisation /, d3enr::llaI'zeISn/ a genera l statement that is based on on ly a few facts or examp les history l 'hIs tril all the events of the past humour /' hju:m~/ being able to see when sth is funny and to laugh at things: Rose has a great sense of humour identity /aI'dent;}ti/ the cha racteristics, fee lings or beliefs that distinguish people from others inability l, m::l'bIl~tillack of ability, power or skill adject ive: unab le interviewee / ,mt;}vju: 'i:/ a person who is questioned in an interview Note: Definitions taken from the Oxford Word power Dictionary University Press, 2000 ISBN 9780194399241 (third edit ion) interviewer /'mtavju:a/ a person who asks the questions in an interview invention Im'venSnl a thing that has been made or designed by sb for the first time verb: invent job seeker l' d30b si:bl a person who is looking for a permanent job management /' mrenld3mant/ th e people who contro l a business or a company: The management is/are considering making some workers redundant motivation /, mautl'veISn/ the feeling that you wa nt to st h, especially sth that involves hard work and effort He's clever enough, but he lacks motivation ve rb : motivate nationality l,meS::l'nrelatil the state of being lega ll y a citizen of a particular count ry newcomer l' nju:kAm::l1 a person who has just arrived in a place optimistic /, optl'mlstlk/ (abo ut sth/that ) feeling or believing that the future wi ll be good or successful: I've applied for the job but I'm not very optimistic about getting it noun: optimism patience /' peISnsl t he quality of being able to stay calm and not get angry, especially when there is a difficulty or you have to wait a long time: to lose patience with sb opposite: impatience penfriend /'penfrend/ a person that you become friendly with by exchanging lette rs, often a person who you have never met performance /p::l'f:J:m::lns/ the act of taki ng part in a play or singing, dancing, etc in front of an audience the way in wh ich you sth , especially how successful you are: The company's performance was disappointing this year verb: perform perspective Ip::l'spekUvl (a perspective on sth) an opinion or attitude towards sth pessimist l 'pesImIstl a person who always thinks that bad things will happen or that sth wi ll not be successfu I profile /'pr::lufail/ a short description of sb/sth that gives useful information: We're building up a profile of our average customer protection I pr::l'tekSnl the act of keeping sb/sth safe questionnaire l ,kwestS::l'neal a list of questions that are answered by many people A questionna ire is used to collect informa tio n about a particular su bject race /reIs/ a group of people who have the same language, customs, history, etc staff / sta:f/ the grou p of people who work for a particular organisation: The hotel has over 200 people on its staff strength /streI)0/ the quality of being physically st rong; the amount of this qua li ty that you have: didn't have the strength to walk any further survey /' s3:verl a study of the opinions, behaviour, etc of a group of people team I ti:mI a group of people who work together test /test/ a sho rt exam to measure sb's knowledge or ski ll in sth: a memory/spelling test an experiment to see if sth works or to find out more information about it to carry out a test tolerance I' tol::lr::lnsl the ability to allow or accept sth that you not like or agree with truth I tru:81 (the t rut h) what is true; the facts union I 'ju:nianl a group of states or countries that have joined together to form one country or group: the European Union uniqueness Iju'ni:knasl the fact of being the only one of its kind unity I'ju:n::ltil a situatio n in wh ich people are in agreement and working together © Oxford view /vju:/ (a bout/o n st h) an opinion or a part ic way of thinking about sth: She has strong vie lH the subject Verbs affect /::l'fekt/ to make sb/sth change in a pa rtic" Her personal problen;, were affecting her work nou n: effect way; to influence sb/sth: blame I bleImI (for sth) to think or say that a ce ," person or thing is responsib le for sth bad th a -happened conquer /'kol)b/ to take control of a coun tr) ccity and its people by force , especially in a waco-operate Ibu'op;}reltl (with sb) to be helpfu doing what sb asks you to emigrate / 'emIgrelt/ (from/to somewhere) to leG your own co untry to go and live in anothe r: Tre emigrated to Australia ten years ago enrich / m'ntS/ to improve the quality, flavo ur c:c sth experience IIk'spI::lriansl to have sth happen It was the first time I'd ever experienced failure you; to feel sth: protect Ipr::l 'tektl to keep sb/sth safe recruit / n'kru:t/ to find new people to jo in a Many young pc: have been recruited to the teaching professior company, an orga nisation, etc: succeed IS::lk 's i:dl (in st h/do in g sth) to manage: achieve what you want; to well: to succeed passing an exam Adjectives able /' elbll havi ng the ability, power, opport un tim e, etc to sth opposite: unab le affectionate 1~ ' fekS;m;}tl showing that you 10 C' - like sb very much aggressive la 'gresrvl ready or li kely to figh t or a _ nou n: aggression annoying /::l'I1;)III)/ maki ng you feel sl ightl y ang- His most annoying habit is always arriving [i"' arrogant I' rer::lg;}ntl thinking that you are be tmore important than other people noun arrogance ashamed /::l 'Semld/ (not before a noun) (of sb yourself) feeli ng guilty or embarrassed abou; or because of sth you have done: You shoulG r- • ashamed of yourself for telling such lies aware /a' we;}/ (t hat ) knowing about or rea l! - I suddenly became that somone was watching me sth; conscious of sb/ sth: bored I b:>:dl (with st h) feeling tired and an nOl e-: because st h is not interesting calm /ka:m/ not excited, worried or angry: keep calm - there's no need to panic -r (use: about the sea) without big waves opposite complicated /' komplrkeItrd/ made of ma n\ different th ings or parts that are connected: difficu lt to understand confident / 'konfld;}IIt/ feeling or showing t ha: are sure about your own abi lities, opinions ,,-_ Kate is confident that she will pass the exa "confusing /bn'fju:zII) / difficult to und ersta nc - instructions were contradictory and confus r; desirable /dI'ZaI::lf::lbl/ wa nted, often by mar people; worth having: Experience is desirab = not essential for this job op posite: undes direct IdaI'rektl saying what you mean ; cleaeasy-going I ,i:zi 'gaUII)I (used about a perso' relaxed and not easil y worried or upset b\ other people -rassed /ml'b.er;)st/ (about/at sth) feelin g - 'Tlforta ble or shy because of sth silly you have ~ because people are looking at you, etc: I'm embarrassed about forgetting her name 'ial I'senfl/ comp letely necessary; that you ,have or bl e Ik 'sal t;)bV easily feel ing or showi ng strong ~ ;,ons; not ca lm ;e;> (used about the skin or hair) light in co lour s "felm;)s/ (for st h) known about by many ~ Die: Scotland is famous for its beauty ated /'f.esmeltld/ (by sth) very interested: I've o\s been fascinated by his ideas 'ous l'd3en;)r;)sl happy to give more money, -", :I etc than is usual or expected gud/ (at sth) able to st h or deal with sb/sth ~ Are you good at drawing? epen dent I,mdi'pend;mt! free from an d not ~:C ' rol l ed by anoth er person, country, etc id ualistic l ,mdI ,Vrd3u;) 'hstIiJ different fro m -:"er peopl e and doin g things in your own way ndividua li sm entional /m 'tenS;)nl/ don e on purpose, not by : - ,nce: I'm sorry I took your jacket - it wasn't r:entional l opposite: un intentional n ki:n/ (on sb/sth) ve ry interested in or having • ::'ong desi re for sb/sth: He's very keen on jazz ::> sth) ve ry interested in st h; wa nting to sth : ::res very keen to get some practical experience an mi:nI wanti ng to keep money, etc fo r you rself ~ : n e r tha n let other people have it ti ·racial l ,mAlti'reIJII for or includin g peopl e of -,any diffe rent races or cou ntries on alistic l, n.eJng'IIstrkl having strong feelings : ' love or pride in your own country so that you '- In k it is better than any other ous l 'n3:Vgsl (about/of sth/doing sth) worried or 3' raid: I'm a bit nervous about travelling alone tgoing l'autggUII)I friendly and interested in :;her people an d new experi ences tie nt /' peIJnt/ able to stay calm and not get angry, ::speci ally when there is a diffi culty or you have to ait a lo ng tim e: She's very patient with young ::nildren opposite: impatient rsonal I' p3:sgnll mad e or done for one particular :Jerson rather than for a large group of people or :Jeopl e in general: We offer a personal service to 3/1 our customers opposite: impe rsonal pular /' popjglg/ liked by many peopl e or by most Jeople in a grou p: a popular holiday resort _oposi te: unpopular rou d /praud/ (of sb/sth) feelin g pleased and satisfi ed about sth that yo u own or have don e chometric /,salb 'metnk/ measuring menta l abi li ties and processes: psychometric testing edu ndant /rr'dAndgnt/ no longer needed for a job and therefore out of work: Wh en the factory closed 800 people were made redundant elia ble /n 'laIgbl/ that yo u can trust: Japanese cors ore usually very reliable opposite: unreliable eserved I n' z3:vdl shy and hidin g your feeli ngs :ensitive I'SenSgtlvl (to sth) show ing that you are co nscious of and abl e to und erstand peopl e's 'eelings, probl ems, etc serious I'SIgri;)sl (used about a person) not joking or smiling a lot; thoughtful noun: seriousness _ ocky I 'st okil (used about a person's body) short but strong and heavy : uccessful /sgk'sesfl/ having achieved what you vanted; having become popul ar, rich , etc: I wasn't very successful at keeping the news secret op posite: unsuccessfuI talkative I'to:btlvl likin g to talk a lot tolerant I'tolgrgnt! able to accept what other people say or even if you not agree with it noun : tolerance opposite: intolerant traditional Itrg'drJgn!1 being part of th e beliefs, customs or way of life of a parti cular group of people that have not changed for a long ti me noun : tradition uncaring fAn 'k e;)rIl) l not sympathetic about the problems or suffe ring of other peo ple unemotional I,A nr 'mgu Jgnll not showin g your feelings unexpected I,A nrk 'spekudl not expected and therefore ca using surp rise used /ju:st/ (to sth/to doing sth) fam iliar with sth ; accustomed to sth f'II never get used to getting up so early wise /walz/ having the knowledge or experience to make good and sensibl e decision s and judgements opposite: unwise wavy I'we rvil having curves; not straight well built I ,wel 'brit! (used abou t a person) with a stron g, so lid body willing l'w IlII)I hap py to sth; having no reason for not doing sth opposite: un will ing Phrasal Verbs ~ bring sth in to introduce sth: The government have brought in a new law on dangerous dogs build sth up to create or develop sth : She's built up a successful business '-1 deal with sth to take suitable action in a particular situatio n in order to solve a probl em, etc : - make up sth to form sth : the different groups that make up our society miss out (on sth) to not have a chance to have or sth: You 'll miss out on all the fun If you stay in put sth into sth/into doing sth to spend time, etc on sth: She puts all her time and energy into her business put up with sb/sth to suffer sb/sth unpleasant and not complain about him /he r/it: I don't know how they put up with all this noise set sb/sth apart (from sb/sth) to make sb/sth differen t from or better than others: Her clear writing style sets her apart from other journalists sort sth out to find an answer to a problem ; to deal with sth: Welt better sort out the problem with the tax office before we anything else Idioms bear sth in mind to rem em ber or consider sth: We'll bear your suggestion in mind for the future take part (in st h) to join with oth er peop le in an acti vity: Everyone took part in the discussion brainpower /' brempa ue / the abil ity to think: intell igence burglar /'b3:g!g/ a person who enters a building illega ll y in order to steal community service /b ,mju:ngti 'S3:VIS/ work helping people in the local community that sb does beca use a court of law has ordered it as a punishment concentration l ,konsn'treIJnl th e ab ility to give all yo ur attention or effo rt to sth verb: concentrate confidence I' konfld gnsl th e feeling that you are su re about your own abi liti es, opinion, etc construction /bn 'strAkJn/ the act or method of build ing or makin g sth so methin g that has been bu ilt or made; a bui lding verb: constru ct conversation /, konVg'SeIJn/ a talk between two or more people verb: co nve rse corporal punishment I,ko:pgrgl 'pAnrJmgn t! the physical punishm en t of people, especia ll y by hitting or beating them death penalty /'dee penglti/ the legal punishment of being ki lled for a crime explanation l,ekspl;)'neIJnl (for st h) a statement, fact or situation that gives a reason for sth feature /' fi:tJg/ an important, interesti ng or noticeable part of sth: geographical features a part of th e face: Her eyes are her best feature fine /fam/ a sum of money that you have to pay for brea king a law or rule: a parking fine fraud /fro:d / (an act of) cheating sb in order to get money, etc illegall y a perso n who tricks sb by pretend in g to be sb else identity parade /aI'dentgti pgreld/ a line of people, including one perso n who is suspected of a crime, who are shown to a witness to see if he/she recognises the criminal jury /, d3Ugri/ a group of members of the publ ic in a co urt of law who liste n to the facts about a crime and decid e if sb is guilty or not gu ilty: Has/Have the jury reached a verdict? kidnapping /' kIdn.epII) / the cri me of takin g sb away by force and demanding money for his/ her safe return manslaughter /'m.ensb:t;)/ the crime of killing sb wit hout intend ing to so memory /' memgri/ (PI memories) a person's ability to remember things: to have a good/bad memory so mething that you remember: childhood memories mugger /'mAg;)/ a person who attacks and robs sb in the street mugging /' mAgII) / th e crime of attack ing and robbi ng sb in the street observation l ,obzg'VeISnI the ability to noti ce things: Scientists need good powers of observation Unit Nouns advert l'.edV3:tl a piece of inform ation in a newspaper, on TV, etc that tries to persuade peop le to buy sth, to interest them in a new job, etc advice /gd 'VaIs/ an opinion or a suggestion that you give sb about what he/she should do: Let me give you some advice application 1,.eph'keIJnl a form al written request, especiall y for a job or a place in a schoo l, club, etc: a job application verb: to apply offence /;)'fens/ a crime; an illegal action organisation l ,o:ggnaI 'zeIJnl a group of people who form a busin ess, etc together to achieve a particul ar aim: She works fo r a voluntary organisation helping the homeless verb: organise performance /p~'f:):mgn s/ the act of taking part in a play or singing, da ncing, etc in front of an audience the way in whi ch you sth, espec iall y how successful you are: The company's performance was disappointing this year verb: pe rform punishment /'pAl1IJmgnt/ (for sth) an act or a way of making sb suffer for sth bad he/she has done ~ ransom /'nen s~m/ the money that you must pay to free sb who has been illegally taken away and who is being kept as a prisoner reward /n'w::J:d/ an amount of money that is given in exchange for helping the police, ret urnin g 5th that was lost, etc sense Ise nsl one of the fi ve natural physical powers of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, that people and animals have sentence /'sent~ns/ the punishment given by a jud ge in a court of law to a criminal speeding /'spi:drO / the crim e of driving a vehicle fa ster than the legal limit suspect /'sAspekt/ a person who is thought to be guilty of a crime theft /8eft/ the crime of stea ling sth trial /'tra r~1I the process in a court of law where a judge, etc listens to evid ence and decides if sb is guilty of a crim e or not: He was on trial for effective Ir'fektrvl successfully producing the result that you want embarrassing II m ' brer~sll)1 making you feel uncomfortable or shy familiar /fd'mrli~/ (with sth) having a good knowledge of 5th : People in Europe aren 't very familiar with Chinese music illegal /r'li:gl/ not allowed by the law adverb: illega ll y innocent /' rn~snt/ not having done wrong: An innocent man was arrested oppos ite: gui lty observant l~b'z3:v~ntl good at noticing things around you outstanding laut'strendlol extremely good; exce llent polite /p~'lart/ having good manners and showing respect for others: Th e shop assistants are always very helpful and polite opposite: impo lite specific Isp~'srfrkl particular; not general: You must give the class specific instructions murder verdict 1'V3:drktl the decision that is made by a specially chosen group of people (the jury) in a court of law, wh ich states if a person is guilty of a crime or not witness /'wrtn ~s/ (to 5th) a person who sees 5th happen and who can tell other people about it later: There were two witnesses to the accident Phrasal Verbs -I- break in to enter a building by force, usually in order to stea l sth find (sth) out to get some info rm ation; to di scover a fad pick sb up to co llect sb in a car, etc: I'll pick you up outside the station Verbs arrest /~'re st/ when the police arrest sb, they take him / her prisoner in order to question him/her abo ut a crime: He was arrested for speeding commit Ib'mrtl to 5th bad or ill egal: to commit murder guarantee I, grer~n 'ti:1 to promise that 5th wi ll be done or will happen identify /ar'dentlfar/ (as sb/sth) to recognise or be able to say who or wha t sb/sth is: The bodies were If you need to stay in London, I can put you up - set off to leave on a journey: We set off at o'clock this morning put sb up to give sb food and a place to stay: Idioms make up your mind to decide: I can't make up my mind which sweater to buy your mind 's eye yo ur imagination: In my mind's eye I could picture the scene identified as those of two suspected drug dealers noun: ident ification memorise /'mem~rarz/ to lea rn sth so that you can remember it exactly: Actors have to memorise their Unit lines overcome 1, ~uv~'kAml to manage to control or defeat sb/sth: She overcame her fear of flying recall I rr'b:ll to remember sth (a fact eve nt, act ion, etc) from the past remember /n'memb~1 (sb/sth) (doing 5th) to have sb/sth in your mind or to bring sb/sth back into your mind: Do you remember inviting jerry to the party? (sth/to 5t h) to not forget wha t you have to do: I remembered to buy the coffee remind / n'marnd/ sb (to sth/that ) to help sb to remember 5th, especia lly sth important that he/she has to do: Can you remind me to water the plants? report In 'p::J:tl to tell a person in authority about an accident, a cri me, etc resemble /n 'zembl/ to be or look li ke sb/sth else: Laura resembles her brother Adjectives appropriate I~ 'pr~upri~tl suitable or right fo r a particular situation , person , use , etc capable /' kerp~bl / (of 5th/of ing 5th) having the ability or qualiti es necessary to sth: He's capable of passing the exam If he tries harder disciplined /' drs~plmd / train ed to obey particular rules and to behave in a certa in way: a disciplined army/team having the abi lity to control the way you behave and make yourself things that you believe you should opposite: undisciplined Nouns agriculture l 'regnkAltJ~1 keeping animals and growing crops for food ; farming ancestor /' rensest'J/ a person in your family who lived a long tim e before you carbohydrate I ,ka:b~u ' hardrertl one of the substances in food , for examp le bread, that gives your body energy climate I ' klarm ~tl the normal weather conditions of a particular region conflict l 'konflIktl a fight or an argument couch potato /'kautJ p~tert~u/ (pi couch potatoes) a person who spends a lot of time sitt ing and watching television council l 'kaunSI:I\ a group of people who are elected to gove rn an are\such as a town or county crop / krop/ all the gcain , fruit, etc of one type that a farmer grows at one\ t im e: a crop of apples descendant /dJ'send~n't! a person who belon gs to the same famil y as sb';' lived a long tim e ago empire l' empar~1 a group ~f countries that is governed by one cou ntry \ fat I fretl the substance contai~ing oil that we obtain from animals, plants or seed\ and use for cooking height Ihartl the measurement f.,om the bottom to the top of a person or th in g helmet I' helnutl a type of hard hat that you wear to protect your head the human race /, hju:m ~n 'rers/ all th e pe~ sovereign I 'sovrml a king or queen spear ISPI::>I a long stick wi th a sharp pain aend, used for hun tin g or fighting staple diet I,sterpl 'dar::>tI the main foo d ("-person or animal normally eats sword IS::J:dl a long, very sharp metal weapolarge knife tour /lU::>/ (of/around sth) a journey tha t \ ou for pleasure during which you visit man- :J We went on a guided tour (= by sb who , ~ about the place) af the palace trip / tnp/ a journey to a place and back aga • for pleasure or for a particular purpose : 0'; business/shopping trip voyage /'v::Jnd31 a long journey by sea or in -weapon I'wep::>nl an object which is used ' • fighting or for killing people, such as a gu' Verbs develop ldJ'vel::>pl to grow slowly, increase change into sth else gather I' greo::>1 to bring many things toge "e-hunt I hAntl to run after wild animals, etc n catch or ki ll them eit her for sport or for too,: relive /, ri: 'h v/ to remember sth and im ag lr~ is happe nin g again spread I spredl to affect a larger area or a b " _ gro up of people ; to make sth this support /s::>'P::J:t/ to provide food, etc, necess;; live: The earth can't support more people Phrasal Verbs , fall through to fail or not happen: Our trip- has fallen through give up sth/doing sth to sto p doing or hal -;: that you did or had regularly before : I've if_ many times to give up smoking n to not sth that you promised to -] disa ppoint sb sth to depend on sb/sth in order to live: cs off junk food on sth) to think about sth in your past: I -: on my childhood with fond memories sb/sth/doing sth) to make sb not like : not want to sth: The accident put me "g for a long time h sb/sth to suffer sb/sth unpleasa nt and -;> a, n about him/her/it 5th cause sth to happen; to produce as :-:- The accident resulted in long delays used about an aircraft) to leave the - a1d sta rt ftying: The plane took off an " (used about an id ea, a produ ct, etc) to i: successful or popular ve ry quickly: Her , career took off after her TV appearance 'f to remove sth, especia lly clothes: and take your coat off to have the - : me mentio ned as a holiday: I'm going ~ :"xl week off p to learn or start to sth, especially - _re: I've recently taken up yoga to start • Sin su ch as a job: He takes up his new _ •• eek -0 put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits : Can I try these jeans on, please? big for your boots to be/become too - ou rself; to behave as if yo u are more - :han you reaily are o life to make sth more interesting or '" -ne new teacher really brought French to ~s Nms with sth to accept sth unpleasant or 5J:e is still coming to terms with her ;; a,h gh brerk8ru:1 an important discovery - ='Oent rJiEhnd3/ someth ing new and difficult ou to make a lot of effo rt: I'm finding :)(} an exciting challenge '-~ m ' plell1tl a statement that you are - e{j lith sth: I wrate a letter of complaint , operator .; mo:ndl (for sth) the desi re or need for ; a gro up of people - ,.-~~~ent ent~ ' tell1m~ntl film, mu sic, etc · -ereu:lI to make sth less in amount, qual ity, etc measure /' me3:l/ to find th e size, weight, quantity, etc of sb/sth in standard un its by using an in strument to judge the va lue or effect of sth: Our sales not look good when measured against those of our competitors noun: measurement pose I pdUzl to create or give sb sth that he/she has to dea l with: to pose a great risk vacuum I 'vre kju::>ml to clean sth using a vacuum cleaner (=a machine that sucks up dirt from the floor) Adjectives challenging l' tSrelmd3II)1 forcing yo u to make a lot of effort I'd like a more challenging job than just answering the phone daily /' deIlil done, made or happenin g every day: a daily routine/delivery destructive Idr 'strAktrvl ca usi ng a lot of damage exhausting /Ig'Z::l:stll)l making sb very tired likely l' lalklil probable or expected Do you think it's likely to rain? opposite: unlikely risky I' n ski/ (riski er; riskiest/more risky; most risky) in volvi ng the possibility of sth bad happening; dangerous: Life as a deep sea diver can be a risky business (= ve ry dangerous) voluntary I' voldntril done or working without paym ent Phrasal Verbs call sb back to phone sb later get back to sb to speak to, write to or phon e sb later, especiall y ill order to give an answe r: f'/I get back to you when f have more information get in to reach a place: Ring me when you get in hang up to en d a phone conversation hold sb/sth up to make sb/sth late; to cause a delay: We were held up in traffic pop out to go out for a short tim e put sb through to make a telephone conn ection that all ows sb to spea k to sb Could you put me through to Mick, please? ; run sb/sth over to hit a person or an animal with your vehicle: Our cat was run over J work out to physical exercises in order to kee p yo ur body fit: She works out every evening in the gym Idioms make a/some, etc difference (to sb/sth) to have an effect on sb/sth: Having money made a big difference to her life make a run for it to suddenly try to escape on foot: Th e prisoner made a run for it, but was soon caught Unit Nouns accommodation Id,kol11d 'deISnI a pla ce for sb to live or stay bamboo l, bre m'bu:1 a ta ll tropical plant of the grass fam il y Young bamboo plants (bamboo shoots) ca n be eaten and the hard parts of the plant are used for making furniture, etc bedsit l' bedsItl a rented room which is used for both living and slee ping in bullet l' bu lItl a sma ll metal object that is fired from a gu n cage I keld31 a box made of bars or wi re, or a space surround ed by wire or metal bars, in wh ich a bird or animal is kept so that it cannot escape capture l ' kreptSdl the act of taking a perso n or an anima l prisoner or being captured carnival l' ko:nl vlI a public festival that takes place in th e streets with music and dancin g celebration l,selI 'breISnl the act or occasion of doing sth enjoyable because sth good s happened or because it is a special day choice ItSOISI an act of choosing between two or more peopl e or things clearing l ' klrdnl)l a small area without trees in th e middle of a wood or forest conservation l ,kons:l'veISn! the protection of the natural world contribution /, kontn 'bju:Sn/ something that you give, especially money or help, or togeth er with other peopl e: ff we all make a small contribution, we'/I be able to buy Ray a good present verb: contribute council tax /' kaunsl t:It/ responsibili ty for a mistake: It'll be all find a job the wild /wadd/ a natura l environment tha t is not controlled by people: When the bird recovered, it my fault if she is late! precious stones was released into the wild wildlife reserve /'wa ddlalf l'Iz3:vl an area of land where the animals, plants, etc are protected by law wish /WIS/ a feel ing that you want to have sth or t hat sth sho uld happen the homeless /' h~uI111~s/ people who have nowhere to live horn /h:):n/ one of the hard poi nted thi ngs t hat some animals have on their heads hostel /' hostll a building where people who have no home can stay for a short time housing / 'ha uzJI)1 hou ses, fiats, etc for people to live in hunter / 'hAnt~/ a person that hunts wild animals for food or sport; an anima l that hunts its food layabout / ' l e,~bautl a person who is lazy and does not much wo rk leaflet / 'li:fl~t/ a printed piece of paper that gives information abo ut sth Leafiets are usual ly given free of charge location /1 ~u'kelSn/ a place outside the building where films, etc are made (a st udio), where scenes of the film are made: The film was shot entirely on location in Italy ve rb: locate marksman / 'l11o:ksl11~n/ a person who can shoot very well with a gu n natural disaster / ,n