Com WRITING 6 VB1 LTBVY WEEK 1 15

What is a descriptive writing?[1], p.28 Activity 1: Guessing game Within 10 minutes, write 5 sentences about something.. Descriptive Organization [1], p.33 Activity 3: Read the essay

UNIT 1: DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS Lesson aims:

On completion of this unit, students will be able to

 be aware of the purpose of descriptive writing in communication

 get knowledge of the features of a descriptive essay

 know how to produce an effective descriptive essay

Lesson focuses:

 Definition

 Descriptive organization

 Languages features

 Tips to write a good descriptive essay

Time allocation table: 8 periods

THEORY & PRACTICE( 4 periods)

1 Definition of a descriptive writing 1st period

2 Descriptive organization 1st and 2nd period

5 Reporting the completed essays

Evaluating & Editing

5th to 8th period

1.1 CONTENTS OF THE LESSON: THEORY& PRACTICE

1.1.1 What is a descriptive writing?([1], p.28)

Activity 1: Guessing game

Within 10 minutes, write 5 sentences about something Do not reveal what you are

writing about, but make sure your information is sufficient enough for the others to make a good guessing Then exchange your notes with a partner and do the guessing

Activity 2: Answer the questions:

1 What is main purpose of a descriptive writing?

2 What kinds of information can be got from the essay?

1.1.2 Descriptive Organization( [1], p.33)

Activity 3: Read the essay and then answer the questions that follow it:

The Best Pizza in Town and Maybe the World

I have suffered a great deal because of a terrible addiction to pizza Basically, I enjoy pizza too much In fact, I enjoy it so much I won’t share it, not even with my mother People in my hometown of Cabimas, Venezuela, laugh at me and call me the Pizza King of Cabimas, but it is a name that I am proud of I have eaten pizza in many places, and none is as good as the pizza of Cabimas

cheese, and I am in heaven I can eat two of these pizzas in one night, even though I know I will have a stomachache afterwards

Now that I am in the United States, I am trying different kinds of pizzas here I have never seen so many different pizza restaurants! I want to try them one by one So far, some of them are delicious, but I am convinced that the best pizza in the world is still at Papa’s restaurant a couple of blocks from the house where I grew up

([1], pp 33-34)

1 What is the topic of the essay?

2 What does the writer say to introduce the topic?

3 Which word in the first sentence make you impressed?

4 How do you think the hook can affect the successfulness of an essay?

5 What do the second, third, and fourth sentence in the first paragraph function?

6 Which sentence in the first paragraph conveys the writer’s thesis about the topic?

7 Which paragraph has the most descriptive details?

8 What does the essay ends with?

a) More description

b) A restatement of the idea mentioned in the introduction

c) A story

d) An invitation

Activity 4: Read the following introductory paragraphs and then

1 State the topic of the essay

2 Identify the word(s) working as the hook

3 Pick out the words or phrases to make the hook clear

4 Underline the controlling ideas

(1)

Trees are wonderful plants Most of us like to sit under a large tree on a hot summer day Children love to climb trees and artists like to draw them When we look at a tree, we may think only of its beauty, but a tree actually has a complex physical structure The structure of a tree consists of three main parts: the leaves, the branches and trunk, and the roots

(2)

My family is full of happy, crazy, and talented people My aunt Margarita has

a yard full of orphaned pets My brother Jose is an expert tailor, and my mother loves

to experiment in the kitchen However, I think the most interesting is my mysterious uncle Patricio

(3)

My father told me that we should always respect nature and learn where our food comes from He said that food tasted better when you got it yourself and ate it in

a natural place To show me this was true, he took me to the ocean, where we caught our own delicious crabs and ate them

(4)

I don’t really know my father He isn’t easy to get on with He’s quite centered and a little bit vain I think, in some ways, he is quite unapproachable The public must think he is very easy-going, but at home he keeps himself to himself

self-Activity 5: Read each of the following concluding paragraphs and state what it ends with

(1)

In short, a tree has such a complicated structure with three main parts Each of its parts performs certain functions but cooperates well with each other to maintain and develop the life the tree

(2)

I love spending time with my uncle Patricio He has an interesting look and a sad and mysterious past He is also a talents musician Someday, I hope that he will tell me about Rosa and how he got the tattoo with her name

(3)

From that day on, I knew my father was right Food tastes best when it is something that you have caught or grown yourself I have eaten crabs many times since then, but it has never tasted as good as it did that day

Hook: I am addicted to pizza

Background information: don’t share pizza with anyone, called the Pizza King,

tried pizza in many places

Thesis statement: I have eaten pizza in many places, and none is as good as the

pizza of Cabimas

Body paragraph:

Details: places to eat pizza, Papa’s, Types of pizza, description of size, flavor and

taste of sausage and pepperoni

Words/ phrases: big, smells of garlic, oil, spices, rich melted cheese, slightly

crunchy crust, think tomato sauce and gooey cheese, stomachache

Page 4 of 44

……… (3)

- Thesis statement: ……… (4)

2 Body paragraphs: Paragraph 1: - Main idea:………(5)

- Details: ……… (6)

Paragraph 2: - Main idea:……… (7)

- Details: ……… (8)

3 Conclusion: - Summary :……… (9)

- Final opinion :……… (10)

My Uncle My family is full of happy, crazy, and talented people My aunt Margarita has a yard full of orphaned pets My brother Jose is an expert tailor, and my mother loves to experiment in the kitchen However, I think the most interesting is my mysterious uncle Patricio Patricio is an elderly man now, with white hair sticking up all over his head Beneath his messy hair, he has a wrinkled brown face and powerful dark eyes that show many emotions Patricio is tall and skinny He wears baggy pants and a plaid shirt He has a tattoo of a heart on his arm The heart has the word Rosa written across it in red and black letters, but he has never told me who she is Patricio has an intriguing history He and my mother were born in a small village in the mountains When he was seventeen, he left home to explore the world On one trip, he went to Siberia to look for gold On another trip, he went to Alaska to work on a fishing boat Now he fixes air conditioners in Los Angeles, and during the winter months, he sometimes comes to visit us and play the accordion I love spending time with my uncle Patricio He has an interesting look and a sad and mysterious past He is also a talents musician Someday, I hope that he will tell me about Rosa and how he got the tattoo with her name 1.1.3 Languages Features([1], pp.40-47) 1.1.3.1 Using specific language that can touch the readers’ senses- hear, see, smell, taste, feel (p.39) Activity 7: Make the underlined words in the following sentences as specific as possible by adding more details to the sentence 1 The crabs were good 2 The girl is very pretty 3 We heard a noise 4 He bought a vegetable 5 I entered the room 6 Our guests enjoyed the dinner 7 She walked to the door 8 His study room is convenient 1 ………

2 ………

3 ………

4 ………

5 ………

6 ………

7 ………

8 ………

…

one two

…

Examples:

- Her first six nice cotton dresses were specially made by the leading fashion designer in our country

- There are several small, orange, pickled limes left in the jar

Activity 8: Arrange each group of adjectives in the parentheses in the correct order

1 Do you have ……….(book/ new/ telephone)

2 The library has…….(English/ easy/ books/ very/ several)

3 Mrs Jones has…….(suit/ a/ pretty/ green/ very)

4 The church has……(pictures/ very/ old/ some/ Spanish)

5 I like… (two/ silk/ those/ dresses/ blue)

6 (black/ dress/ pretty/ her/ wool) is at the cleaner’s

7 The parents select……(names/ first/ their/ two/ children)

8 (these/ bills/ one-dollar/ new/ five)…… are for you

9 He is………(young/ a/ student/ American)

10 (first/ names/ daughter’s/ her/ two)….are Mary Grant

1.1.3.3 Prepositional phrases in descriptive writing( p 38)

 Formation: Preposition+Noun/ Noun phrase

 In a descriptive writing, prepositional phrases are used to show:

Page 6 of 44

- the position, location, or direction of objects in space and time,

- the senses,

- the manner or attitudes of the object

Activity 9: State the supporting meaning of the underlined phrases in the

following sentences:

1 The boat slowly sank with the water level until it rests on the bay floor

2 We could walk around the park

3 He held the oyster in his rough fist

4 The pizza smells of garlic and cheese

5 She pulled back in horror

1.1.3.4 Similes(p.40)

 How to form similes

- like +noun( example 1)

- as….as+ noun/ noun phrase (example 2)

- as+ clause(example 3)

 Why to use similes

- Make things more familiar and creative

- Make ideas easier to understand Examples:

1 The sun was like a glowing ball of fire

(Shakespeare William (1564-1616), an English poet and play wright)

2 He is as clever as a fox

3 I was young and easy…and happy as the grass was green

(Dylan Thomas (1914-1953), a South Wales poet and writer)

Activity 10: Match the first half of each sentence with the second half

Activity 11: Make your own similes with “like” or “as” and complete the

sentences below

1 My best friend usually eats………

2 The village where I was born is………

3 The hen egg is ………

4 Coffee is………

5 Her voice is………

1 The house

2 The ocean

3 The cold wind

4 Their friendship

5 The train

6 The air

a) smells sweet like honey

b) is as solid as a rock

c) sparkles like a diamond

d) is as fast as a bullet

e) cuts sharply like a knife

f) is as huge as a castle

6 The little boy is……… when he was given a present

7 She looks………the heart operation

8 The test is………, so I spent just half of the given time finishing it

9 Last night he slept………., so he did not know his house was broken in

10 Her hair is………

1.1.4 Tips to write a good descriptive essay([2], pp.116-117)

 Decide on the dominant impression- the feeling or mood you want to

communicate

 Decide how much of your description should be objective (factual) and how much should be subjective (personal reaction)

 Draw on your five senses

 When describing, try to show rather than tell them what you want them to know

 Organize the description so that the readers can easily follow it

Activity 12: Read the essay and answer the questions

Food from the Sea

My father told me that we should always respect nature and learn where our food comes from He said that food tasted better when you got it yourself and ate it in

a natural place To show me this was true, he took me to the ocean, where we caught our own delicious crabs and ate them

I will always remember the taste of the crabs we caught that day The beach was quiet and still at six o’clock The tide had just come in, so there were many crabs walking slowly on the white sand We sat a few feet away from my father’s special crab traps The traps were made of bamboo, and they look like round cages, but one side had a small entrance for the crab to go in There were some small, fragrant fish

in the trap The fishy smell made the crap hungry, so they crawled into the traps We watched the craps walk into the traps, and I smelled the strong smell of the dark, oily fish Overhead, we heard the sounds of seagulls and pelicans in the sky I think the seagulls wanted to eat the fish, too Once the traps were full, we took off our shoes and threw them over our shoulders so we could walk on the wet sand and feel the water pushing and pulling at the beach Later, we built a fire and ate boiled crabs on the beach We cracked their shells The meat was white and pinkish and tender It tasted sweet and a little salty We did not want to stop eating them We sat on the sand surrounded by crab shells watching the sun go down into the ocean

From that day on, I knew my father was right Food tastes best when it is something that you have caught or grown yourself I have eaten crabs many times since then, but it has never tasted as good as it did that day

1 What is the domain impression that the writer creates?

2 Is this description primarily subjective or objective? Explain your answer

3 What senses does the writer touch?

4 Find at least one example from the essay to illustrate your answer to question 3

5 Find the details from the essay that go beyond telling to show the readers what the writer perceives

6 How does the writer organize the essay?

Page 8 of 44



Choose one of the following topics:

a) The third campus of Lac Hong University

b) Your house or a room in the house that you like best

c) A person you admire most

d) Your favorite food or object

Task 1: Make a detailed outline on the chosen topic

Task 2: Develop the outline into a complete essay

Task 3: Exchange your writing with a partner within the group for edition, using the

editing checklist

Task 4: Share your writing with other members of the group for feedback

Task 5: Improve your writing, based on your peer feedback

1.2 EVALUATION & EDITION (in class)

1 Evaluate groups’ writings

2 Identify and locate the mistakes in the writings

3 Correct the identified mistakes

UNIT 2: NARRATIVE ESSAYS Lesson aims:

On completion of this unit, students will be able to

 be aware of the purposes of narrative writing

 get knowledge of the typical features of a narrative essay

 know the techniques to write an interesting narration

Lesson focuses:

 Definition

 Narrative organization

 Languages features in a narration

 Eliciting details for the essay

Time allocation table: 8 periods

THEORY & PRACTICE( 5 periods)

1 Definition of a narrative writing 1st period

2 Narrative organization 1st and 2nd period

3 Adding details to essays 3rd period

5 Reporting the completed essays

Evaluating & Editing

1 What is the purpose of a narrative writing?

2 What could a narration be about?

3 Name the texts you have ever read that you think are of narration

Breaking Ground to Be a Man

Mopping cotton was a terrible job The molasses attracted swarms of flies and honeybees They covered the barrel, and followed us through the field I usually wore short pants and never underwear or a shirt during the warm months, but for this job I preferred to protect my legs with long pants My pants quickly became covered with the poison, and stuck uncomfortably to my legs In fact, everything about me was sticky With time, my pants dried and the sweet, sticky poison turned to hard sugar, so that at night my stiff pants wouldn’t fold, but stood up alone in a corner or against the furniture They were covered with poison, so they had to be washed separately from the other clothing For this reason, we didn’t change them every day It was terrible to put them back in the mornings

(p.55)

found out this one is not true

One day, an American friend invited me to her birthday party I was very excited, but at the same time very nervous I wanted her family to like me, and I wanted to use

my best manners Slowly, I walked up to the house and rang the bell My friend ran out with a big smile, telling me she was happy that I came Then she let me in and introduced me to her parents They smiled and said hello Later she said,” Come here!

I want you to meet my grandfather.” I followed her into the living room where her grandfather was sitting She introduced us, and he reached out his hand He was going

to shake hands, but I thought he was expecting me to kiss his hand, so I did He pulled his hand away and looked at me in a strange way as if he did not like what I had done Everyone else in the room looked at me, and my friend started laughing I was very confused I sat down and tried to figure out what had happened Just then, a little boy ran to my friend’s grandfather and jumped into his lap The little boy started to hug and kiss the grandfather When I saw this, I got up and took the little boy by hand and said, “No.” I guess I said it pretty loudly because the room became very silent and all eyes were on me

The next day at school my friend asked me why I kissed her grandfather’s hand and why I told the little boy to get away from his grandfather I explained my customs

to her and she explained hers to me Finally, I learned that good manners are not always the same in different countries Fortunately, my friend and I stayed very good friends

([1], pp.59-60)

Questions:

INTRODUCTION:

1 What is the topic of the essay?

2 How does the writer introduce the story told in the essay?

3 Do you think the middle sentences function well in the essay? Give reasons to support your idea

4 What is the thesis statement?

5 What words in the thesis statement do you think prepare the reader for the story?

BODY:

6 Is the information about the settings of the story mentioned? Find examples from the essay to illustrate your answer

7 How many events does the story consist of?

8 Describe the events shortly in phrases

9 Identify words used to link the events in the story?

10 Is the ending of the story revealed in the body paragraph of the essay?

CONCLUSION:

11 What does the essay end with?

12 Find examples from the essay to clarify your answer to question 11

Activity 3: Below is the outline of a narrative organization Basing on what you could about a narration after doing activity 2, fill in the blanks in the outline with information about what each element functions and what needs to be included in it, using your own words

1 Introduction:

- Hook:……… (1)

- Background information:………

……….(2)

- Thesis statement:……… (3)

2 Body: - ……… (4)

- ……… (5)

3 Conclusion: - ……… (6)

- ……… (7)

Activity 4: Fill in the below outline with information from the following essay as required

A Scary Secret

My sister and I made a dangerous mistake one summer I was thirteen and my sister was fourteen, and our parents had taken us to the city where they grew up We felt very grown up as we rode the hotel in a taxi The hotel was very big, and it had a blue tile floor After we unpacked our suitcases, our parents wanted to go to the market My mother told us not to go outside ”We won’t,” my sister promised, but I knew that she was lying We had already decided to go out and explore this strange and beautiful city by ourselves

As soon as my parents were out of sight, we got our things and went downstairs

We walked out of the hotel doors and down a narrow street The sun was setting, and the light was very beautiful We could hear the noises of the traffic nearby, but the little street was quiet Suddenly, a man with a gun stepped out from a doorway He said, “Don’t move!” He was short, and he was wearing a dark green jacket and sunglasses He came very close and we could smell cigarettes and something terrible

in his breath We were terrified and couldn’t say anything He said, ”Give me your shoes.” So I did Then he took my sister’s purse and her gold ring and ran away I remember that I fell against my sister I heard her take a deep breath; she was shaking Afterward, we ran back to the hotel, across the blue tile floor and up to my room The man scared us, but he also taught us something important Before this experience, we did not always listen to our parents We now learned that we should obey them My sister and I became obedient daughters, and we enjoyed the rest of our vacation However, we decided not to tell our parents about our adventure We knew

Page 12 of 44

they would punish us even though we had learned our lesson This dangerous adventure is still a secret that I share with my sister

([1], pp.62-63)

OUTLINE

1 Introduction:

- Topic:………(1)

- Hook: (words/ phrases) ………

……… (2)

- Background:(important words/ or phrases) ………

……… (3)

- Thesis statement: (the whole sentence) ………

……… (4)

2 Body: - Settings of the story (phrases) ……… (5)

- Sequences of the story (phrases) ……… (6.1) ……… ……… (6.2) ……… (6.3) ……… …….(6.4) 3 Conclusion: - Outcome( clause or phrase) ……… …………(7)

- Lesson( clause or phrase) ……… (8)

Activity 5: Write a 4-sentence introduction and a 3-sentence conclusion for the incomplete essay below Each paragraph is composed of about 4 sentences ……… (1)

……… (2)

……… (3)

……… (4)

It happened just after school As usual, the road was an utter mad house Children were running across the road to get their cars and buses Cars and buses honked angrily at them Just then I saw a young boy make a dash across the road There was a loud blare of horn, a squeal of brakes and I saw a car knock into the boy

He fell as though his feet swept from under him Fortunately, the car was not moving very fast and the driver managed to stop the car before a wheel could run over the fallen boy All the traffic stopped I ran over to the boy and saw blood on the road He was bleeding from a cut on his head A man came and examined the boy Then he lifted the boy and carried him to a car They sped off, presumably to the hospital Many people surrounded the driver who looked dazed and bewildered A policeman came to calm things down As there was nothing I could do, I turned and walked down the road carefully

……… (1)

……… (2)

……… (3)

([3], pp.460-461) 2.1.3 Adding details to the essay ([1], p.66) 2.1.3.1 What are “details”? They are facts, examples, illustrations, definitions or descriptions that make the ideas or events clear 2.1.3.2 How can the details be got? Ask the questions: Why?, How?, Where?, When? Who? What? Activity 6: Find the answer to each of the question begun with the given word so as to elicit the details for the following sentence He went on vacation Example: When? last summer Las summer, he went on vacation 1 When: 2 Where: 3 Who: 4 Why: 5 What: 6 How: 7 What: Activity 7: Make 6 questions that you think the writer must have used to get the details for the following story Write them in the given spaces below An awkward situation I was on a touring holiday in France It was a very hot day and I stopped at a deserted beach I hadn’t got my swimming costume with me, but it was early in the morning and there were no people or houses in sight So I took off all my clothes and swam out to sea I lay on my back, closed my eyes and relaxed in the water When I looked back at the beach, a coach had arrived and there were thirty or forty people sitting on the sand having a picnic ([2], p.103) (1)………

(2)………

(3)………

(4)………

(5)………

(6)………

Activity 8: Ask different questions to get details for the essay below Use the details you have got to write a body paragraph of about 6 sentences

Everyone says that the old at the end of the road is haunted It used to be the residence of a rich family but now none of them would stay there Therefore, the house is vacant and uncared for The compound is filled with over-grown weed

Page 14 of 44

and grass My friend Jack and I decided to find out once and for all if what people were true, so one evening, we bravely entered the house and prepared to spend the night there

………

………

………

………

………

………

We never dared to go back into the house, not even in the daytime My uncle had to go and retrieve the things we had left behind there So is the house haunted? All I can say is that if you want to know, go and find out for yourself ([3], pp.465-466) 2.1.4 Language Features 2.1.4.1 Showing sequence in a narrative ([1], pp.64-65)  In narrative essays, we use time expressions to make the chronological sequence of event clear  To link sentences within a paragraph, use time adverbs: Afterward, after that, eventually, at last, finally, in the end, later, later on, now, then, since then, suddenly=immediately, at once, meanwhile… Ex: We got on the train Then, we realized that we did not have money for the fare  To link clauses within a sentence, use subordinating conjunctions: When, while, as soon as, before, after, right after, until, since,… Ex: After our parents had left the hotel, we went into the street Our parents had left the hotel before we went into the street Activity 9: Read story in Activity 2 and that in activity 4 again and then in each story, find the 4 words or groups of words used to link sequences of the story Write them in the given spaces below “An Embarrassing Incident” (1)………

(2)………

(3)………

(4)………

“A scary Secret” (1)………

(2)………

(3)………

(4)………

Activity 10: Complete the following paragraphs with appropriate adverbial expressions or sequence Steve went out with his friends one night His parents wanted him home by midnight But he didn’t pay much attention to the time … (1) they went to a movie.………(2)They went bowling

………(3) they went to a diner for a snack ……….(4) they

were ready to go home, it was 2:00 in the morning Steve was worried about facing his parents two hours late ………(5) he had an idea He phoned them before he left the diner “Hi, Dad.” he said.” This is Steve Don’t pay the ransom money They let me go, and I am on my way home.”

([2], p.103)

Activity 11: Combine the following sentences using appropriate subordinators

1 I was washing the dishes During that time, the doorbell rang

2 I heard the doorbell ring At that moment, I stopped washing the dishes

3 The bell was still ringing I was walking toward the door

4 The bell stopped ringing Before that, I peeked through the keyhole

5 I was looking through the keyhole I heard a man’s voice say, “I am your new neighbor.”

6 I heard his voice Until then, I didn’t want to open the door

7 I opened the door Immediately after that, the man pulled out a gun

2.1.4.2 Using Tenses in a narrative essay ([1], pp.68-72)

 In a narrative, past tenses are usually used

 Past continuous to describe an action in progress (1) or to describe the background actions (2)

- When I was sleeping, the children were watching TV

- I was sleeping while the children were watching TV

Interrupted activities: when/ while

Examples:

- While I was waiting for a bus, I heard a crash

- I was waiting for a bus when I heard a crash

Events in sequence: before, after, when or as soon as

Examples:

- I had walked past my sister before I recognized her

- As soon as I heard the news, I ran into the street to tell my friends

Activity 12: Read the following sentences Write S(simultaneous) if the sentences involves 2 simultaneous actions Write I( interrupted) if the sentence involves 1 action interrupting another Write SQ( sequence) if the sentence involves two actions happening in sequence

1 ….My dog was eating its dinner while my cat was playing with a toy

2 ….We learned to read the alphabet before we learned to write the letters

3 ….After we saw the movie, we went out for a hamburger

4 ….Peter was flying into the airport while her daughter was having a baby

Page 16 of 44

5 ….Aeron called Veronica as soon as he saw Jacob

6 ….Martin was sleeping when he received the call,

Activity 13: Complete the sentences, using past continuous

1 I’m sorry I wasn’t home yesterday afternoon ………

2 When my uncle visited in 2010, I………

3 Last week was very busy, my rom mate and I had many tests and assignments to complete While I………, she……

4 I’m sorry I couldn’t talk last night When you called, we……

5 I am so tired! Last night, my sister and I………until 2 in the morning

6 I didn’t hear the doorbell The radio………too loudly



Choose one of the following topics:

a) An embarrassing/ frightening/ frustrating/ interesting… experience

b) An unforgettable day at school/ at work

c) A childhood memory

Task 1: Make a detailed outline on the chosen topic

Task 2: Develop the outline into a complete essay

Task 3: Exchange your writing with a partner within the group for edition, using the

editing checklist

Task 4: Share your writing with other members of the group for feedback

Task 5: Improve your writing, based on your peer feedback

2.2 EVALUATION & EDITION (in class)

1 Evaluate groups’ writings

2 Identify and locate the mistakes in the writings

3 Correct the identified mistakes

References:

[1]Alice, A & Patricia, M Effective Academic Writing 2: The Short Essay Oxford

University Press 2005

[2] Phu,T.Q College Writing Tre Publishing House 1996

[3] First New 556 New Best Essays & Writings Tre Publishing House 2005

HOMEWORK

UNIT 3: PROCESS ESSAYS Lesson aims:

On completion of this unit, students will be able to

 be aware of the purpose of process writing in communication

 get knowledge of the elements as well as the typical features of a process essay

 know the strategies to write a good process essay

Lesson focuses:

 Definition

 Process organization

 Language features

Time allocation table: 8 periods

THEORY & PRACTICE( 4 periods)

1 Definition

Process organization

1st period

2 Process organization 1st and 2nd period

3 Language features:

- Sequence connectors

- Time clauses

- Imperatives

- Passives

3rd to 4th period

EDITING( 4 periods)

4 Reporting the completed essays

Evaluating & Editing

5th to 8th period

3.1 CONTENT OF THE LESSON:THEORY & PRACTICE

3.1.1 Definition([1], p.32, [2], 179)

 Process writing describes a connected series of actions or steps that leads to an expected or planned outcome

 There are two types of process essays:

- Directional process essays: give instructions on how to do something

- Informational process essays: explains or analyzes how something is done

or how it happened

Activity 1: Find 2 examples for each kind of process Write them in the below table

Directional process Informational process

Ex1:………

………

Ex2:………

………

Ex1:………

………

Ex2:………

………

3.1.2 Process organization([1], p.36)

Activity 2: Fill in the 2 outlines below with needed information from the following essays

THE THANKSGIVING DINNER

Page 18 of 44

Three days before Thanksgiving, I went to the supermarket to do my weekly food shopping The cashier gave me a free twenty-pound turkey because my food receipt was over fifty dollars When I got home, I called my mother and offered to help her prepare Thanksgiving dinner by cooking the turkey I did not know how to cook a turkey, but since I had gotten one, I decided it was a good opportunity to learn how Before I could begin it, I had to find a recipe I went on the Internet and looked at several cooking websites Friends also gave me cooking advice My goal was to make the juiciest and tastiest turkey ever Eventually, I found a very good recipe While I prepared the turkey, I imagined everyone at the party asking,” Who cooked such a delicious turkey?” Now I will proudly tell how to achieve such a delicacy

A frozen turkey must be defrosted and prepared before it is roasted First, take the turkey out of the freezer and put it in the refrigerator for three days before cooking After the turkey has been defrosted, take the plastic off and place it in a large bowl with water and seven squeezed lemons Leave it to marinate for half an hour Next, wash the turkey thoroughly After this, poke the turkey with a knife and add seasoning Try to get the freshest herbs you can find because the quality of the ingredients is highly significant I used the following ingredients: garlic, onion, pepper, oregano, parsley, coriander, salt to taste, and three packets of Sazón Goya, a Spanish seasoning, for added flavor All these ingredients are mixed in the blender Finally, brush olive oil

on the top part of the turkey to achieve a golden look

No turkey is complete, however, without rich stuffing inside There are many options to choose Some recipes call for rice while others use cornbread or white bread To make a cornbread stuffing, first, follow the directions from a cornbread mix and then put the cornbread in the oven to bake Second, while it is baking, cut some chorizo sausage and sauté it Then, chop some garlic and onion and sauté that until it is golden brown As soon as, the cornbread is done, take it out of the oven to cool off Mash up the cornbread and mix all the ingredients together Add some freshly chopped parsley and walnuts, salt, pepper, and thyme Before you put the turkey in the oven, loosely fill the cavity with the mixture and sew the opening shut with thick thread Finally, cook it in the oven for five hours, the recommended time for a twenty-pound turkey There you have my personal recipe for an exquisite Thanksgiving

At my family Thanksgiving feast, I waited for their reactions as they ate dinner But no one said anything I hesitated but could not resist and asked what they thought

of the food They said everything was delicious, but the turkey was amazing I told them that I had made the turkey They were so astonished that they asked my Mom if she helped me I explained that I had learned how to prepare and roast the turkey all by myself and explained the steps My family was impressed by my cooking talents As a result, I am now responsible for preparing Thanksgiving dinner next year, too!

HOW A VOLCANO ERUPTS

The eruption of a volcano is one the Earth’s most spectacular displays of energy Mt.St.Helens- a volcano in the state of Washington, which erupted in the spring of

1980, is an awesome example Mt.St.Helens released enough energy to send 100 million tons of volcanic dust into the atmosphere This was enough to cause a one- degree drop in the Earth’s temperature and shorten the growing season by two to three weeks The power that is released at the top of a volcano, such as Mt.St.Helens, is generated far below the Earth’s surface

Far below the Earth’s surface, hot molten rock mixes with gas to create

something called magma Magma forms 500 to 100 miles beneath the surface and

collects in a chamber The weight of the rock around the chamber exerts pressure on it Gradually, under intense pressure, the magma begins to rise It rises through an

opening, or shaft, in the weakened rock above As the magma gets near the surface,

gas is released This gas spews magma, dust, and rock out of the crater at the top The spewing of volcanic material is the actual eruption After the eruption, some molten

rock, now called lava, is released through side vents

Most volcanoes erupt straight up through a central vent Mt.St Vesuvius, the volcano in Italy that destroyed the city of Pompeii in A.D.79- erupted in this manner

Page 20 of 44

Some volcanoes, such as Mt.St.Helens, erupt laterally through side vents Lateral eruptions are particularly destructive because large areas of the mountain are torn away with explosive force

([2], p.177)

OUTLINE 2

1 Introduction

- Topic:(words)

……… (1)

- Hook:(words/ phrases) ……… (2)

- Background information (words/ phrases) ………

……… (3)

- Thesis statement :( sentence) ……… (4)

- Process:……… (5)

2 Body - Steps: (phrases) ………

………

………

………

……… (6)

3 Conclusion - Restating the process :( words/phrases) ……… (7)

- Warning: (words/ phrases) ……….(8)

3.1.3 Language Features

3.1.3.1 Sequence connectors([1], pp.43-44)

In a process essay, sequence connectors are used to describe the steps or stages of the process

- First, second to indicate the first two steps in the process

- Next, then, later, after that/ this, to add more steps

- Finally, at last, in the end, to mark the last step in the process

Example:

First, make a list

Second, select your clothes

Next, place your shoes in the corners

Then, arrange your clothes in neat players

Later, add last- minute items such as medications

After that, roll the clothes to avoid wrinkles

Finally, check your list for any forgotten items

Activity 3: Pick out all the sequence connectors used in the 2 essays above and write them in the below table

Thanksgiving dinner How a Volcano Erupt

Activity 4: Rearrange the steps in the following process according to how they should be followed Use time order words to help you decide the correct order

1 It is easy to have a good dinner party if you follow some easy steps

2 Next, make a list of people that you would like to invite

3 After your house is clean, go shopping for food, flowers, and decorations

4 Then make a funny or pretty invitation and email it to your friends

5 Finally, turn on the music, and wait for the fun to begin

6 Before the guests arrive, decorate the house, set the table, and take a shower

7 After you have everything you need, plan a meal, and make sure you can cook most of it before your guests arrive

8 A few days before the party, start cleaning your house

9 First, choose appropriate date at least two weeks before the party

3.1.3.2 Time clauses([1], p.45)

Activity 5: Find 5 examples of time clauses from the two essays above

Activity 6: Combine each pair of sentences to create a single sentence with a time clause and a main clause

1 Turn off your computer Make sure to back up your work

2 Buy a computer disk Make sure it is compatible with your computer

3 Format it Use the computer disk

4 Save your essay on a disk Print it out

5 Finish reading your e-mail Log out

6 Close all the programs Shut down the computer

3.1.3.4 Using Imperatives([3], pp.234-235)

Activity 7: There are 21 imperatives used in the essay “Thanksgiving Dinner” Find and underline them

Activity 8: Answer the question

What are those imperatives used for? Give one example to clarify your answer

Activity 9: This series of pictures are about How to Repot A Plant Each picture is

a step of the process Write one sentence for each step Your sentences need to be

in the form of imperatives

Page 22 of 44

3.1.3.5 Using passives ([1], pp.58-51)

Activity 10: Answer the question:

1 What are the cases in which passive voice is used instead of active voice?

2 How passive voice is formed? Give the rules and one example to illustrate each rule

3 Why do you think passive voice is much used in a process writing?

Activity 11:

1 Find in the essay” Thanksgiving Dinner” 5 examples of passives and in “How

a Volcano Erupt”, another 7 examples

2 Answer the following questions:

2.1 Why agents are omitted in those examples?

2.2 In 1 example, modal is used in the passive, so what do you think is the meaning of this modal verb?

Activity 12: Change the following active sentences to passive Omit the agent when it is not necessary

1 Everyone should pick up trash

2 Parents must not allow children to play with fireworks

3 The city government organizes many festivals

4 Someone bakes special breads and cakes for the celebration

5 Merchants sell a lot of flowers and chocolates on Valentine’s Day

6 On Saint Patrick’s Day, many people in the Unites States wear green

7 Fans can buy tickets on the Internet

8 Large companies often sponsor the games

9 People eat sushi in Japan

10 The New York Times publishes a weekend edition