Behavioral Interviewing Techniques Chapter Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-1 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Behavioral Interviewing Application of communication theory and patterns of behavior to guide the interview process Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-2 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Behavior Learning Model Approximately 99 percent of the stimuli to the brain are received unconsciously About 80 percent of this is taken in by the eyes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-3 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Neuro-linguistic Programming “Neuro” refers to the brain Behavior originates from the five senses “Linguistics,” the way that we communicate both verbally and non-verbally Follows the paths provided in the brain Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-4 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Neuro-linguistic Programming “Programming” refers to the unique way that humans manipulate the signals and convert them into useful information Influenced by experience and behaviors Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-5 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Facial Coding The facial coding system (FACS) is a comprehensive, anatomically based method of measuring all visually discernible facial movement Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-6 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Facial Expressions Five universal expressions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment Embarrassment has been identified Gaze down, smile, head turn or face touch, and then lip press Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-7 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Future Computer software has been developed for face recognition and coding of expressions Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-8 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sensatory Verbal Communication Visual Auditory Kinesthetic We all have a predominant sense, either sight or sound or touch, known as being visual, auditory, or kinesthetic Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-9 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Visual Thought Process Persons The majority of the population are visual processors The principal values of the visual modality are dynamism and perfection Hand and arms moving near their neck level when they are talking is common Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-10 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reliable Facial Expressions — Lips Corners go down = sadness, sorrow, or grief Thinner and less visible = anger Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-30 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reliable Facial Expressions — Lips Angling up at the corners = contempt Lower lip pushed by the chin muscle and the corners tightened or down without any evidence of the muscle around the eyes tightening = miserable smile Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-31 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reliable Facial Expressions — Eyes Smiling face with lower eyelids straight across, covering part of the iris of the eye and wrinkles below the eye disappear = wariness, guardedness, or anger Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-32 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reliable Facial Expressions — Eyebrows Center forehead muscles wrinkling and inner corners of the eyebrow typically pulled upward = sadness, grief, or distress Eyebrows raised and pulled together = fear, worry, or concentration Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-33 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 False Emotions Signaled by Expression Crooked expression, particularly more visible on the left side of the face is not felt Expressions of long duration are likely false False smile will not be accompanied by involvement of the eye muscles Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-34 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Possible Indications of Deceit — Eyes Increased blinking = emotional arousal such as excitement, anger, or fear Eyelids tend to close longer than a normal blink = hears something they disagree with Pupils dilate = emotional arousal such as excitement, anger, or fear Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-35 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Possible Indications of Deceit — Face Face blushing = embarrassment or shame Face turning red = anger Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-36 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Establishing Authority Authority stances = hands on hips, feet spread apart Clothing must be professional attire or clean uniform Don’t wear obviously cheap trappings such as string-bead bracelets Cruiser must be clean and polished Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-37 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Qualifiers Qualifier is a word that modifies or limits the meaning of the phrase Using “it” to refer to victim or perpetrator Used to soften the image, lessen guilt, or describe an imaginary situation Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-38 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hedging Hedging is a lack of commitment to the statement Example: “I think …” Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-39 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Emblems Emblems are gestures that are often unconscious Head shaking “yes” or “no” Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-40 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Manipulators Manipulators are poor indicators of deceit Lip biting and lip sucking Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-41 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Physiological Changes Look for physiological changes which are difficult to control Changes in skin color, voice tone, breathing rate Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-42 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Detecting Deceit No gesture, facial expression, or muscle twitch by itself means a person is lying The polygraph only measures arousal of emotion, not which emotion is felt Absence of a sign of deceit is not evidence of truth Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-43 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Detecting Deceit Make comparisons between suspect’s usual behavior and when under suspicion The person may feel and exhibit an emotion about being suspected of lying Discount the sign of the emotion as a clue to deceit if suspect is likely to have the feeling when truthful Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-44 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 ... are dynamism and perfection Hand and arms moving near their neck level when they are talking is common Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-10... manipulate the signals and convert them into useful information Influenced by experience and behaviors Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 6-5 © 2007... communicate by gesturing up with their hands Tend to stand erect with their shoulders more or less straight across Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin