Interviewing and Interrogation Chapter Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-1 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Lesson Overview: How are Crimes Solved? When someone makes the decision to talk to the police Influenced by the communication skills of the interviewer Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-2 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Communication Process: The Berlo SMCR Model For an interview to occur: A person initiates the interaction (the source) A person receives and interprets the means (the receiver) Meaning is conveyed through our five senses Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-3 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Definition of Interviewing Interviewing is the practice of fact finding which produces information that can lead to conclusions about an event or incident Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-4 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 What is an Interview? An interview is questioning persons who are not suspects in a crime, but who may know something about it Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-5 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Purpose of the Interview The purpose of the interview is to gather information Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-6 About 80% of police investigative work consists of interviewing © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Victim A victim is the person who is the object of an incident, crime, or other harm caused against them Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-7 These interviews are influenced by prejudice, anger, pain, and fear in addition to age, gender, cognitive abilities, and fear of disclosure © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Witnesses A witness is someone who personally sees, hears, or otherwise observes something relating to the incident under investigation Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-8 Eyewitness evidence is notoriously inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Suspects A suspect is the person that the police officer has reasonable cause to believe committed a specific crime Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-9 In addition to sharing the same influences as the victim, a suspect has consequences to fear © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Characteristics of an Interview Non-accusatory Purpose is to gather information Should be conducted early in the investigation Variety of environments Free flowing May need to take notes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-10 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Rapport Development Rapport is when two people agree on the means and willingness to communicate Established by putting the interviewee at ease through mutual respect It is earned by the attitude of the interviewer Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-17 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Knowledgeable Interviewer Keeps asking questions and continues to learn from each case Does not make judgments based on past encounters that were similar Knows that the answers must be learned from the circumstances and will only come through listening and watching Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-18 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Professionalism Demands that each investigation begins without case bias or preconceived notions about the victim Requires patience and persistence Is the capacity to demonstrate respect for others Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-19 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Communication for Rapport Communication includes both verbal and non-verbal messages Information communicated is about 65% non-verbal Verbal communication is about 35% of information related Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-20 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Matching Matching is a subtle form of the interviewer mimicking the nonverbal and paralanguage behaviors of the person being interviewed Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-21 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kinesics Kinesics is a form of non-verbal communication that includes: Body language Facial expressions Gestures Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-22 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Posture Communicates Emotion Rising energy is reflected in a lift of the body Downward movement is related to death, the sick, the weary, and the discouraged Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-23 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Matching Kinesic Communications When two people are communicating effectively their body language will be aligned When an interviewer attempts to develop rapport, defensive signals need to be overcome in order for the interview to proceed effectively Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-24 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Examples of Facial Expressions Eyebrows frown for anger or concentration and rise for intensity Pupils of the eyes get larger during fear and smaller during rest Lips may move into a grin to show happiness, a grimace for fear, or a pout to indicate sadness Wide eyes typically indicate surprise or excitement; narrowed eyes indicate disagreement or a threat Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-25 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Examples of Gestures That rubbing one’s ear is an indication the person does not know the answer to a question Swaying backwards in the chair points to an individual with a weak ego Crossing of the arms is a defensive posture, the person has become cautious Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-26 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Facial Expressions Include both conscious and unconscious movements of the nose, lips, eyebrows, tongue, and eyes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-27 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Proxemics The study of our use of space and how various differences in that use make us feel more relaxed or more anxious Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-28 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Proxemics Spacing Intimate space Personal-casual space 1.5 to feet Social-consultive space to 1.5 feet to 10 feet Public space 10 feet and beyond Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-29 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Paralanguage The vocal part of speech and its nuances is communication that goes beyond the specific words spoken It is not only what people say, but how they say it that is important! Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-30 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Characteristics of Paralanguage Tone Pitch Reflection Amplitude Rate Voice quality Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-31 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 ... makes the decision to talk to the police Influenced by the communication skills of the interviewer Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-2 © 2007... harm caused against them Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-7 These interviews are influenced by prejudice, anger, pain, and fear in addition... notes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1-10 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Definition of Interrogation An interrogation