Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers

Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers Exploring psychology in modules 10th edition david myers

Exploring PSYCHOLOGY IN MODULES DAVID G MYERS C NATHAN DEWALL tenth edition frontal lobe of the brain (now called Broca’s area) that is critical for the production of spoken language 1861— Paul Broca, a French physician, discovers an area in the left of Natural Selection, synthesizing much previous work on the theory of evolution, including that of Herbert Spencer, who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.” 1859— Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means rod accidentally pierces his brain, leaving his intellect and memory intact but altering his personality 1848— Phineas Gage suffers massive brain damage when a large iron he discusses the “just noticeable difference (jnd)” and what we now call Weber’s law 1834— Ernst Heinrich Weber publishes The Sense of Touch, in which the belief that the shape of a person’s skull reveals mental faculties and character traits 1808— Franz Joseph Gall, a German physician, describes phrenology, (His theory was later called the trichromatic theory.) 1802— Thomas Young publishes A Theory of Color Vision in England chains at the Bicêtre Asylum in France and advocates more humane treatment of mental patients 1793— Philippe Pinel releases the first mental patients from their posed cure using “animal magnetism” (later called mesmerism and hypnosis) In 1777 he was expelled from the practice of medicine in Vienna 1774— Franz Mesmer, an Austrian physician, performs his first sup- notion of innate ideas and insisted that the mind at birth is a “blank slate” (tabula rasa), publishes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which stresses empiricism over speculation 1690— John Locke, the British philosopher who rejected Descartes’ who proposed mind–body interaction and the doctrine of innate ideas, publishes A Discourse on Method 1637— René Descartes, the French philosopher and mathematician 1636— Harvard College is founded Learning 1605— Francis Bacon publishes The Proficiency and Advancement of 1604— Johannes Kepler describes inverted image on the retina C.E that the heart is the seat of mental processes 335 — Aristotle, who denied the existence of innate ideas, suggests the seat of mental processes 387 — Plato, who believed in innate ideas, suggests that the brain is B.C.E — A lfred Binet and Théodore Simon produce the first intelligence test for assessing the abilities and academic progress of Parisian schoolchildren — J ohn B Watson and Rosalie Rayner report conditioning a fear reaction in a child called “Little Albert.” homeostasis, discusses the fight-or-flight response, and identifies hormonal changes associated with stress 1932— In The Wisdom of the Body, Walter B Cannon coins the term (and the second female scientist in any discipline) elected to the U.S National Academy of Sciences 1931— Margaret Floy Washburn becomes the first female psychologist behaviorism and outlines essential elements of the gestalt position and approach 1929— Wolfgang Köhler publishes Gestalt Psychology, which criticizes discusses psychoanalysis in the treatment of children 1927— In Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, Anna Freud child (Peter), a forerunner of systematic desensitization developed by Joseph Wolpe 1924— Mary Cover Jones reports reconditioning a fear reaction in a Language and Thought of the Child 1923— Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget publishes The Rorschach Inkblot Test 1921— Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist, introduces the — F rancis Cecil Sumner receives a Ph.D degree in psychology from Clark University, becoming the first African-American to earn a psychology doctorate Subnormal Children, an early classic In 1921 she is cited in American Men of Science for her research on the psychology of women 1920— Leta Stetter Hollingworth publishes The Psychology of intelligence test for evaluating U.S military personnel, which increases the U.S public’s acceptance of psychological testing 1914— During World War I, Robert Yerkes and his staff develop a group Psychological Review article, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.” 1913— John B Watson outlines the tenets of behaviorism in a — I van Petrovich Pavlov begins publishing studies of conditioning in animals the APA 1905— Mary Whiton Calkins becomes the first woman president of 1901— Ten founders establish the British Psychological Society by Charles L Brewer, Furman University Timeline The Story of Psychology: A Timeline Harvard University denies Mary Whiton Calkins admission to doctoral candidacy because of her gender, despite Hugo Münsterberg’s claim that she was the best student he had ever had there his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis 1900— Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams, University, describes his learning experiments with cats in “puzzle boxes.” In 1905, he proposes the “law of effect.” 1898— In Animal Intelligence, Edward L Thorndike, Columbia helping to formalize the school of psychology called functionalism 1896— John Dewey publishes “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology,” — degree in psychology (Cornell University) 1894— Margaret Floy Washburn is the first woman to receive a Ph.D women elected to membership in the APA 1893— Mary Whiton Calkins and Christine Ladd-Franklin are the first Psychological Association (APA) and becomes its first president 1892— G Stanley Hall spearheads the founding of the American in the British Commonwealth at the University of Toronto 1891— James Mark Baldwin establishes the first psychology laboratory psychologist, publishes The Principles of Psychology, describing psychology as “the science of mental life.” 1890— William James, Harvard University philosopher and laboratory in France at the Sorbonne, and the first International Congress of Psychology meets in Paris 1889— Alfred Binet and Henri Beaunis establish the first psychology first Ph.D degree in psychology awarded by a Department of Psychology in the United States 1886— Joseph Jastrow receives from Johns Hopkins University the extensive research on learning and memory, including the “forgetting curve.” 1885— Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes On Memory, summarizing his formal U.S psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University 1883— G Stanley Hall, student of Wilhelm Wundt, establishes the first Germany, the first psychology laboratory, which becomes a mecca for psychology students from all over the world 1879— Wilhelm Wundt establishes at the University of Leipzig, of Philosophy the first U.S Ph.D degree based on psychological research 1878— G Stanley Hall receives from Harvard University’s Department that damage to a specific area in the left temporal lobe (now called Wernicke’s area) disrupts ability to comprehend or produce spoken or written language Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini use electroshock treatment with a human patient — World War II provides many opportunities for psychologists to enhance the popularity and influence of psychology, especially in applied areas Edward Alexander Bott helps found the Canadian Psychological Association He becomes its first president in 1940 Mamie Phipps Clark receives a master’s degree from Howard University In collaboration with Kenneth B Clark, she later extends her thesis, “The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Preschool Children,” providing joint research cited in the U.S Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to end racial segregation in public schools Ernest R Hilgard publishes Theories of Learning, which was required reading for several generations of psychology students in North America — Questionnaire (16PF) Continued on inside back cover 1949— Raymond B Cattell publishes the Sixteen Personality Factor B F Skinner’s novel, Walden Two, describes a Utopian community based on positive reinforcement, which becomes a clarion call for applying psychological principles in everyday living, especially communal living — Human Male, and they publish Sexual Behavior in the Human Female in 1953 1948— Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues publish Sexual Behavior in the and Child Care appears; the book will influence child raising in North America for several decades 1946— Benjamin Spock’s first edition of The Commonsense Book of Baby development, publishes Our Inner Conflicts 1945— Karen Horney, who criticized Freud’s theory of female sexual publish the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 1943— Psychologist Starke Hathaway and physician J Charnley McKinley — — — test, forerunner of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 1939— David Wechsler publishes the Wechsler–Bellevue intelligence In Primary Mental Abilities, Louis L Thurstone proposes seven such abilities — describes operant conditioning of animals 1938— B F Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms, which frontal lobotomies performed on humans 1936— Egas Moniz, a Portuguese physician, publishes work on the first Apperception Test to elicit fantasies from people undergoing psychoanalysis 1935— Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray introduce the Thematic to receive a doctoral degree in psychology from a U.S institution (Ph.D., University of Cincinnati) Genius, in which he claims that intelligence is inherited In 1876 he coins the expression “nature and nurture” to correspond with “heredity and environment.” 1874— Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist and psychiatrist, shows 1933— Inez Beverly Prosser becomes the first African-American woman 1869— Francis Galton, Charles Darwin’s cousin, publishes Hereditary this page left intentionally blank tenth edition DAVID G MYERS HOPE COLLEGE HOLLAND, MICHIGAN C NATHAN DEWALL UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY New York Publisher, Psychology and Sociology: Rachel Losh Development Editors: Christine Brune, Nancy Fleming, Trish Morgan, Danielle Slevens Editorial Assistant: Katie Pachnos Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Marketing Assistant: Morgan Ratner Executive Media Editor: Rachel Comerford Media Editor: Laura Burden Supplements Editor: Betty Probert Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn Managing Editor, Sciences and Social Sciences: Lisa Kinne Project Editor: Robert Errera Media Producer: Eve Conte Senior Production Manager: Sarah Segal Photo Editor: Robin Fadool Photo Researcher: Candice Cheesman Director of Design, Content Management Enhancement: Diana Blume Cover Design: Blake Logan Interior Design: Charles Yuen Layout Designer: Lee Ann McKevitt Art Manager: Matthew McAdams Illustration Coordinator: Janice Donnola Illustrations: Evelyn Pence Composition: MPS Ltd Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Photo: Josef F Steufer/Getty Images Library of Congress Control Number: 2015957828 ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-5438-6 ISBN-10: 1-4641-5438-4 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing David Myers’ royalties from the sale of this book are assigned to the David and Carol Myers Foundation, which exists to receive and distribute funds to other charitable organizations Worth Publishers One New York Plaza New York, NY 10004-1562 www.MacmillanHigherEd.com [DM] For my kindred spirits, Malcolm and Ruth Jeeves, with gratitude for your hospitality and friendship [ND] To Alice DeWall — love of my life About the Authors Hope College Public Relations David Myers received his B.A in chemistry from Whitworth University, and his psychology Ph.D from the University of Iowa He has spent his career at Hope College in Michigan, where he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize, by a 2010 Honored Scientist award from the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, by a 2010 Award for Service on Behalf of Personality and Social Psychology, by a 2013 Presidential Citation from APA Division 2, and by three honorary doctorates With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psychologist In addition to his scholarly writing and his textbooks for introductory and social psychology, he also digests psychological science for the general public His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American He also has authored five general audience books, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance center for families in poverty, and spoken to hundreds of college, community, and professional groups worldwide Drawing on his experience, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in American assistive listening technology (see www.HearingLoop.org) For his leadership, he received an American Academy of Audiology Presidential Award in 2011, and the Hearing Loss Association of America Walter T Ridder Award in 2012 He bikes to work year-round and plays regular pickup basketball David and Carol Myers have raised two sons and a daughter, and have one granddaughter J.A Laub Photography, LLC Nathan DeWall is professor of psychology and director of the Social Psychology Lab at the University of Kentucky He received his bachelor’s degree from St Olaf College, a master’s degree in social science from the University of Chicago, and a master’s degree and Ph.D in social psychology from Florida State University DeWall received the 2011 College of Arts and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award, which recognizes excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching In 2011, the Association for Psychological Science identified DeWall as a “Rising Star” for “making significant contributions to the field of psychological science.” DeWall conducts research on close relationships, self-control, and aggression With funding from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, he has published over 170 scientific articles and chapters DeWall’s research awards include the SAGE Young Scholars Award from the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology, the Young Investigator Award from the International Society for Research on Aggression, and the Early Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity His research has been covered by numerous media outlets, including Good Morning America, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Atlantic Monthly, New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Harvard Business Review, USA Today, and National Public Radio DeWall blogs for Psychology Today He has lectured nationally and internationally, including in Hong Kong, China, the Netherlands, England, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, and Australia Nathan is happily married to Alice DeWall and is the proud father of Beverly “Bevy” DeWall He enjoys playing with his two golden retrievers, Finnegan and Atticus In his spare time, he writes novels, watches sports, and runs and runs and runs He has braved all climates—from freezing to ferocious heat—to complete hundreds of miles’ worth of ultramarathons Brief Contents Preface xvi Time Management: Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life xlix Thinking Critically With Psychological Science MODULE The History and Scope of Psychology MODULE Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions 14 The Biology of Behavior 35 Neural and Hormonal Systems 36 MODULE Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures 48 MODULE The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain 56 MODULE Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior 66 MODULE Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind .79 Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts 80 MODULE Sleep and Dreams 87 MODULE Drugs and Consciousness 104 MODULE Developing Through the Life Span 119 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn 120 MODULE 11 Infancy and Childhood 127 MODULE 12 Adolescence 147 MODULE 13 Adulthood 158 MODULE 10 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 171 Gender Development 172 MODULE 15 Human Sexuality 181 MODULE 14 SI-2 SUBJECT INDEX Association areas, of cerebral cortex, 59–60, 59f Associative learning, 246–247 See also Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning Ativan, 594 Attachment, 138–144 deprivation of, 142–144 differences in, 140–142, 140f insecure, 140 insecure-anxious, 142 insecure-avoidant, 142 secure, 140 styles of, later relationships and, 142 Attention, selective See Selective attention Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 528, 532 Attitudes, 445 actions and, 444–447 Attraction, 475–481 modern matchmaking and, 476–477, 476f physical attractiveness and, 477–478 proximity and, 475–476, 476f reward theory of, 479 romantic love and, 479–481 similarity and, 478–479 Attribution theory, 442–443 Audition See Hearing Auditory canal, 227 Auditory cortex, 58, 58f, 227f, 228 Auditory nerve, 227f, 228 Authoritarian parents, 144 Authoritative parents, 144 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 133, 135–137, 137f, 531 operant conditioning to treat, 577 savant syndrome and, 343 Automatic processing, implicit memories and, 284f, 285 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 43, 43f emotions and, 392–393, 392f Autonomy, need for, 370 Autonomy vs shame stage, 152t Availability heuristic, 319–321, 319f Aversive conditioning, 576–577, 577f Aversive stimuli, aggression and, 470–471, 470f Avoidant personality disorder, 563 Awareness, conscious, 493 Axons, 36–37, 37f, 38 B Babbling stage, 331, 332t Barbiturates, 107 Basal ganglia, memory and, 294 Basal metabolic rate, 380 Basic research, 12 Basilar membrane, 227f, 228 Behavior(s) assessing in situations, 514–515 operant, 247 real, predicting, 27 respondent, 247 Behavioral medicine, 410 Behavioral perspective, 11, 11t Behavior feedback theory, 402, 416 Behavior genetics, 8, 66–73 gene-environment interaction and, 71–73, 72f, 514 genes and, 66–67, 66f twin and adoption studies and, 67–71 Behaviorism, 6–7, 248, 501 study of consciousness and, 80 Behavior modification, 577–578 Behavior rating scales, for performance appraisal, B-7 Behavior therapy, 574–578, 583t classical conditioning techniques for, 574–577 dialectical, 581 operant conditioning techniques for, 577–578 Belief perseverance, 322, 323 Beliefs, self-defeating, depression and, 550 Bell-shaped distribution, A-3, A-4f Belonging, need for See Affiliation need Beta waves, 89f Bias confirmation, 317–318, 584 hindsight, 15–16, 468 ingroup, 464, 465–466 intelligence tests and, 360–362 own-race, 467 sampling, 21 self-serving, 518–520 Big Five personality factors, 508–510, 509f, 509t Bilingual advantage, 338 Binge-eating disorder, 531, 565 Binocular depth cues, 219, 219f Biological clock, 92, 92f Biological constraints on classical conditioning, 267–269, 268f, 269f on operant conditioning, 269 Biological factors See also Biopsychosocial approach; Brain; Genetics taste preferences and, 381 Biological psychology, 36, 37 Biomedical therapy, 570 See also Brain stimulation; Drug therapies; Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); Psychosurgery; Therapeutic lifestyle change Biopsychosocial approach, 10–11, 10f, 11t to aggression, 473, 473f to conditioning, 267, 267f to drug use, 114–116, 115f to learning, 267f to pain, 232–233, 233f to personality, 514f to psychological disorders, 529–530, 529f Bipolar cells, 211 Bipolar disorder, 545, 546–547 biological perspective on, 549–550 social-cognitive perspective on, 550–552 suicide and self-injury and, 552–555 Bisexual orientation See Sexual orientation Bitter taste, 236t Black Swan (film), 534 Blame-the-victim dynamic, 465 Blindness change, 83–84, 84f color, 213–214, 214f face, 199 inattentional, 82–83, 83f Blindsight, 85, 216 Blind spot, 211, 212f B lymphocytes, 410 BMI (body mass index), 383 Body contact, attachment and, 138–139, 138f Body mass index (BMI), 383 Body movement sense, 238–239, 240t Body position sense, 238, 240t Borderline personality disorder, 563 Bottom-up processing, 200 Botulin (Botox), 42 BPS (British Psychological Society), 28 Brain, 44, 50–55 aggression and, 469 amygdala of See Amygdala anterior cingulate cortex of, 372, 543 autism spectrum disorder and, 136, 137 brainstem of, 50–51, 51f cerebellum of, 52, 52f, 54f, 293 cerebral cortex of See Cerebral cortex cerebrum of, 56 corpus callosum of, 54f, 62, 62f depression and, 549–550, 550f emotion and, 389–390, 390f, 393–394 exercise and, 427 face preference and, 125 forgetting and, 301–302 gay-straight differences in, 190 hemispheres of, 61–64 hippocampus of, 52, 53f, 54, 54f hunger and, 379–380, 379f, 380f hypothalamus of, 52, 53–54, 53f, 54f individualist vs collectivist cultures and, 523 intact, right-left differences in, 64 language and, 334–335 during late adulthood, 159–160, 159f limbic system of, 52–55, 53f medulla of, 50, 51, 51f, 54f mindfulness meditation and, 428–429 ostracism and, 372 personality traits and, 506–508 plasticity of, 60–61, 61f, 128, 161 pons of, 54f psychological disorders and, 543, 543f retaining information in, 292–295 reticular formation of, 52, 54f in schizophrenia, 558 split, 61–64, 62f, 63f thalamus of, 50–55, 54f tools for study of, 48–50, 49f Brain development, 127–128, 127f, 128f during adolescence, 148 Brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder and, 540 Brainstem, 50–51, 51f Brain stimulation, 597–599, 601t deep brain stimulation, 599 electroconvulsive therapy, 597–598, 597f magnetic stimulation, 598–599, 598f Breast milk, 23–24, 25f Breathing, in newborns, 125 Brightness, of colors, 210f Brightness constancy, 221–222, 222f British Psychological Society (BPS), 28 Broca’s area, 334 Bulimia nervosa, 530, 565–566 Bystander effect, 481–483, 482f, 483f C Caffeine, 108, 113t Calling, B-1 Cancer, stress and, 413 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, 387–388 Carcinogens, 413 Careers, B-1 See also Human factors psychology; Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology; Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology Case studies, 18, 19 Catastrophes, as stressors, 407 Catastrophizing, 580 Catatonia, 557 Categorization, prejudice based on, 467 Catharsis, 416, 417 Causation, correlation and, 22–23, 23f CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy), 581, 583t Cell body, of neuron, 36, 36f Cell phones, traffic accidents and, 82 Central executive, working memory and, 285, 285f Central nervous system (CNS), 42, 44–45, 45f See also Brain Central route persuasion, 444, 445 SUBJECT INDEX Central tendency measures, A-2–A-3, A-2f Cerebellum, 52, 52f, 54f memory and, 293 Cerebral cortex, 54f, 56–60 functions of, 57–60 structure of, 56, 56f Cerebrum, 56 Chain migration, 371 Chameleon effect, 449 Change blindness, 83–84, 84f Checklists, for performance appraisal, B-7 Child abuse, epigenetic marks left by, 543 Child raising attachment and See Attachment culture and, 145–146 Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 594 Chromosomes, 66, 67 sex, 175 Chronic schizophrenia, 557 Chunking, in memory, 287–288, 288f Circadian rhythm, 87–88 Clairvoyance, 241 Classical conditioning, 247, 247f, 248–254 acquisition in, 250, 250f of Aplysia, 295 applications of, 253–254 in behavior therapy, 574–577 biological constraints on, 267–269, 268f, 269f cognition and, 270, 271t discrimination in, 252 extinction in, 251, 251f generalization in, 251–252, 252f operant conditioning contrasted with, 265, 265t Pavlov’s experiments on, 248–252, 248f, 249f Pavlov’s legacy and, 252–254 spontaneous recovery in, 251, 251f Classification, of psychological disorders, 530–531 Client-centered therapy, 573–574, 583t Clinical psychologists, 12, 591t, C-1, C-4 Clinical social workers, 591t Closure, grouping and, 218 CNS See Brain; Central nervous system (CNS) Cocaine, 110, 110f, 113t Cochlea, 227f, 228 Cochlear implants, 229, 229f Cognition, 80, 316, 317 See also Communication; Memory; Thinking classical conditioning and, 270, 271t embodied, 240 emotion and, 389–391, 390f operant conditioning and, 270–271, 271t psychological disorders and, 542 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 581, 583t Cognitive development, 130–137 during adolescence, 149–152 during adulthood, 160–162 autism spectrum disorder and, 135–137, 137f morality and, 150–152 Piaget’s theory of, 130–134, 135, 149 reasoning power and, 149 Vygotsky’s theory of, 134–135 Cognitive development theory of dreaming, 101–102, 102t Cognitive dissonance theory, 446–447 Cognitive factors, prejudice based on, 467–468 Cognitive learning, 246, 247 Cognitive maps, 270 Cognitive neuroscience, 8, 81 dual processing and See Dual processing Cognitive perspective, 11, 11t Cognitive psychology, 7–8, C-1–C-2 Cognitive therapy, 578–581, 578f, 580t, 583t Beck’s, for depression, 579–580 cognitive-behavioral, 581, 583t Collective unconscious, 496 Collectivist cultures conformity and, 451 psychotherapy and, 590 self and, 521–523, 523t social support and, 423 Color blindness, 213–214, 214f Color constancy, 221, 221f Color processing, 213–214, 214f Color vision, 209, 210f Communication endocrine, 45–46, 46f neural See Neural communication peacemaking and, 487 Communication style, definition of, 174 Community psychologists, 12–13, 603, C-2–C-3 Companionate love, 480–481 Competence, need for, 370 Competence vs inferiority stage, 152t Compulsive behaviors, 539 Concept(s), 316, 316f, 317 animals and, 326–327 Conception, 122–123, 123f Conciliation, 487–488 Concrete operational stage, 133, 134t Conditioned reinforcers, 259 Conditioned response (CR), 249, 249f Conditioned stimulus (CS), 249, 249f Conditioning See also Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning biopsychosocial approach to, 267, 267f psychological disorders and, 541–542 Conduction hearing loss, 227f, 228 Cones (retinal), 211, 211f, 212, 212t Confirmation bias, 317–318, 584 Conflict, elements of, 484–485 Conformity, 449–451 automatic mimicry and, 449–450 social norms and, 450–451, 450f Confounding variables, 25, 26 Connectedness, social, gender differences in, 173–174 Connection, social, for depression treatment, 601 Connectionism, in memory, 284 Consciousness, 80–86 animal, 326 definition of, 80, 80f dreaming and See Dreaming drugs and See Psychoactive drugs dual processing and See Dual processing near-death experience and, 112 selective attention and, 81–84 sleep and See Dreaming; Sleep states of, 80, 80f studying, 80–81, 81f Conservation, 132, 132f in cognitive development, 133 Contact, between conflicting parties, 486 Content validity, 348 Context, face reading in, 400, 400f Context-dependent memory, 298 Context effects, perception and, 207, 207f, 208f Continuity, grouping and, 218 Continuity and stages, 120–121, 121f Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine, 98 Continuous reinforcement, 259 Control internal vs external locus of, 421 personal See Personal control self- See Self-control social, social influence and, 460 Control group, 23 Conventional morality, 150t Convergent thinking, 324, 325 SI-3 Cooperation, peacemaking and, 486–487 Coping with stress, 419–425 emotion-focused coping and, 419 optimism vs pessimism and, 422–423 personal control and, 419–422, 420f problem-focused coping and, 419 social support and, 423–425 Cornea, 209, 210f Coronary heart disease, stress and, 414–418 Corpus callosum, 54f, 62, 62f Correlation, 22–23, A-4–A-5, A-4f, A-5f, A-5t causation and, 22–23, 23f Correlation coefficients, 22, A-4, A-5 Cortisol, sleep deprivation and, 95 Cost-benefit analysis, 483 Counseling psychologists, 12, C-3 Counselors, 591t Counterconditioning, in behavior therapy, 575 CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine, 98 CR (conditioned response), 249, 249f Creative intelligence, 343 Creative thinking, 324–325 Creativity, components of, 325 Critical periods, 128 attachment and, 139 for language development, 332–333, 333f Critical thinking, 2–4 scientific attitude and, 2–3 studying and, 31 Cross-cultural psychology, 9–10 Cross-race effect, 467 Cross-sectional studies, 162, 349, A-8 Crystallized intelligence, 349 CS (conditioned stimulus), 249, 249f Cultural neuroscience, 523 Culture, 9–10 See also Biopsychosocial approach behavior and, 447–449 child raising and, 145–146 collectivist See Collectivist cultures emotion and, 398–401, 399f, 400f individualist See Individualist cultures intelligence and, 359 intelligence concept and, 341 psychological disorders and, 530 psychotherapy and, 590–591 self and, 521–523, 521f, 523t taste preferences and, 381, 381f transmission in animals, 327–328 variation over time, 448 Curare, 42 Curiosity in scientific method, Curse of knowledge, 132–133, B-15 D Daily hassles, 407, 408f, 409 Dating online, 476 speed, 476–477 DBT (dialectical behavior therapy), 581 Deafness See Hearing loss Death and dying, 167–168 Debriefing, 29 Decibels, 227 Decision making and judgment, 318–324 availability heuristic and, 319–321, 319f belief perseverance and, 322 framing and, 322–323 intuition and, 323–324 overconfidence and, 321–322 Declarative memory See Explicit memory(ies) Decline effect, A-6 Deep brain stimulation, 599 SI-4 SUBJECT INDEX Deep processing, 289 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 16–17 Default network, 49 Defense mechanisms, 495, 495t Defensive self-esteem, 520 Deindividuation, 457, 457t Déjà vu, 308–309 Delayed reinforcers, 259 Delta waves, 88, 89, 89f Delusions, in schizophrenia, 556 Dendrites, 36, 36f, 37 Denial, 495t Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 66–67 Depakote, 596 Dependent variable, 25 Depolarization, 37 Depressants, 106–108, 113t Depression Beck’s therapy for, 579–580 heart disease and, 415 major depressive disorder, 545–546, 546t seasonal pattern of, 545 vicious cycle of, 552, 552f Deprivation, relative, 434, 435 Depth perception, 218–219, 219f Descriptive research, 18–21 Descriptive statistics, A-1–A-6, A-2f Desensitization by exposure to violence, 277, 277f systematic, 575 Development cognitive See Cognitive development gender See Gender development physical, 127–129 prenatal, 123–125, 124f social See Social development Developmental psychology, C-3 major issues in, 120–122 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 531, 562 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 581 DID (dissociative identity disorder), 561–563 Difference thresholds, 202–203 Diffusion spectrum imaging, 50 Discrimination, in prejudice, 462, 463 Discriminitive stimuli, 257 Disease, vulnerability to, stress and, 410–418, 411f, 412f Displacement, 495t Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 547 Dissociation, 235 Dissociative disorders, 561–563 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 561–563 Distraction, for pain control, 234, 234f Distributed practice, 289 Divergent thinking, 324, 325 Dizygotic twins, 68 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 66–67 Do-good, feel-good phenomenon, 431 Dopamine, 41t, 109 schizophrenia and, 558 Double-blind procedure, 24, 594 Down syndrome, 351 Dreaming, 98–102 content of dreams and, 99 functions of, 99–102, 101f, 102t REM sleep and, 98, 99 theories of, 102t Drive(s), 367, 367f Drive-reduction theory, 367 Drugs aggression and, 469–470 neurotransmission and, 41–42 psychoactive See Psychoactive drugs Drug therapies, 593–597, 601f antianxiety drugs for, 594–595 antidepressant drugs for, 494–496, 494f antipsychotic drugs for, 594 mood-stabilizing medications for, 596 Drug use, biopsychosocial approach to, 114–116, 115f DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 531, 562 Dual processing, 84–86 Dying, 167–168 E Ear, 227–229, 227f–229f Eardrum, 227, 227f Eating See also Hunger ecology of, 381 situational influences on, 381–382 Eating disorders, 565–566 Echoic memory, 286 Ecology, of eating, 381 Ecstasy (MDMA), 111, 113t ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 597–598, 597f Educational psychologists, C-3 EEG (electroencephalogram), 48, 49f Efferent neurons, 43 Effortful processing chunking and, 287–288, 288f distributed practice and, 289 explicit memories and, 285, 286–290 hierarchies and, 288 mnemonics and, 288 Ego, in psychoanalysis, 493–494 Egocentrism, 493 in cognitive development, 132–133 Electra complex, 494 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 597–598, 597f Electroencephalogram (EEG), 48, 49f Embodied cognition, 240 Embodied emotion, 391–394 Embryo, 123, 124f EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 587–588 Emerging adulthood, 156–157 Emotion(s), 386–403 autonomic nervous system and, 392–393, 392f basic, 391, 392f brain and, 389–390, 390f, 466 Cannon-Bard theory of, 387–388 cognition and, 389–391, 390f culture and, 398–401, 399f, 400f detecting in others, 396–397, 396f, 397f embodied, 391–394 facial expressions and, 399, 399f, 401–403, 402f gender and, 397–398, 398f James-Lange theory of, 386, 387 memory and, 294–295, 294f musical expressions of, 400 neural pathways of, 389–390, 390f perception and, 207–208, 207f physiology of, 393–394 prejudice based on, 466 in schizophrenia, 557 two-factor theory of, 388–389 unconscious and, 500 Emotional intelligence, 344–345 low, in antisocial personality disorder, 563 Emotional stability-instability dimension, 506, 506f Emotion-focused coping, 419 Empathy, 449 in client-centered therapy, 573 in person-centered perspective, 502 Empirical approach, Empirically derived test items, 508 Encoding, 284 failure of, 302–303, 303f Endocrine system, 44, 45–46, 46f Endorphins, 40, 41, 41t, 234 Enemy perceptions, 485 Engaged employees, B-10, B-10t Environment, 66, 67 creativity and, 325 gene interaction with, 71–73, 72f, 514 Environmental factors, intelligence and, 346 Epigenetic effects, 124 Epigenetic marks, 72, 72f child abuse and, 543 collective unconscious and, 496 depression and, 550 Epigenetics, 72 psychological disorders and, 530, 560 Epinephrine, 46, 109 Episodic memories, 292 Equity, love and, 480 Erectile disorder, 90, 183 Erogenous zones, 494, 494t Erotic plasticity, 189 ESP (extrasensory perception), 241–242 Estradiol, 181 Estrogens, 181 Ethnicity intelligence and, 358–359, 359f prejudice and, 462–464 Eugenics movement, 346 Evidence-based practice, 587, 587f Evolutionary perspective, 11, 11t, 366 Evolutionary psychology, 8, 72, 73–76, 366 adaptation and, 73–74 modern, 75 similarities and, 74–76 Excitement stage of sexual response cycle, 182 Exercise aerobic See Aerobic exercise during late adulthood, 160 Exhibitionism, 183–184 Expectations, depressant drugs and, 107 Experience(s) early, intelligence and, 356 near-death, 112 peak, 501 visual perception and, 223–224 Experiment(s), 23–27 Experimental group, 23 Experimental psychologists, C-3–C-4 Expertise, creativity and, 325 Explanatory style, depression and, 550, 551 Explicit memory(ies), 285 anterograde amnesia and, 302 episodic, 292 semantic, 292 storage of, 292–293, 293f Exposure therapy, 575–576 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 401 External locus of control, 421 Extinction, in learning, 251, 251f resistance to, 259 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 241–242 Extraversion, 68 Extraversion-introversion dimension, 506, 506f, 507 Extrinsic motivation, 271 Eye, 209, 210f, 211 Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 587–588 Eyewitness recall, by children, 309–310 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 506 SUBJECT INDEX F Face(s) newborns’ preference for, 125, 125f reading of, in context, 400, 400f Face blindness, 199 Facebook, 19, 155, 373 Facial recognition, 215, 215f FaceTime, 239 Facial expressions emotion and, 399, 399f, 401–403, 402f recognition of, in autism spectrum disorder, 136 Facial feedback effect, 401–402, 402f Factor analysis, 506, 506f Faith factor, 429 False consensus effect, 500 Familiarity, attachment and, 139 Family therapy, 582, 583t FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), 124 Fathers, presence of, sexual restraint and, 187 Fear exposure therapy for, 575 prejudice and, 466 of wrong things, 320–321, 320f Feature detectors, 214–215, 215f Feel-good, do-good phenomenon, 431 Female orgasmic disorder, 183 Female sexual interest/arousal disorder, 183 Fertile females theory, 190–191 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 124 Fetus, 123–125, 124f Field trials, 531 Fight-or-flight response, 392 Figure-ground relationship, 217, 217f Fissures, of cerebral cortex, 56 Fixation, 318, 494, 495 Fixed-interval reinforcement schedules, 260, 260f, 261t Fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules, 260, 260f, 261t Flashbulb memories, 295 Flat affect, in schizophrenia, 557 Flow, B-1 Fluid intelligence, 349 Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, 444–445 Forensic psychologists, 12, C-4 Forgetting, 301–306 See also Amnesia encoding failure and, 302–303, 303f motivated, 305–306, 306f retrieval failure and, 304–306, 304f storage decay and, 303, 303f, 304f two-track mind and, 301–302 Formal operational stage, 133, 134t, 149 Form perception, 217–218 figure and ground and, 217, 217f grouping and, 217–218, 218f Fovea, 212, 213 FOXP2 gene, 336 The Fragile Species (Thomas), 76 Framing, 322–323 Fraternal birth-order effect, 191 Fraternal twins, 68 Free association, 493, 571 Free radicals, sleep and, 93 Free will, 421 Frequency automatic processing of information about, 286 of light waves, 210f of sound waves, 226, 227f Frequency theory, 230 Freudian psychology, 6–7 See also Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic theories Freud’s wish-fulfillment theory of dreaming, 99–100, 102t, 495 Frontal lobes, 56, 56f maturation of, 147–148 Frustration-aggression principle, 470, 471 Functionalism, Fundamental attribution error, 442–443 G g (general intelligence), 340, 341 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 41t Ganglion cells, 211 Gardner’s multiple intelligences, 341–343, 342f, 345t Gate-control theory, 232 Gender definition of, 172 depression and, 547–548, 548f intelligence and, 357, 357f prejudice based on, 464 suicide and, 553 Gender development, 172–180 biological sex and, 172, 175–177 definition of, 172 gender differences and, 172–174, 172f gender identity and, 178–179 gender roles and, 177–178 Gender expression, 179 Gender identity, 178–179, 494 sexual orientation vs., 179 Gender psychology, 9–10 autism spectrum disorder and, 136 emotion and, 397–398, 398f Gender roles, 177–178 Gender schemas, 179 Gender typing, 178–179 Gene-environment interaction, 71–73, 72f, 514 See also Nature-nurture issue General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 409, 409f General intelligence (g), 340, 341 Generalization, 251–252, 252f Generalized anxiety disorder, 531, 537 Generation Me (Twenge), 519 Generativity vs stagnation stage, 152t Genes, 66–67, 66f, 67 language development and, 336 Genetic relatives, 69–70 Genetics of aggression, 469 autism spectrum disorder and, 136 of depression, 549 of intelligence, 354–356, 354f, 355f obesity and, 383 of optimism, 423 personality traits and, 512 psychological disorders and, 542–543 sexual orientation and, 190–191 Genital stage, 494t Genome, 66, 67 Genuineness in client-centered therapy, 573 in person-centered perspective, 502 Gestalt psychology, 217–218 Ghrelin hunger and, 379, 380f sleep deprivation and, 95 Glial cells, 37 Glucose, 378, 379 Glutamate, 41t psychological disorders and, 543 Goal setting, in workplace, B-11 Google, 19 Grammar, 330, 331 universal, 330 Grandmother cells, 216 SI-5 Graphic rating scales, for performance appraisal, B-7 Gratification, delaying, 151–152 Grit, 376 success and, 344 GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction), 488 Group(s), 455–460 deindividuation and, 457, 457t social facilitation in, 455–456, 456t, 457t social loafing and, 456–457, 457t Group identifications, 522 Grouping, form perception and, 217–218, 218f Group polarization, 458–460, 458f, 459f Group therapy, 582, 583t Groupthink, 458, 459 Growth mind-set, 361–362 Guilty knowledge test, 394 Gusii society, 145 H Habituation, 124, 125 to erotic stimuli, 185 Hair cells, 227f, 228 Hallucinations, 58, 88, 89 in schizophrenia, 556 Hallucinogens, 111–113, 113t Halo errors, B-7 Hammer (bone), 227, 227f Happiness, 431–438 bystander intervention and, 482–483 evidence-based suggestions tor increasing, 437–438 factors affecting, 432–435 positive psychology and, 431–432 predictors of, 435–436, 436t relative nature of, 434–435 Hardiness, 376 Health, 410–418 during late adulthood, 159 optimism vs pessimism and, 422–423 social support and, 423–425 Health psychologists, C-4 Hearing, 226–230, 240t ear and, 227–229, 227f–229f locating sounds and, 230, 230f loudness and, 229 pitches and, 229–230 sound waves and, 226–227, 227f Hearing loop systems, B–14 Hearing loss causes of, 228 conduction, 227f, 228 language development and, 333 Nicaraguan Sign Language and, 330 sensorineural, 227f, 228 Heart disease, stress and, 414–418 Helping See Altruism Helplessness, learned, 419–420 Heredity, 66, 67 Heritability, of intelligence, 354 Heroin, 113t Heterosexual orientation See Sexual orientation Heuristics, 317 availability, 319–321, 319f Hierarchies, retrieval and, 288 Hierarchy of needs, 368–369, 369f, 369t, 501, B-1 Hindsight bias, 15–16, 468 Hippocampus, 52, 53f, 54, 54f forgetting and, 301–302 hunger and, 379, 379f memory and, 293, 293f SI-6 SUBJECT INDEX HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 184 Hoarding disorder, 531 Holocaust, 454 Homeostasis, 44, 367 Homosexual orientation See Sexual orientation as psychological disorder, 528 Hope, psychotherapy and, 589 Hormones, 45–46 aggression and, 469 optimism and, 423 sex, 175, 181–182, 469–470 The How of Happiness (Lyubomirsky), 422 HPV (human papillomavirus), 184 Hue, of light, 209, 210f Human Connectome Project, 50 Human factors psychology, B-2, B-2t, B-13–B-15, B-14f Human flourishing, 10 Humanistic psychology, Humanistic theories, 492, 501–504, 515t Humanistic therapy, 572–574, 583t Human subjects, protecting, 29 Humility in scientific method, Humor psychology, 424 Hunger, 377–386 obesity and weight control and, 382–384 physiology of, 378–380, 379f psychology of, 380–382 Hypersexuality, 187 Hypervigilance, 542 Hypnagogic sensations, 89 Hypnosis, for pain control, 235 Hypnotic induction, 235 Hypothalamus, 46, 46f, 52, 53–54, 53f, 54f Hypotheses, 17 I Iconic memory, 286 Id, in psychoanalysis, 493–494 Identical twins, 67, 67f, 68, 493 Identification process, 494, 495 Identity, 152 forming in adolescence, 153–154 gender, 178–179, 494 social, 152, 153, 465 Identity vs role confusion stage, 152t I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, 15–16 Illusory correlation, 584 Images, thinking in, 338–339, 339f Imagination inflation, 307–308 Imitation, 273–275, 274f, 275f Immediate reinforcers, 259 Immigrant paradox, 534 Immune system social support and, 424–425 stress and, 410–418, 411f, 412f Implementation intentions, B-11 Implicit memory(ies), 285–286 anterograde amnesia and, 302 storage of, 293–294 unconscious and, 500 Impotence, 90 Imprinting, 139 Inattentional blindness, 82–83, 83f Incentives, 367 Independent variable, 25 Individualist cultures conformity and, 451 psychotherapy and, 590 self and, 521, 521f, 523t social support and, 423 Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists, 12, C-4 Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology, B-1–B-16 See also Human factors psychology; Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology Infancy and childhood, 127–147 brain development during, 127–128, 127f–129f, 129 cognitive development during, 130–137 epigenetic marks left by child abuse and, 543 eyewitness recall by children and, 309–310 motor development during, 128–129 social development during, 138–146 Infantile amnesia, 294, 311 Inferiority complex, 496 Inflammation, heart disease and, 416–417, 417f 414 Influence See Social influence Informational social influence, 450, 4501 Information processing color, 213–214, 214f feature detection and, 214–215, 215f parallel, 216, 216f retinal, 211–213, 211f, 212f, 212t Information-processing model of memory, 284, 284f Information-processing theory of dreaming, 100, 102t Informed consent, 29 Ingroup, 464, 465 Ingroup bias, 464, 465–466 Initiative vs guilt stage, 152t Inner ear, 227, 227f, 228 Insecure-anxious attachment, 142 Insecure attachment, 140 Insecure-avoidant attachment, 142 Insight, 317, 318f in animals, 327, 327f Insight therapies, 572 Insomnia, 96–97, 97t Instagram, 155 Instinct(s), 366 Instinctive drift, 269 Insula, emotion and, 393 Insulin, hunger and, 379, 380f Integrity vs despair stage, 152t Intellectual disability, 351–352, 531 Intelligence, 340–363, 345t aging and, 349–350, 350f analytical, 343 assessment of See Intelligence tests creative, 343 crystallized, 349 definition of, 340, 341 emotional, 344–345 environmental influences on, 356 extremes of, 351–352 fluid, 349 gender differences and similarities in, 357, 357f general (g), 340, 341 heritability of, 354 multiple intelligences theories of, 341–344 polygenetic nature of, 354–355 practical, 343 racial and ethnic differences and similarities in, 358–359, 359f sexual restraint and, 187 stability over life span, 350–351, 351f twin and adoption studies of, 354–356, 354f, 355f Intelligence quotient (IQ), 346–347 Intelligence tests, 341, 344, 345–349 bias and, 360–362 early, 346–347 reliability of, 348 standardization of, 348, 348f subtests and, 347 validity of, 348–349 Intensity of light, 209 of sound, 226–227, 227f Interaction of attitudes and actions, 444–447 gene-environment, 71–73, 72f, 514 person-environment, personality and, 513–514, 513f Interests definition of, 174 matching to work, B-3–B-5 Interference, retrieval and, 304–305, 305f Intermittent reinforcement schedules, 259–260, 260f Internal locus of control, 421 International Union of Psychological Science, Interneurons, 43 Interposition, as monocular depth cue, 220f Interpretation, in psychoanalysis, 571 The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 99–100 Interview(s), B-5–B-7 structured, B-6–B-7, B-7f unstructured, B-5–B-6 Interviewer illusion, B-5–B-6 Intimacy, 152 Intimacy vs isolation stage, 152t Intrinsic motivation, 271 creativity and, 325 Introspection, Intuition, 15, 318, 319, 323–324 moral, 150–151 Ions, action potentials and, 37 IQ (intelligence quotient), 346–347 Iris (of eye), 209, 210f, 211 Iron Man (film), 534 J James-Lange theory of emotion, 386, 387 Jobs, B-1 See also Human factors psychology; Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology; Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology Judgment See Decision making and judgment Just Six Numbers (Rees), 76 Just-world phenomenon, 464, 465 K “K2,” 112 Kinesthesia, 238, 240t Kissing, culture and, Knowledge, curse of, 132–133, B-15 Knowledge work, B-2 L Labeling, 531–534 Language, 329–340 in animals, 335–336 brain and, 334–335 development of See Language development structure of, 330–331 thinking and, 336–339 Language development, 331–334 critical periods for, 332–333, 333f deafness and, 333 of productive language, 331–332, 332t of receptive language, 331 The Language of God (Collins), 75 Latency stage, 494t Latent content of dreams, 100 Latent learning, 270–271 Lateralization, of brain, 61 SUBJECT INDEX Laughter, health and, 424 Law of effect, 256 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, 522 Leadership, B-10–B-13 social, B-12 transformational, B-12 Learned helplessness, 419–420 Learning, 244–279 associative, 246–247 See also Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning biopsychosocial approach to, 267f cognitive, 246, 247 definition of, 246 of gender, 178–179 of language See Language development latent, 270–271 observational See Observational learning social, in animals, 273 test-enhanced See Testing effect Leniency errors, B-7 Lens (of eye), 210f, 211 Leptin hunger and, 379, 380f sleep deprivation and, 95 Lesions brain, 48 Let’s Move! initiative, 427 Levels of analysis, 10–11, 11f, 11t Levels of processing, encoding and, 289 Lie detection, 394, 394f Lie scales, 508 Life changes, as stressors, 407 Light, 209, 210f and circadian rhythm, 92 Light and shadow, as monocular depth cue, 220f Light exposure therapy, 588–589 for depression treatment, 601 Lightness constancy, 221–222, 222f Limbic system, 52–55, 53f sleep deprivation and, 95 Linear perspective, as monocular depth cue, 220f Linguistic determinism, 336–338, 337f Linkage analysis, 549 Listening active, in client-centered therapy, 573 assistive, B-14 Lithium, 596 Lobes, of cerebral cortex, 56, 56f Lobotomy, 599–600 Longitudinal studies, 162, 349, A-8 Long-term memory, 284 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 295–296, 296f Loudness perception of, 229 sound waves and, 226 Love, 163–165, 164f companionate, 480–481 passionate, 479 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 111, 112, 113t M Macrophages, 410 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 49, 49f Magnetic stimulation, 598–599, 598f Major depressive disorder, 545–555, 546t biological perspective on, 549–550 social-cognitive perspective on, 550–552 suicide and self-injury and, 552–555 Management by objectives, B-11 Mania, 545, 546, 547 Manic-depressive disorder See Bipolar disorder Manifest content of dreams, 100 MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) gene, 469 Marijuana, 111, 112–113, 113t medical, 113 synthetic (“K2” or “Spice”), 112 Mating preferences, natural selection and, 193–194 Maturation, 127 of frontal lobes, 147–148 of infant brain, 129, 129f sexual, 147–148 McGurk effect, 239 MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 111, 113t Mean, statistical, A-2, A-2f, A-3 regression toward, A-6 Meaningfulness information processing and, 290 memory and, 161 Median, statistical, A-2, A-2f, A-3 Media violence aggression and, 471–472, 472f effect of, 276–277, 277f Medical model, 529 Meditation, for stress reduction, 428–429 Medulla, 50, 51, 51f, 54f Melatonin, 92, 92f Memory(ies), 280–313 aging and, 160–161, 161f construction errors and, 306–310 context-dependent, 298 definition of, 282 depressant drugs and, 107 echoic, 286 encoding of See Encoding explicit (declarative) See Explicit memory(ies) flashbulb, 295 forgetting and See Forgetting iconic, 286 implicit (nondeclarative) See Implicit memory(ies) improving, 310, 312 infant, brain maturation and, 129, 129f long-term, 284 measuring retention and, 283–284, 283f models of, 284–285, 284f mood-congruent, 298–299 of pain, 232–233 procedural, 285 repressed or constructed, of abuse, 311 retrieval and, 297–299 sensory, 284, 286, 286f short-term, 284, 287, 287f state-dependent, 298–299 storage of See Memory storage true and false, discerning, 309 two-track system of, 296, 296f, 301–302 working, 284–285, 284f, 285f Memory consolidation, 293 Memory construction errors, 306–310 children’s eyewitness recall and, 309–310 discerning true and false memories and, 309 misinformation and imagination effects and, 307–308, 307f source amnesia and, 308–309 Memory storage, 284, 292–297 decay of, 303, 303f, 304f retaining information in the brain and, 292–295 synaptic changes and, 295–296, 296f Menarche, 147, 176 Menopause, 158 Mental abilities, sustaining in adulthood, 161 Mental age, 346 Mental health professionals finding, 591, 591t therapeutic alliance and, 589–590 SI-7 Mental processes See Cognition; Communication; Memory; Thinking and thought Mental set, 318, 319 Mere exposure, attachment and, 139 Mere exposure effect, 475 Meta-analyses, 585 Metabolism, obesity and, 383 Methamphetamine, 111, 113t Middle ear, 226, 227, 227f Midlife transition, 162 Mild cognitive impairment, 296 Mimicry, of behavior, 449–450 Mind Freud’s idea of structure of, 493, 493f theory of See Theory of mind unconscious See Unconscious Mindfulness meditation, for stress reduction, 428–429 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 508 Mirror-image perceptions, 485 Mirror neurons, 273 Misattribution, source, 308 Misinformation effect, 306, 307 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 508 Mnemonics, 288 Mode, statistical, A-2, A-2f, A-3 Modeling, 272 aggression and, 471 “Molly,” 111 Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, 469 Monocular depth cues, 219, 220d Monozygotic twins, 67, 67f, 68 Mood See Depression; Happiness Mood-congruent memory, 298–299 Mood linkage, 449 Mood-stabilizing medications, 596 Moon illusion, 222 Moral action, 151–152 Moral intuition, 150–151 Morality, 150–152 Kohlberg’s levels of moral thinking and, 150, 150t Moral reasoning, 150 Morphemes, 330, 331 Motivated forgetting, 305–306, 306f Motivation, 365–386 achievement, 374, 375–376 arousal theory of, 367–368, 368f definition of, 366 drive-reduction theory of, 367, 367f extrinsic, 271 hierarchy of needs and, 269t, 368–369, 369f hunger and See Hunger instinct theory and evolutionary psychology and, 366 intrinsic See Intrinsic motivation need to belong and See Affiliation need perception and, 207–208 Motor behavior, in schizophrenia, 557 Motor cortex, 57–58 Motor development, 128–129 Motor neurons, 43 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 49, 49f Multiple intelligences, 341–344 criticisms of, 343–344 Gardner’s theory of, 341–343, 342f Sternberg’s triarchic theory of, 343 Multiple personality disorder See Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Multiple sclerosis, 37 Music, emotion and, 400 Mutations, genetic, 74 SI-8 SUBJECT INDEX Myelin, growth during adolescence, 148 Myelin sheath, 37 N Narcissism, social networking and, 374 Narcissistic personality disorder, 563 Narcolepsy, 97 Naturalistic observation, 18, 19–20, 20f Natural killer (NK) cells, 411 Natural selection, 8, 72, 73–74 mating preferences and, 193–194 psychological disorders and, 543–544 Nature-nurture issue, 8, 120 See also Gene-environment interaction intelligence and, 354–363 Near-death experience, 112 Necker cube, 217, 217f Necrophilia, 183 Needs See also Affiliation need; Hunger; Motivation hierarchy of, 501, B-1 Negative correlation, 22 Negative explanatory style, depression and, 550, 551 Negative punishment, 261t Negative reinforcement, 258, 258t punishment contrasted with, 258 Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 556 Neo-Freudians, 496–497 Neophobia, 381 Nerve(s), 42 Nerve deafness, 227f, 228 Nervous system, 42–45, 42f autonomic, 43, 43f central, 42, 44–45, 45f See also Brain parasympathetic, 43f, 44 peripheral, 42, 43–44, 43f somatic, 43 sympathetic, 43–44, 43f Neural activation theory of dreaming, 100–101, 102t Neural communication, 36–42 neural impulse and, 37–39, 38f neurons and, 36–37, 36f, 37f neurotransmitters and, 40–42, 41t Neural processing, depressant drugs and, 106 Neuroadaptation, 105 Neurogenesis, 61 exercise and, 427 serotonin and, 595, 595f Neurons, 36–37, 36f, 37f motor (efferent), 43 pruning of, 127, 148 sensory (afferent), 42–43 Neuropsychologists, C-4 Neuroticism, 68 Neurotransmitters, 40–42, 40f, 41t cocaine use and, 110, 110f exercise and, 427 psychological disorders and, 543 schizophrenia and, 558 Neutral stimulus (NS), 248 Newborns, 125–126, 125f New Lanarck, Scotland cotton mill, B-8 “New Methods for Diagnosing the Idiot, the Imbecile, and the Moron” (Binet and Simon), 346 Nicaraguan Sign Language, 330 Nicotine, 108–110, 109f, 113t Night terrors, 98 NK (natural killer) cells, 411 Nociceptors, 232, 232f Nondeclarative memory See Implicit memory(ies) Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), 554–555, 554f Noradrenaline, 46 Norepinephrine, 41t, 46, 109 depression and, 549 Norm(s), 448 for helping, 483–484 reciprocity, 483–484 social-responsibility, 484, 485 Normal curve, 348, 348f, A-3, A-4f Normative social influence, 450, 4501 Not engaged employees, B-10, B-10t NREM-1 sleep, 89–91, 89f, 90f NREM-2 sleep, 89–91, 89f, 90f NREM-3 sleep, 89, 89f, 91, 98 Nucleus accumbens, 53 Nutrition, depression and, 550 Nutritional supplements, in therapeutic lifestyle change, 601 O “Obama effect,” 361–362 Obedience, 452–455, 453f Obesity physiology of, 382–384 weight management and, 385t Object permanence, 130–131, 131f Observational learning, 247, 267f, 272–278, 272f antisocial effects of, 276–277, 277f applications of, 275–278 imitation and, 273–275, 274f, 275f prosocial effects of, 275–276 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 539–540 biology and, 542–544 cognition and, 542 conditioning and, 541–542 Occipital lobes, 56, 56f mapping, 56, 56f, 57f Occupational Information Network (O*NET), B-3–B-4 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Oedipus complex, 494, 495 Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 594 Older-brother effect, 191 Olfaction, 236–238, 236f, 238f One-word stage, 332, 332t Online dating, 476 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 8, 75 Operant behaviors, 247 Operant chamber, 257 Operant conditioning, 247, 247f, 256–266 applications of, 265–267 in behavior therapy, 577–578 biological constraints on, 269 classical conditioning contrasted with, 265, 265t cognition and, 270–271, 271t punishment and, 261–263, 261t reinforcement schedules and, 259–261, 261t reinforcers and, 258–259, 258t shaping behavior with, 257–258 Skinner’s experiments on, 256–263, 256f, 257f Skinner’s legacy and, 263–265 Operational definitions, 17, 25 Opiates, 107–108 Opioids, 109 Opponent-process theory, 214 Optic nerve, 211, 211f, 212f Optimism, coping with stress and, 422–423 Oral stage, 494t Order, in random events, perceiving, 16–17 Orexin, hunger and, 379, 380f Organizational psychology, B-2, B-2t leadership and, B-10–B-13 satisfaction and engagement and, B-8–B-10, B-9t, B-10t Orgasm stage of sexual response cycle, 183 Orphanages, 143, 356 Ostracism, 371–372 Other-race effect, 467 Outer ear, 227, 227f Outgroup, 464, 465 Outgroup homogeneity, 467 Oval window, 227f, 228 Ovaries, 46f Overconfidence, 16, 320, 321–322 Overimitation, 274 Overlearning, 32 retention and, 283 Own-race bias, 467 Oxytocin, 46, 423 P Pain, biopsychosocial approach to, 232–233, 233f Pain sense, 231–235 biological influences on, 232, 232f pain control and, 234–235 psychological influences on, 232–233 social-cultural influences on, 233, 233f Pancreas, 46f Panic disorder, 537–538 Paradoxical sleep, 90 Parallel processing, 86 memory and, 284 visual, 216, 216f Paranoid delusions, in schizophrenia, 556 Paraphilias, 183–184 Parapsychology, 241 Parasympathetic nervous system, 43f, 44 emotion and, 393 Parathyroid glands, 46f Parent-child relationships in adolescence, 154, 155 attachment and See Attachment Parenting styles, 144–146 Parietal lobes, 56, 56f Partial reinforcement schedules, 259–260, 260f Passionate love, 479 Patronization, unconscious, 463 Paxil, 595 Peacemaking, 484–488 elements of conflict and, 484–485 promoting peace and, 485–488 Peak experiences, 501 Pedophilia, 184 Peer(s), drug use and, 115–116, 115f Peer relationships, during adolescence, 155–156 Peg-word system, 288 Perception, 200, 200f auditory See Hearing context effects and, 207, 207f, 208f of enemy, 485 mirror-image, 485 motivation and emotion and, 207–208, 207f race-influenced, 463–464, 463f thresholds and, 201–203 transduction and, 200 visual See Vision Perceptual adaptation, visual, 223–224 Perceptual constancy, 221–222 color and brightness (lightness), 221–222, 221f, 222f shape and size, 222, 222f Perceptual organization, 217–222, 217f depth perception and, 218–219, 219f form perception and, 217–218 perceptual constancy and, 221–222 Perceptual set, 205–206, 205f, 206f Performance appraisal, B-7, B-7f Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 42, 43–44, 43f SUBJECT INDEX Peripheral route persuasion, 444, 445 Permissive parents, 144 Personal control coping with stress and, 419–422, 420f social influence and, 460 Personality, 491–524 biopsychosocial approach to, 514f definition of, 492 Freud’s view of structure of, 493–494 humanistic theories of, 492, 501–504 psychodynamic theories of, 492–501, 515t self and, 516–523 social-cognitive theories of, 492, 513–516, 515t social networking and, 374 trait theories of, 492, 505–513, 515t Type A, heart disease and, 414–415, 427–428 Type B, 414 Type D, 415 Personality development, psychosexual stages of, 494–495, 494t Personality disorders, 563–564 Personality inventories, 508 Person-centered perspective, 502 Person-environment fit, B-3 Person-environment interaction, personality and, 513–514, 513f Personnel psychology, B-2, B-2t, B-3–B-8 interviewing and, B-5–B-7 matching interests and strengths to work and, B-3–B-5 performance appraisal and, B-7, B-7f Person-situation controversy, 511–512, 511f Persuasion central route, 444, 445 peripheral route, 444, 445 Pessimism coping with stress and, 422–423 heart disease and, 415, 415f PET (positron emission tomography) scans, 48–49, 49f Pets, health and, 425, 427 Phallic stage, 494, 494t Phantom limb sensations, 232 Phobias, 534t, 538–539, 541–544 Phonemes, 330, 331 Physical activity, obesity and, 384, 384f Physical attractiveness, attraction and, 477–478 Physical development during adolescence, 147–149 during adulthood, 158–159 infant memory and, 129, 129f during late adulthood, 159–160 during middle adulthood, 158 motor, 128–129 Physiological function theory of dreaming, 100, 101f, 102t Pitch, sound waves and, 226, 229–230 Pituitary gland, 46, 46f, 54f Placebo(s), 234 Placebo effect, 24–25, 584 Place theory, 229 Plasticity of brain, 60–61, 61f, 128, 161 erotic, 189 Plateau stage of sexual response cycle, 183 Play, pretend, 132 Pleasure principle, 493 Polygraphs, 394, 394f Pons, 54f Popout, 84, 84f Population, 21 Positive correlation, 22 Positive psychology, 10, 11, 431–432, 503 Positive punishment, 261t Positive reinforcement, 258, 258t Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 556 Postconventional morality, 150t Posthypnotic suggestions, 235 Posttraumatic growth, 540, 603 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 540 biology and, 542–544 cognition and, 542 conditioning and, 541–542 Practical intelligence, 343 Precognition, 241 Preconventional morality, 150t Prediction correlations and, 22–23 of real behavior, 27 theories and, 18 Predictive validity, 348 Prefrontal cortex, 59 Pregnancy, adolescent, 186–187 Prejudice, 462–468 cognitive roots of, 467–468 degree of, 462–464 emotional roots of, 466 ethnic, 462–464 gender, 464 sexual orientation, 464 social roots of, 465–466 Prenatal development, 123–125, 124f risk for schizophrenia and, 558–559 sexual development in, 175 sexual orientation and, 191, 191f Preoperational stage, 131–133, 132f, 134t Pretend play, 132 Primacy effect, 299, 299f Primary reinforcers, 259 Primary sex characteristics, 175, 176f Priming, 201, 297–298, 297f unconscious and, 500 Principles of Psychology (James), 231, 516 Proactive interference, 304, 305 Problem-focused coping, 419 Problem solving, 317–318, 318f, 321f Procedural memory, 285 Processing automatic, 284f, 285, 286 bottom-up, 200 deep, 289 dual, 84–86 effortful See Effortful processing face recognition, 215, 215f of information See Information processing; Information-processing model of memory; Information-processing theory of dreaming meaningfulness and, 290 shallow, 289 top-down, 200 unconscious, 324, 493 Process schizophrenia, 557 Progressive relaxation, 575 Projection, 495t research supporting concept of, 500 Projective tests, 497–498, 498f Prosocial behavior, 274 modeling and, 275–276 Prosocial relations See Altruism; Attraction; Peacemaking Prosopagnosia, 199 Prototypes, 317 Proximity attraction and, 475–476, 476f grouping and, 218 Prozac, 595, 595f Pruning, of neurons, 127, 148 SI-9 Psychedelics, 111–113, 113t Psychiatric social workers, 591t Psychiatrists, 12, 591t Psychiatry, 13 Psychoactive drugs, 104–117 depressant, 106–108, 113t hallucinogenic, 111–113, 113t influences on use of, 113–116, 114f stimulant, 108–111, 113t tolerance and addiction to, 104–105, 104t, 105f Psychoanalysis, 492, 570–571 goals of, 571 techniques of, 571 Psychoanalytic theories, 492–501, 515t assessing unconscious processes and, 497–498, 498f defense mechanisms and, 495, 495t evaluation of, 498–501 neo-Freudians and later psychodynamic theorists and, 496–497 personality development and, 494–495, 494t personality structure and, 493–494 Psychodynamic perspective, 571 Psychodynamic theories, 11, 11t, 492–501, 515t Psychodynamic therapy, 572, 583t Psychokinesia, 241 Psychological contracts, B-2 Psychological disorders, 527–566 anxiety disorders, 537–539, 541–544 biopsychosocial approach to, 529–530, 529f bipolar disorder, 546–555 classification and labeling and, 530–534, 531t definition of, 528 dissociative disorders, 561–563 eating disorders, 565–566 major depressive disorder, 545–546, 546t, 547–555 medical model of, 529 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 539–540, 539t, 541–544 personality disorders, 563–564 posttraumatic stress disorder, 540, 541–544 prevention of, 602–603 rates of, 534–535, 534t, 535f, 535t schizophrenia, 556–561 violent behavior and, 533 vulnerability to, 534–535, 535t Psychological science birth of, 4–6 development of, 6–7 need for, 15–17 Psychology contemporary, 7–10 definition of, 6, first laboratory and, 4–5 first schools of thought in, first women in, 5–6 perspectives of, 10–11, 11t subfields of, 12–13, C-1–C-5 Psychometric psychologists, C-4–C-5 Psychoneuroimmunology, 410 Psychopaths See Antisocial personality disorder Psychopharmacology, 593 Psychosexual stages, 494–495, 494t Psychosocial development, Erikson’s stages of, 152, 152t Psychosurgery, 599–600, 601t Psychotherapy, 569–593 alternative, 587–589 behavior, 574–578, 583t client-centered, 573–574, 583t cognitive, 578–581, 578f, 580t, 583t common elements of, 589–590 culture and values in, 590–591 SI-10 SUBJECT INDEX Psychotherapy (continued) eclectic approach to, 570 effectiveness of, 584–587, 587f family, 572–574, 583t group, 582, 583t humanistic, 572–574, 583t insight, 572 nondirective, 573–574, 583t psychoanalytic, 560–561 psychodynamic, 572, 583t self-help groups and, 582–583 therapists and, 591, 591t PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Puberty, 123, 147–148, 175–176, 176f Punishment negative, 261t negative reinforcement contrasted with, 258 in operant conditioning, 261–263, 261t positive, 261t Pupil (of eye), 209, 210f Puzzle box, 256, 256f PYY, hunger and, 379, 380f Q Quantitative psychologists, C-4–C-5 R Race intelligence tests and, 358–359, 359f stereotype threat and, 361–362 Random assignment, 24, 26 Random events, perceiving order in, 16–17 Randomized clinical trials, 585 Random sampling, 21 Random selection, 21 Range, A-3 Rape, acceptance of, 185 Rating scales, for performance appraisal, B-7 Rationalization, 495t Reaction formation, 495t research supporting concept of, 500 Reactive schizophrenia, 557 Reality principle, 493 Reappraisal, 390 Reasoning, moral, 150 Recall eyewitness, by children, 309–310 as measure of retention, 283 Recency effect, 299, 299f Recency errors, B-7 Reciprocal determinism, 513–514, 513f Reciprocity norm, 483–484 Recognition, as measure of retention, 283 Reconsolidation, 306 Reflexes, 44–45, 45f Refractory period (neuron response), 39 Refractory period (sexual response cycle), 183 Regression, 495t Regression toward the mean, A-6 Rehabilitation psychologists, C-5 Rehearsal to improve memory, 310 visual and auditory, 285, 285f Reinforcement, 257 aggression and, 471 continuous, 259 negative, 258, 258t positive, 258, 258t psychological disorders and, 541–542 Reinforcement schedules, 259–261, 261t fixed-interval, 260, 260f, 261t fixed-ratio, 260, 260f, 261t partial (intermittent), 259–260, 260f variable-interval, 260, 260f, 261t variable-ratio, 260, 260f, 261t Reinforcers conditioned (secondary), 259 delayed, 259 immediate, 259 primary, 259 Relationships during adulthood, 163–165, 164f close, health and, 425 intimate See Love later, attachment styles and, 142 parent-child See Parent-child relationships with peers, during adolescence, 155–156 Relative deprivation, 434, 435 Relative height, as monocular depth cue, 220f Relative luminance, perceptual constancy and, 221–222, 222f Relative motion, as monocular depth cue, 220f Relative size, as monocular depth cue, 220f Relaxation progressive, 575 for stress reduction, 426–427, 428f Relearning as measure of retention, 283 speed at, 283, 283f Reliability, of tests, 348 Religious engagement health and, 429–431, 430f sexual restraint and, 187 REM rebound, 102 REM sleep, 88–89, 88f, 89f, 90–91, 90f dreaming and, 98, 99 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 598–599 Replication, 17–18, 25 Repression, 306, 493, 541 modern research challenges to idea of, 499–500 Research applied, 12 basic, 12 descriptive, 18–21 Research ethics, 28–30 protecting research participants and, 28–29 values in research and, 29–30, 29f Research methods correlational, 22–23, 26t descriptive, 18–21, 26t experimental, 23–27, 26t Resilience, 143 building, 603 Resiliency, survivor, 540 Resistance, in psychoanalysis, 571 Resolution stage of sexual response cycle, 183 Respondent behavior, 247 Response conditioned, 249, 249f unconditioned, 249, 249f Responsibility, bystander effect and, 482, 482f Resting potential, 37, 38f Retention, measuring, 283–284, 283f Reticular formation, 52, 54f Retina, 210f, 211 Retinal disparity, 219, 219f Retrieval, 297–299 context-dependent memory and, 298 failure of, 304–306, 304f interference and, 304–305, 305f priming and, 297–298, 297f serial position effect and, 299, 299f state-dependent memory and, 298–299 Retrieval practice effect See Testing effect Retroactive interference, 304–305, 305f Retrograde amnesia, 302 Reuptake, 40, 110f Reward centers, 53–54 Reward deficiency syndrome, 54 Reward theory of attraction, 479 Risperidone (Risperdal), 594 Roadmap Epigenetics Project, 72 Rods (retinal), 211, 211f, 212, 212t Role(s), 177, 445 gender, 177–178 Role-playing, attitudes and, 445–446 Romanian orphanages, 143, 356 Rooting reflex, 125 Rorschach inkblot test, 498, 498f Rumination, avoiding, for depression treatment, 601 Rwandan genocide, 453, 481 S Salty taste, 236t Sampling bias, 21 San Francisco Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project, 427–428, 428f Savant syndrome, 342–343 Scaffolds, 134 Scapegoat theory, 466, 467 Scatterplots, A-4, A-4f, A-5, A-5f Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, 388–389 Schadenfreude, 466 Schemas, 179, 206 in cognitive development, 130 gender, 179 unconscious and, 500 Schizophrenia, 556–561 acute (reactive), 557 brain abnormalities and, 557–559 chronic (process), 557 genetics of, 559–560, 559f, 560f onset and development of, 557 symptoms of, 556–557 Schizotypal personality disorder, 563 School(s) intelligence and, 359 operant conditioning applications in, 265–266 School psychologists, C-5 Scientific attitude, 2–3 Scientific literacy skills, 26 Scientific method, 17–27 correlation and, 22–23 description and, 18–21 experimentation and, 23–27 predicting real behavior and, 27 theories and, 17–18, 18f Secondary reinforcers, 259 Secondary sex characteristics, 175, 176f Second Darwinian revolution, 75 Secure attachment, 140 Secure self-esteem, 520 Selection effect, 154 Selective attention, 81–84, 556–557 accidents and, 82 selective inattention and, 83–84, 83f, 84f Selective inattention, 82–83, 83f Selective permeability, of axons, 37 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 595 Self-actualization, 368, 501, 516–523 assessing, 502–503 culture and, 521–523, 521f, 523t Self-awareness, depressant drugs and, 107 Self-concept, 502, 503 Self-control aggression and, 471 coping with stress and, 421–422 depressant drugs and, 107 SUBJECT INDEX Self-defeating beliefs, depression and, 550 Self-disclosure electronic communication and, 374 love and, 480 Self-efficacy, 517 Self-esteem benefits of, 517–518 defensive and secure, 520 gender differences in, 172, 172f need for, 370 Self-fulfilling prophecies, 485 Self-help groups, 582–583 Self-reference effect, 290 Self-serving bias, 518–520 Self-transcendence, 368, 501 Semantic memories, 292 Semicircular canals, 238 Sensation, 200, 200f auditory See Hearing transduction and, 200 visual See Vision Sensation-seekers, 367 Sensorimotor stage, 130–131, 131f, 134t Sensorineural hearing loss, 227f, 228 Sensory abilities, during late adulthood, 159 Sensory adaptation, 204–205, 204f, 205f Sensory interaction, 239–240, 239f Sensory memory, 284, 286, 286f Sensory neurons, 42–43 Serial position effect, 299, 299f Serotonin, 41t depression and, 549–550 memory in Aplysia and, 295 Prozac and, 595, 595f psychological disorders and, 543 Service learning programs, sexual restraint and, 187 Set point, 378, 379 obesity and, 383 Settling point, 380 Severity errors, B-7 Sex, definition of, 172, 173 Sex chromosomes, 175 Sex hormones, 175, 181–182 aggression and, 469–470 Sexual arousal, 185 Sexual development, 175–177 adolescent, 175–176, 176f disorders of, 177 prenatal, 175 variations in, 177 Sexual dysfunctions, 183 Sexuality evolutionary explanation of, 192–195 male-female differences in, 192–193, 193t natural selection and mating preferences and, 193–194 social factors and, 195–196 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 184 Sexual motivation, 181 hormones and, 181–182 Sexual orientation, 187–192 gay-straight trait differences and, 191, 192f, 192t gender identity vs., 179 origins of, 189–191 prejudice based on, 464 statistics of, 187–189 Sexual response cycle, 182–183 Shallow processing, 289 Shape constancy, 222, 222f Shaping behavior, 257–258 Short-term memory, 284 capacity of, 287, 287f Sight Unseen (Goodale and Milner), 85 Signal detection theory, 201 Significant differences, A-6–A-9 Similarity, attraction and, 478–479 A Single Man (film), 534 Size constancy, 222 Skepticism in scientific method, Skinner box, 257, 257f Sleep, 87–98 circadian rhythm and, 87–88 for depression treatment, 601 deprivation of, 94–96, 96f disorders of, 96–98, 97t dreaming and See Dreaming factors affecting patterns of, 91–92, 92f functions of, 92–93, 93f NREM-1, 89–91, 89f, 90f NREM-2, 89–91, 89f, 90f NREM-3, 89, 89f, 91, 98 obesity and, 383–384 paradoxical, 90 REM, 88–89, 88f, 89f, 90–91, 90f stages of, 88–89, 88f, 89f Sleep aids, 97, 97t Sleep apnea, 97–98 Sleep spindles, 89 Sleeptalking, 98 Sleepwalking, 98 Smell sense, 236–238, 236f, 238f, 240t Smiles, natural versus feigned, 396, 396f social, 400 Snapchat, 155, 373 Social anxiety disorder, 539 Social clock, 162, 163 Social-cognitive theories, 492, 513–516, 515t assessing behavior in situations and, 514–515 of depression, 550–552 evaluation of, 515–516 reciprocal influences and, 513–514, 513f Social connectedness, gender differences in, 173–174 Social connection, for depression treatment, 601 Social-cultural perspective, 11, 11t Social development, 138–146 during adolescence, 152–156, 152r during adulthood, 162–168 attachment and See Attachment during childhood, 138–146 parenting styles and, 144–146 Social exchange theory, 483 Social facilitation, 455–456, 456t, 457t Social identity, 152, 153, 465 Social inequalities, prejudice based on, 465 Social influence, 447–460 conformity and, 449–451 culture and, 447–449 group behavior and, 455–457 group polarization and, 458–460, 458f, 459f hypnosis as form of, 235 informational, 450, 4501 normative, 450, 4501 obedience and, 452–455, 453f obesity and, 384 Social leadership, B-12 Social learning, in animals, 273 Social learning theory, 178 sexuality and, 194 Social loafing, 456–457, 457t Social media, adolescents and, 155 Social networking, 373–375 maintaining balance and focus and, 374–375 mobile networks and social media and, 373 social effects of, 373–374 Social norms, conformity and, 450–451, 450f SI-11 Social power, gender differences in, 173 Social psychologists, C-5 Social psychology, 442 Social-responsibility norm, 484, 485 Social scripts, 194–195, 471 social media and, 186 for violence, video games and, 472–473 Social stress, 409 Social support, health and, 423–425 Social thinking, 442–447 attitudes and actions and, 444–447 fundamental attribution error and, 442–443 Social traps, 484–485 Sociopaths See Antisocial personality disorder Somatic nervous system, 43 Somatosensory cortex, 58, 58f Sound waves, 226–227, 227f Source amnesia (source misattribution), 308 Sour taste, 236t Space, automatic processing of information about, 286 Spatial abilities, sexual orientation and, 191, 192f Speed dating, 476–477 Spermarche, 175–176 “Spice,” 112 Spillover effect, 388–389 Spinal cord, 44 Split brain, 61–64, 62f, 63f unconscious and, 500 Spontaneous recovery, 251, 251f Sport(s), operant conditioning applications in, 266 Sport psychologists, C-5 Spotlight effect, 516, 517 SQ3R method, 30–31 Stability and change, 120, 121–122 of intelligence scores over life span, 350–351, 351f Stages of cognitive development, 130–134 continuity and, 120–121, 121f psychosexual, 494–495, 494t psychosocial, of Erikson, 152, 152t of sexual response cycle, 182–183 Stamina, during late adulthood, 159 Standard deviation, A-3 Standardization, of tests, 348, 348f Stanford-Binet test, 346, 348 Stanford Prison simulation, 446 State-dependent memory, 298–299 Statistical significance, A-8 Statistics, A-1–A-10 central tendency measures and, A-2–A-3, A-2f correlation and, A-4–A-5, A-4f, A-5f, A-5t descriptive, A-1–A-6, A-2f regression toward the mean and, A-6 significant differences and, A-6–A-9 variation measures and, A-3–A-4, A-4f Stereotypes, 462, 463 unconscious and, 500 Stereotype threat, 361–362 Stimulants, 108–111, 113t Stimulus(i) aversive, aggression and, 470–471, 470f in classical conditioning, 247 conditioned, 249, 249f discriminative, 257 masking, 201–202 neutral, 248 sexual arousal and, 185 subliminal, 201, 201f, 203 unconditioned, 249, 249f visual, 209, 210f Stimulus generalization, psychological disorders and, 541 SI-12 SUBJECT INDEX Stirrup (bone), 227, 227f Stranger anxiety, 138, 139 Strange situation experiment, 140 Strength, during late adulthood, 159 Strengths job-relevant, harnessing, B-10–B-11, B-10f matching to work, B-3–B-5 Strengths-based selection systems, B-4–B-5 Stress, 406–419, 406f coping with See Coping with stress depression and, 548 reducing, 425–431 stressors and, 406, 407–409 stress response system and, 409–410, 409f vulnerability to disease and, 410–418, 411f, 412f Stressors, 406, 407–409 Stress reactions, 406 Stress response system, 409–410, 409f Structuralism, Structured interviews, B-6–B-7, B-7f Study tips, 30–32, 310, 312 SQ3R method and, 30–31 testing effect and, 4, 30 Subgoals, in workplace, B-11 Subjective well-being, 432 Subliminal stimuli, 201, 201f, 203 Substance use disorder, 104, 104f, 366 Successive approximations, 257 Sucking reflex, 125 Suicide, 552–554 Supercell(s), grandmother, 216 Supercell clusters, 215 Superego, in psychoanalysis, 493–494 Superordinate goals, 486 Support, positive, love and, 480–481 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 92, 92f Surveys, 19, 21 Survivor resiliency, 540 Susto, 530 Swallowing, in newborns, 125 Sweet taste, 236t Sybil (film), 562 Sympathetic nervous system, 43–44, 43f Synapses, 39–40, 40f memory and, 295–296, 296f Synaptic gaps (synaptic clefts), 39, 40f Synesthesia, 240 Systematic desensitization, 575 T Taijin-kyofusho, 530 Tardive dyskinesia, 594 Task leadership, B-11–B-13 Taste aversion, 267–268, 268f Taste preferences, 381, 381f Taste sense, 236, 236t, 240t Telegraphic speech, 332, 332t Telepathy, 241 Temperament, 507 attachment and, 140–142, 141t, 142f stability of, 121 Temporal lobes, 56, 56f Temporal theory, 230 10-year rule, 344 Tend-and-befriend stress response, 174, 410 Teratogens, 124 Terminal decline, 162 Terrorism cooperation and, 486 enemy perceptions and, 485 group polarization and, 458 prejudice and, 462, 466, 468 Test-enhanced learning See Testing effect Testes, 46f Testing effect, 4, 30, 284, 288, 289 Testosterone, 175, 181 aggression and, 469–470 Thalamus, 51, 51f, 54f emotion and, 389, 390f THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), 112 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 497 Theories, 17–18, 18f Theory of mind, 133, 274 impaired, in autism spectrum disorder, 136 impaired, in schizophrenia, 557 Therapeutic alliance, 589–590 Therapeutic lifestyle change, 600–601, 601f Therapists See Mental health professionals Therapy, 569–601 biomedical, 570 See also Brain stimulation; Drug therapies; Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); Psychosurgery; Therapeutic lifestyle change psychological See Psychotherapy Three Faces of Eve (Thigpen and Cleckley), 561 Thinking and thought, 316–328 in animals, 326–328 concepts and, 316, 316f convergent, 324, 325 creative, 324–325 critical See Critical thinking decision making and See Decision making and judgment in depression, 547, 550–552, 551f, 552f divergent, 324, 325 in images, 338–339, 339f influence of language on, 336–338, 337f judgment and See Decision making and judgment moral, 150, 150t obsessive, 539 problem solving and, 317–318, 318f, 321f in schizophrenia, 556–557 Third-force perspective, 501 360-degree feedback, B-7, B-7f Thresholds, 201–203 absolute, 201–202, 201f, 202f difference, 202–203 for neural impulses, 38, 39 Thyroid gland, 46f Time, automatic processing of information about, 286 Tinnitus, 232 T lymphocytes, 410 Token economies, 577 Tolerance, drug, 104, 105, 105f Tools, animal use of, 327–328 Top-down processing, 200 Touch sense, 230–231, 240t Traffic accidents selective attention and, 82 sleep deprivation and, 95–96, 96f Traits, 505–513 assessing, 508 Big Five, 508–510, 509f, 509t biology and, 506–508 factor analysis of, 506, 506F gay-straight differences in, 191, 192f, 192t Trait theories, 492, 505–513, 515t person-situation controversy and, 511–512, 511f Transduction, 200 Transference, in psychoanalysis, 571 Transformational leadership, B-12 Transgender persons, 179 Transsexual persons, 179 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder and, 540 Trial and error, 317 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 343 Trust vs mistrust stage, 152t Twin studies, 8, 67–71 biological versus adoptive relatives and, 69–71 of identical versus fraternal twins, 67–68, 67f of intelligence, 354–356, 354f, 355f of separated twins, 68–69 Twitter, 19–20, 20f, 373 Two-factor theory of emotion, 388–389 Two-track memory system, 296, 296f, 301–302 Two-word stage, 332, 332t Type A personality, heart disease and, 414–415, 427–428 Type B personality, 414 Type D personality, 415 U Umami taste, 236, 236t Unconditional positive regard, 502, 503, 574, 575 Unconditioned response (UR), 249, 249f Unconditioned stimulus (US), 249, 249f Unconscious collective, 496 Freud’s view of, 492–496, 493f modern views of, 498–501 Unconscious processes, assessing, 497–498, 498f Unconscious processing, 493 intuition and, 324 Universal grammar, 330 An Unquiet Mind (Jamison), 569 Unstructured interviews, B-5–B-6 Unweaving the Rainbow (Dawkins), 75 Utilitarianism, 483 V Vaccines, effectiveness of, stress and, 412 Validity, of tests, 348–349 Values in psychotherapy, 590–591 in research, 29–30, 29f Variable-interval reinforcement schedules, 260, 260f, 261t Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules, 260, 260f, 261t Variation, measures of, A-3–A-4, A-4f Vestibular sacs, 238–239 Vestibular sense, 238–239, 240t Viagra, 25 Video games aggression and, 472–473 hypersexuality and, 187 Violence See also Aggression antisocial personality disorder and, 563–564 predictors of, 533 Violence-viewing effect, 276–277, 277f Virtual reality exposure therapy, 576 Virtual-reality pain control, 234, 234f Vision, 209–224, 240t color processing and, 213–214, 214f depth perception and, 218–219, 219f experience and, 223–224 eye and, 209, 210f, 211 feature detection and, 214–215, 215f form perception and, 217–218 light energy and, 209, 210f parallel processing and, 216, 216f perceptual constancy and, 221–222 perceptual organization and, 217–222, 217f retinal processing and, 211–213, 211f, 212f, 212t SUBJECT INDEX Visual cliff, 218, 219f Voice effect, B-13 Volley principle, 230 W Wavelength of light, 209, 210f of sound, 227f Wealth, happiness and, 433–434, 433f, 434f Weber’s law, 202, 203 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 347, 348 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 347, 348 Weight management, 385t WEIRD cultures, Well-being See also Happiness across life span, 166–167 subjective, 432 Wernicke’s area, 334 Williams syndrome, 466 Withdrawal, 104, 105 Women, in psychology, first, 5–6 Wording, of survey questions, 21 Word salad, 556 Work, B-1 See also Human factors psychology; Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology; Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology knowledge, B-2 operant conditioning applications at, 266 Working memory, 284–285, 284f, 285f Wound healing, stress and, 411 SI-13 X Xanax, 594 X chromosome, 175 Y Y chromosome, 175 Yerkes-Dodson law, 368 Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory, 213–214, 214f Z Zoloft, 595 Zygote, 123 (continued from inside front cover) Allan Paivio publishes Imagery and Verbal Processes B F Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity — — Janet Taylor’s Manifest Anxiety Scale appears in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology Gordon Allport publishes The Nature of Prejudice — Charles Ferster and B F Skinner publish Schedules of Reinforcement Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk report their research on infants’ depth perception in “The Visual Cliff.” Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson in the Journal of Experimental Psychology article, “Short-Term Retention of Individual Verbal Items,” highlight the importance of rehearsal in memory John Thibaut and Harold Kelley publish The Social Psychology of Groups — — — Behavior appears in the journal Language 1959— Noam Chomsky’s critical review of B F Skinner’s Verbal ment in monkeys 1958— Harry Harlow outlines “The Nature of Love,” his work on attach- — Patterns of Child Rearing 1957— Robert Sears, Eleanor Maccoby, and Harry Levin publish Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” George Miller coins the term chunk for memory researchers 1956— In his Psychological Review article titled “The Magical Number James Olds and Peter Milner, McGill University neuropsychologists, describe rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in rats — hierarchy of motives ranging from physiological needs to selfactualization (Maslow later updates the hierarchy to include self-transcendence needs.) 1954— In Motivation and Personality, Abraham Maslow proposes a — movements (REM) that occur during sleep 1953— Eugene Aserinski and Nathaniel Kleitman describe rapid eye and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, an influential book that will be updated periodically 1952— The American Psychiatric Association publishes the Diagnostic Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner publish their associative model of Pavlovian conditioning Under the leadership of Derald Sue and Stanley Sue, the Asian American Psychological Association is founded — — Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin publish The Psychology of Sex Differences Elizabeth Loftus publishes Eyewitness Testimony Roger Sperry receives a Nobel Prize for research on split-brain patients Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould publishes The Mismeasure of Man, highlighting the debate concerning biological determination of intelligence — — research on single-cell recordings that identified feature detector cells in the visual cortex 1981— David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel receive a Nobel Prize for — Perception 1979— James J Gibson publishes The Ecological Approach to Visual wins a Nobel Prize for pioneering research on computer simulations of human thinking and problem solving 1978— Psychologist Herbert A Simon, Carnegie-Mellon University, Performance of Black Children Adopted by White Families” in American Psychologist 1976— Sandra Wood Scarr and Richard A Weinberg publish “IQ Test controversial precursor to evolutionary psychology 1975— Biologist Edward O Wilson’s Sociobiology appears; it will be a — Psychology, with Robert S Daniel as editor 1974— APA’s Division first publishes its journal, Teaching of Tinbergen receive the Nobel Prize for their research on animal behavior 1973— Ethologists Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, and Nikolaas Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart’s “Levels of Processing: A Framework for Memory Research” appears in the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior — 1972— Elliot Aronson publishes The Social Animal Albert Bandura publishes Social Learning Theory — In Childhood and Society, Erik Erikson outlines his stages of psychosocial development 1951— Carl Rogers publishes Client-Centered Therapy — of the American Psychological Association 1971— Kenneth B Clark becomes the first African-American president Promoting Human Welfare,” George Miller emphasizes the importance of “giving psychology away.” 1969— In his APA presidential address, “Psychology as a Means of judgments of line length 1950— Solomon Asch publishes studies of effects of conformity on Canadian psychologist Donald O Hebb outlines a new and influential conceptualization of how the nervous system functions 1949— In The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, The Story of Psychology: A Timeline — David McClelland publishes The Achieving Society — A lbert Ellis’ Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy appears; it is a milestone in the development of rational-emotive therapy (RET) — S tanley Milgram’s “Behavioral Study of Obedience” appears in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology — Robert Zajonc’s “Social Facilitation” is published in Science — W illiam Masters and Virginia Johnson publish results of their research in Human Sexual Responses — A llen Gardner and Beatrix Gardner begin training a chimpanzee (Washoe) in American Sign Language at the University of Nevada, Reno Washoe dies in 2007 — J ohn Garcia and Robert Koelling publish a study on taste aversion in rats — D avid M Green and John A Swets publish Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics — Julian Rotter publishes research on locus of control — M artin Seligman and Steven Maier publish the results of their research with “learned helplessness” in dogs — N eal E Miller’s article in Science, describing instrumental conditioning of autonomic responses, stimulates research on biofeedback 1969— Albert Bandura publishes Principles of Behavior Modification memory model appears in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 1968— Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s influential three-stage away from behaviorism and toward cognitive processes 1967— Ulric Neisser’s Cognitive Psychology helps to steer psychology — J erome Bruner and colleagues at Harvard University’s Center for Cognitive Studies publish Studies in Cognitive Growth Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award 1966— Nancy Bayley becomes the first woman to receive the APA’s Patrick Wall propose the gate-control theory of pain 1965— Canadian researcher Ronald Melzack and British researcher 1963— Raymond B Cattell distinguishes between fluid and crystallized intelligence — S tanley Schachter and Jerome Singer publish findings that support the two-factor theory of emotion 1962— Jerome Kagan and Howard Moss publish Birth to Maturity physiology of hearing 1961— Georg von Békésy receives a Nobel Prize for research on the Visual Presentations.” 1960— George Sperling publishes “The Information Available in Brief — Robert Sternberg proposes the triarchic theory of human intelligence in Behavioral and Brain Sciences — Wilbert J McKeachie, University of Michigan, receives the first APA Award for Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology — B F Skinner receives APA’s first Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology and presents his last public address, “Can Psychol ogy Be a Science of Mind?” (He died a few days later at age 86.) — A bout 3,000 U.S secondary school students take the first Advanced Placement (AP) Examination in Psychology, hoping to earn exemption from an introductory psychology course at the postsecondary level clinical psychologists to prescribe certain drugs — P sychologist Daniel Kahneman, Princeton University, receives a Nobel Prize for research on decision making for an interdisciplinary project to advance understanding of the human brain 2013— U.S President Barack Obama announces $100 million funding the University of Puget Sound, the document, “Principles for Quality Undergraduate Education in Psychology,” is approved as official APA policy 2011— Proposed by participants at the 2008 national conference at 2002— New Mexico becomes the first U.S state to allow qualified Psy.D degree 1996— Dorothy Cantor becomes the first president of the APA with a of Pennsylvania, becoming the first female president of an Ivy League school 1993— Psychologist Judith Rodin is elected president of the University lished as part of the APA 1992— Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPSS) is estab- foreshadows the “positive psychology” movement 1991— Martin Seligman publishes Learned Optimism, which Award for the Applications of Psychology for advancing understanding and treatment of psychopathology, including pivotal contributions to the development of cognitive therapy 1990— Psychiatrist Aaron Beck receives the Distinguished Scientific name to Association for Psychological Science in 2006 1988— The American Psychological Society is founded It changes its — Fluoxetine (Prozac) is introduced as a treatment for depression Untold Lives: The First Generation of American Women Psychologists 1987— Elizabeth Scarborough and Laurel Furumoto publish (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian and Gay Issues) 1984— The American Psychological Association creates Division 44 multiple intelligences 1983— In his Frames of Mind, Howard Gardner outlines his theory of Get the most out of Exploring Psychology, Tenth Edition in Modules, with LaunchPad, which combines an interactive e-Book with high-quality multimedia content and activities that give immediate feedback Learn more at launchpadworks.com www.macmillanhighered.com Cover photograph: Josef F Steufer/Getty Images ... 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