Test bank for psychology in everyday life 3rd edition by myers

Name: Date: _ The first psychological laboratory was established by A) John B Watson B) Wilhelm Wundt C) Sigmund Freud D) Jean Piaget Wilhelm Wundt was both a A) psychoanalyst and psychiatrist B) physiologist and philosopher C) sociologist and psychiatrist D) theologian and philosopher Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology For example, was an American philosopher and was an Austrian physician A) William Wundt; Ivan Pavlov B) William James; Sigmund Freud C) B F Skinner; John B Watson D) Jean Piaget; Abraham Maslow Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of A) learning B) perception C) personality D) mental illness The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind Her name was A) Mary Whiton Calkins B) Rosalie Rayner C) Margaret Floy Washburn D) Jean Piaget Who dismissed the idea of “mental life” and instead defined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”? A) John B Watson B) Sigmund Freud C) Wilhelm Wundt D) William James B F Skinner was a prominent American A) psychiatrist B) behaviorist C) cognitive neuroscientist D) psychoanalyst The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to A) John B Watson B) Charles Darwin C) Sigmund Freud D) B F Skinner The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by A) Freudian psychology B) cognitive neuroscience C) behaviorism D) humanistic psychology 10 Humanistic psychologists were led by A) Wundt and Piaget B) Freud and James C) Rogers and Maslow D) Watson and Skinner Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 11 The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called A) behavior genetics B) positive psychology C) cognitive neuroscience D) clinical psychology 12 The science of behavior and mental processes is called A) naturalistic observation B) natural selection C) behaviorism D) psychology 13 In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on A) case studies B) psychoanalysis C) natural selection D) scientific methods 14 Behavior is to mental processes as is to A) nature; nurture B) correlation; causation C) talking; thinking D) clinical psychology; psychiatry 15 Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the body and brain influence behavior and mental states? A) social-cultural B) psychodynamic C) behavioral D) neuroscience 16 In a class lecture, Professor Han emphasized the link between blood chemistry and psychological disorders The professor highlighted a perspective on psychological disorders A) psychodynamic B) neuroscience C) social-cultural D) cognitive 17 The evolutionary perspective focuses on how the of human traits has promoted the survival of genes A) random assignment B) natural selection C) unconscious motives D) rational thought 18 Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival His belief best illustrates the perspective A) psychodynamic B) social-cultural C) evolutionary D) behavioral 19 Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of our genes and our environments to personality development? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) behavior genetics 20 The behavior genetics perspective would study how much influence our individual differences A) naturalistic observation and hindsight bias B) conscious and unconscious motives C) nature and nurture D) naturalistic observation and dual processing Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 21 Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how genes and environment interact in children's vulnerability to depression Her research best illustrates the concerns of the perspective A) psychodynamic B) behavior genetics C) cognitive D) behavioral 22 A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is using a(n) perspective A) evolutionary B) psychodynamic C) behavioral D) social-cultural 23 The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father The counselor is most likely working from a(n) perspective A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) psychodynamic D) behavior genetics 24 The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of A) learned responses B) unconscious thoughts C) inherited traits D) self-esteem 25 Kyra believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls mostly because boys are more often encouraged to fight Kyra's belief is an example of the perspective A) behavioral B) cognitive C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience 26 The evolutionary perspective is to as the behavioral perspective is to A) hypothesis; theory B) nature; nurture C) clinical psychology; psychiatry D) unconscious mind; conscious mind 27 Which psychological perspective highlights how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) behavior genetics D) evolutionary 28 Dr MacPherson believes that the way students think about the information in their textbooks influences their ability to later remember and use what they have studied Dr MacPherson's ideas are an example of the perspective A) social-cultural B) cognitive C) psychodynamic D) behavior genetics 29 Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors? A) neuroscience B) psychodynamic C) evolutionary D) social-cultural 30 Dr Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol dependence because of the strong influence of their religion This belief best illustrates a(n) perspective A) evolutionary B) psychodynamic C) neuroscience D) social-cultural Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 31 Dr Tiao studies the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving skills Which psychological subfield does her research best represent? A) developmental psychology B) biological psychology C) industrial-organizational psychology D) personality psychology 32 Dr Winkle studies the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging Dr Winkle is most likely a(n) psychologist A) biological B) social C) developmental D) industrial-organizational 33 Dr Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember information Dr Karima is most likely a psychologist A) social B) personality C) biological D) cognitive 34 Dr Davila studies the behavioral differences between shy people and outgoing people Dr Davila is most likely a(n) psychologist A) biological B) cognitive Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers C) industrial-organizational D) personality Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 35 Dr Veenstra investigates the impact of racial prejudice on behavior Dr Veenstra is most likely a(n) psychologist A) clinical B) social C) biological D) industrial-organizational 36 Which of the following subfields of psychology is most directly focused on helping people cope with personal and vocational challenges? A) developmental psychology B) counseling psychology C) cognitive psychology D) social psychology 37 Which of the following subfields of psychology is most directly focused on learning which psychological, biological, or behavioral factors promote or impair our health? A) developmental psychology B) health psychology C) cognitive psychology D) counseling psychology 38 Which contemporary subfield focuses on assessing and treating people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders? A) personality psychology B) biological psychology C) clinical psychology D) developmental psychology 39 Working in a community mental health center, Dr Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression Dr Thatcher is most likely a(n) psychologist A) personality B) industrial-organizational C) clinical D) developmental 40 Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder? A) developmental psychologists B) clinical psychologists C) personality psychologists D) psychiatrists Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 41 Dr Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm Dr Ochoa is most likely a(n) psychologist A) developmental B) industrial-organizational C) biological D) clinical 42 Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of A) a biopsychosocial approach B) positive psychology C) replication D) applied research 43 Critical thinkers can best be described as A) questioning B) cynical C) pessimistic D) impatient 44 Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves A) debriefing B) a case study C) evaluating evidence D) informed consent Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 45 A refusal to consider evidence might conflict with your beliefs best illustrates a lack of Full file atthat https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) informed consent B) critical thinking C) operational definitions D) predictive hypotheses 46 Professor O'Brien has used correlational evidence to describe a cause-effect relationship Questioning his use of correlations to reach this conclusion best illustrates A) critical thinking B) the placebo effect C) naturalistic observation D) the double-blind procedure 47 A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of A) random sampling B) SQ3R C) the testing effect D) many levels of analysis 48 A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by A) behaviorism B) humanistic psychology C) a biopsychosocial approach D) naturalistic observation 49 Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Hien's depression Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires A) psychoanalysis B) positive psychology C) a biopsychosocial approach D) the double-blind procedure 50 Which of the following refers to ideas and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next? A) naturalistic observation B) dual processing C) social psychology D) culture Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 51 The transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of A) the correlation coefficient B) replication C) the placebo effect D) culture 52 The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the A) levels of analysis dilemma B) dual-processing debate C) cognitive neuroscience controversy D) nature–nurture issue 53 Nature is to nurture as is to A) behavior; mental processes B) psychology; psychiatry C) biology; experience D) reason; emotion 54 Do psychological differences between men and women result more from biological influences or more from social influences? This question is asking about the issue of A) evolution or natural selection B) naturalistic observation or case studies C) behavior or mental processes D) nature or nurture Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 55 Namiko wonders whether her at personality style was learned from experience or based on her genes This is the issue of Full file https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) correlation and causation B) behavior and mental processes C) nature and nurture D) conscious mind and unconscious mind 56 A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside of our awareness, thanks to our capacity for A) operational definitions B) random sampling C) naturalistic observation D) dual processing 57 Reacting to visual stimulation before we consciously perceive it illustrates A) dual processing B) hindsight bias C) random sampling D) the nature–nurture issue 58 Brain damage left one woman unable to recognize the width of a block even though she could grasp it with just the right finger-thumb distance This unusual case illustrates the importance of our normal capacity for A) critical thinking B) dual processing C) replication D) massed practice 59 Mark's decision to hire a particular job applicant was simultaneously influenced by unconscious feelings about the applicant's physical appearance and by a conscious consideration of the applicant's reported work history This best illustrates the impact of A) hindsight bias B) dual processing C) random assignment D) informed consent 60 Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues is a major purpose of A) random sampling B) case studies C) positive psychology D) behavior genetics Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 61 To balance psychology's focus on human problems such as anxiety and depression, Martin Seligman has advocated the development of A) positive psychology B) behavior genetics C) a biopsychosocial approach D) dual processing 62 One of the three central concerns of positive psychology is the study and promotion of A) behavior genetics B) test-enhanced learning C) healthy social institutions D) SQ3R 63 Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in A) random sampling B) the testing effect C) human intuition D) random assignment 64 Hindsight bias most often contributes to the perception that A) psychological theories are simply statements of researchers' personal values B) psychological experiments are simplified versions of reality C) psychological theories and observations are merely common sense D) psychology is potentially dangerous Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 65 Hindsight bias leadsFull people research findings as filetoatperceive https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) unpredictable B) inexplicable C) unreplicable D) unsurprising 66 Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem Belinda is told that research has proven that cosmetic surgery does nothing for self-esteem Both women would consider the findings to be common sense This best illustrates the power of A) the placebo effect B) hindsight bias C) random assignment D) the double-blind procedure 67 A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own This statement would seem unsurprising to students because A) most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves B) this finding is consistent with common sense C) students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves D) students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries 68 According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II The grandfather's claim best illustrates A) hindsight bias B) the placebo effect C) naturalistic observation D) random sampling 69 Dr Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely prove the obvious The best way for him to this would be to ask the students to A) describe how experimental hypotheses are based on basic psychological principles B) predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results C) explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results D) personally engage in naturalistic observation 70 When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving them by themselves This best illustrates A) confounding variables B) random assignment C) wording effects D) overconfidence Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 71 As people prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually This best illustrates A) overconfidence B) random assignment C) the placebo effect D) critical thinking 72 Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Pilar was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test Pilar's experience best illustrates A) overconfidence B) hindsight bias C) the placebo effect D) a negative correlation 73 In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur often than people expect, and series of tails occur often than people expect A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less 74 If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely? A) H H H T T T B) H T T H T H C) T T T T T TTest Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers D) All of these sequences would be equally likely Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 75 Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of A) randomly sampling their life experiences B) attributing these three similarities to chance C) perceiving order in random events D) assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests 76 The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of A) randomly sampling biblical passages B) generalizing from extreme examples C) assuming that most people share your opinions D) perceiving order in coincidental events 77 As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that A) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking B) most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong C) claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence D) events never occur randomly 78 When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of A) humility B) respect for animals C) environmental sensitivity D) enthusiasm for animal research studies 79 An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events is called a(n) A) independent variable B) hypothesis C) theory D) survey 80 According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem His idea is an example of A) an operational definition B) hindsight bias C) replication D) a theory Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 81 Hypotheses are best described as A) assumptions B) replications C) explanations D) predictions 82 Based on a scientific theory of social influence, researchers tested the prediction that a threat to self-esteem increases conformity to peer pressure The prediction that was tested best illustrates a(n) A) psychodynamic perspective B) independent variable C) operational definition D) hypothesis 83 A statement of how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n) A) control condition B) replication C) operational definition D) hypothesis 84 In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychologists would state exactly how they measured selfconsciousness They are providing a(n) A) experimental hypothesis B) case study C) double-blind procedure Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers D) operational Test definition Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 85 Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate A) replication B) positive correlations C) hindsight bias D) the placebo effect 86 Replication involves A) the selection of random samples B) perceiving order in random events C) repeating an earlier research study D) rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested 87 To make sure a new scientific finding is reliable, psychologists are most likely to use A) naturalistic observation B) random sampling C) replication D) positive correlation 88 According to Professor Bolden, his research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills How might others best verify whether this finding is dependable? A) replication B) naturalistic observation C) case studies D) correlational research 89 A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in great depth is called a A) replication B) case study C) survey D) naturalistic observation 90 To understand how brain damage influences behavior, Dr Dayan carefully observed and questioned two stroke victims Which research method did Dr Dayan employ? A) random sampling B) the survey C) the case study D) experimentation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 91 Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children Which research method did he use? A) the survey B) the double-blind procedure C) the case study D) experimentation 92 Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of A) hindsight bias B) replication C) random assignment D) false generalizations 93 After carefully studying how three single parents who have lost their jobs, Dr Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment In this instance, Dr Phong should be warned that may be misleading A) surveys B) case studies C) dependent variables D) random samples 94 To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of A) survey research B) random assignment C) experimental methods Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers D) naturalistic observation Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 95 Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer? A) survey research B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) the double-blind procedure 96 In studying the development of relationships, Dr Rajiv carefully observed and recorded the behavior of men and women in singles bars Which research method did Dr Rajiv use? A) naturalistic observation B) the survey C) the case study D) experimentation 97 Researchers make no effort to manipulate or control variables when they engage in A) naturalistic observation B) the double-blind procedure C) replication D) experimentation 98 The survey is a research method in which A) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments B) a representative sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors C) an individual is studied in great depth D) an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other 99 You want to investigate the relationship between the political attitudes, and the economic status of North Americans Which method should you use? A) the survey B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) the case study 100 Most of the people responding to a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” In a similar survey, only 33 percent agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These different findings best illustrate the importance of A) hindsight bias B) the placebo effect C) random assignment D) wording effects Page 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 331 The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the A) usefulness of studying biological processes in animals B) ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals C) obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality D) need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research 332 To prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes A) get written promises from participants to respond honestly B) treat information about individual participants confidentially C) deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment D) allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment 333 Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate This illustrates the practice of seeking A) a representative sample B) informed consent C) an operational definition D) a placebo effect 334 The American Psychological Association's ethics code urges investigators to A) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research B) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test C) avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants D) explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 335 After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced This is Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ called A) debriefing B) replication C) informed consent D) the double-blind procedure 336 Psychologists' personal values and goals A) are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation B) lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants C) can bias their observations and interpretations D) have very little influence on the process of scientific observation 337 Some people worry that psychology is potentially dangerous because A) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions C) psychological research necessitates performing stressful experiments on people D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights 338 The testing effect refers to the that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information A) positive psychology B) natural selection C) enhanced memory D) increasing boredom 339 SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, , and review A) revise B) reason C) retrieve D) research 340 The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of A) massed practice B) replication C) retrieving information D) role modeling 341 Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates , which is an important learning tool A) critical thinking B) the testing effect C) debriefing D) SQ3R Page 33 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 342 To remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised to A) write them down B) give informed consent C) practice naturalistic observation D) perceive order in random events 343 Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists 344 Jack is a second-grade student He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces 345 When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's claim 346 Speaking at a college graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college graduates with adults who are less educated She correctly noted that college graduates pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults The professor concluded that colleges obviously great things for society Use your understanding of correlation to evaluate the validity of the professor's conclusion Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 347 Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive Be sure to Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control groups Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research 348 Compared with Wilhelm Wundt, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of A) smiling B) screaming C) fighting D) thinking 349 Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the perspective A) behavioral B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic 350 When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that drinking orange juice triggers overactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions Leanne's reaction best illustrates A) the placebo effect B) the hindsight bias C) critical thinking D) overconfidence 351 An integrated understanding of the explanations provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by A) SQ3R B) behaviorism C) a psychodynamic perspective D) a biopsychosocial approach 352 Debates on the degree to which alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of A) nature versus nurture B) naturalistic observation versus replication C) behavior versus mental processes D) conscious versus unconscious mind 353 Dual processing refers to simultaneously processing information on separate tracks A) physical and emotional B) social and psychological C) conscious and unconscious D) correlational and experimental Page 34 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 354 After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism This perception most clearly illustrates A) replication B) hindsight bias C) random sampling D) the placebo effect 355 Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of A) a hypothesis B) hindsight bias C) an operational definition D) the placebo effect 356 Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase Which type of research is Professor Carter using? A) survey research B) case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation 357 A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that A) work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness B) marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress Bankhappiness for Psychology in Everyday Life of 3rd Edition by Myers C) higher levelsTest of marital are associated with lower levels work-related stress D) marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 358 Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it? A) the survey B) the case study C) the experiment D) naturalistic observation 359 In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could result from A) replication B) operational definitions C) random sampling D) placebo effects 360 In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is reduced by sleep loss, alertness would be the A) control condition B) independent variable C) experimental condition D) dependent variable 361 Researchers want to assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation They expose married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to showing them a comedy skit In this research, the independent variable was A) reactions to the comedy skit B) level of sexual stimulation C) marital status D) sense of humor 362 Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to A) avoid the use of animals in experimental research B) minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants C) treat information about individual research participants confidentially D) avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research 363 Which perspective would help you understand the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation? A) behavioral B) cognitive C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience Page 35 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 364 Focusing on the extent to which behavior is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the perspective A) neuroscience B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) social-cultural 365 Dr Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety Dr Stevens is most likely a psychologist A) social B) developmental C) clinical D) cognitive 366 Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam This best illustrates A) a confounding variable B) random assignment C) the hindsight bias D) overconfidence 367 Psychological theories A) organize scientific observations B) explain observed facts Test Bank for Psychology C) generate hypotheses D) all of these things in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 368 Which research method runs the GREATEST risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? A) naturalistic observation B) the case study C) experimentation D) the survey 369 Every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents The researchers were using a technique known as A) naturalistic observation B) the double-blind procedure C) random sampling D) replication 370 Mr Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr Brown should first be reminded that A) events often seem more likely in hindsight B) random sequences of events often don't look random C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations D) correlation does not prove causation 371 A correlation of +1.00 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that A) higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater physical height in children B) there is very little relationship between children's height and their popularity C) being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity D) children's height has no causal impact on their popularity 372 Researchers are testing the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity Groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before being given a taste-sensitivity test This research is an example of A) correlational research B) an experiment C) survey research D) naturalistic observation 373 In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the group A) survey B) control C) experimental D) correlational Page 36 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 374 In an experiment on the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the A) control condition B) independent variable C) dependent variable D) placebo 375 In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize A) confounding variables B) informed consent C) replication D) random assignment 376 Checking your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information Psychologists have referred to this as A) SQ3R B) replication C) the testing effect D) positive psychology 377 In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the A) science of mental life B) study of conscious and unconscious activity C) science of observable behavior D) science of behavior and mental processes Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 378 Who would be mostFull likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed”? file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Sigmund Freud C) John B Watson D) William James 379 Today, psychology is defined as the A) science of mental phenomena B) science of conscious and unconscious activity C) science of behavior D) science of behavior and mental processes 380 Who was a legendary teacher-writer of psychology? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Ivan Pavlov C) Jean Piaget D) William James 381 Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the perspective A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) behavior genetics D) neuroscience 382 Which of the following best describes the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? A) the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior B) the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior C) the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior D) the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study 383 Raoul is a psychologist studying the brain's role in human emotions Which psychological perspective is he working from? A) neuroscience B) cognitive C) behavioral D) behavior genetics 384 A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the perspective A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) cognitive D) social-cultural Page 37 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 385 Manuel has had several anxiety attacks over the last month Which type of psychologist would treat Manuel? A) counseling psychologist B) personality psychologist C) clinical psychologist D) psychiatrist 386 After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this? A) the case study B) a survey C) correlation D) experimentation 387 In an experiment to determine the effects of loud noise on studying, the loud noise is the A) control condition B) confounding variable C) independent variable D) dependent variable 388 To determine the effects of a new drug on memory, researchers give one group of people a pill that contains the drug A second group is given a pill that does not contain the drug This second group constitutes the A) random sample B) experimental group C) control group D) test group Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 389 Theories are defined as A) testable propositions B) factors that may change in response to manipulation C) statements of the procedures used to describe research variables D) principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts 390 A psychologist studies the play behavior of third-grade children by watching groups during recess at school Which type of research is she using? A) correlation B) case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation 391 To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use A) control groups B) random assignment C) double-blind procedures D) operational definitions 392 The scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that A) people are rarely candid in revealing their thoughts B) mental processes can't be studied objectively C) the scientist's intuition about behavior is usually correct D) ideas need to be tested against observable evidence 393 Psychologists' personal values A) have little influence on how their experiments are conducted B) not influence the interpretation of experimental results because of the use of statistical techniques that guard against subjective bias C) can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data D) have little influence on investigative methods but a significant effect on interpretation 394 If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true? A) People with large feet tend to have high IQs B) People with small feet tend to have high IQs C) People with small feet tend to have low IQs D) IQ is unpredictable based on a person's shoe size 395 Which of the following would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) survey D) experiment Page 38 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 396 Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or , of an entire group, or A) population; random sample B) control group; experimental group C) experimental group; control group D) random sample; population 397 The first psychology laboratory was established by in the year A) Wundt; 1879 B) James; 1890 C) Freud; 1900 D) Watson; 1913 398 Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology is the science of mental life”? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) John B Watson C) Ivan Pavlov D) virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s 399 In psychology, behavior is best defined as A) anything a person says, does, or feels B) any action we can observe and record C) any action, whether observable or not D) anything we can infer from a person's actions Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 400 Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with A) cognitive psychology Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) behaviorism C) psychodynamic theory D) humanistic psychology 401 Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of A) philosophy and chemistry B) physiology and chemistry C) philosophy and biology D) philosophy and physics 402 A teacher was interested in knowing whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position This is an example of A) experimentation B) correlational research C) a survey D) naturalistic observation 403 The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the perspective A) neuroscience B) evolutionary C) social-cultural D) cognitive 404 Of the following, who is also a physician? A) clinical psychologist B) experimental psychologist C) psychiatrist D) biological psychologist 405 Dr Jones is researching the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning He is most likely a A) clinical psychologist B) personality psychologist C) psychiatrist D) developmental psychologist 406 Which psychologist is most directly concerned with suggesting ways to improve worker productivity in a computer factory? A) clinical psychologist B) personality psychologist C) industrial-organizational psychologist D) psychiatrist Page 39 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 407 Dr Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations Dr Ernst is working from the perspective A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) social-cultural D) cognitive 408 Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses? A) behavioral B) social-cultural C) neuroscience D) cognitive 409 The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of A) different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes B) observable behavior over mental processes C) the environment over heredity D) having a single academic perspective to guide research 410 To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists use A) control groups B) experimental groups C) random assignment D) the double-blind procedure Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 411 In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the A) control condition Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) confounding variable C) independent variable D) dependent variable 412 Which of the following BEST describes hindsight bias? A) Events seem more predictable before they have occurred B) Events seem more predictable after they have occurred C) A person's intuition is usually correct D) A person's intuition is usually not correct 413 The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called A) variable controlling B) random assignment C) representative sampling D) stratification 414 In an experiment to test the effects of a new drug on weight loss, the participants' ages would be a(n) A) independent variable B) confounding variable C) placebo effect D) hypothesis 415 Which type of research would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) correlation 416 In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room To what condition were students in the unpolluted room exposed? A) experimental B) control C) randomly assigned D) dependent 417 To study the effects of lighting on mood, Dr Cooper had students fill out questionnaires in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms In this study, the independent variable consisted of A) the number of students assigned to each group B) the students' responses to the questionnaire C) the room lighting D) the subject matter of the questions asked Page 40 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 418 You decide to test your belief that men drink more soft drinks than women by finding out whether more soft drinks are consumed per day in the men's dorm than in the women's dorm Your belief is a(n) , and your research prediction is a(n) A) hypothesis; theory B) theory; hypothesis C) independent variable; dependent variable D) dependent variable; independent variable 419 To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to A) conduct a survey B) develop a theory C) experiment D) think critically 420 Which of the following procedures is an example of the use of a placebo? A) In a test of the effects of a drug on memory, a participant is led to believe that a harmless pill actually contains an active drug B) A participant in an experiment is led to believe that a pill, which actually contains an active drug, is harmless C) Participants in an experiment are not told which treatment condition is in effect D) Neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which treatment condition is in effect 421 The psychologist who has called for a more positive psychology is A) William James B) Martin Seligman Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life C) B F Skinner D) Sigmund Freud 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 422 A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that A) people learn and remember material best when they actively process it B) many students overestimate their mastery of text and lecture material C) study time should be spaced over time rather than crammed into one session D) “overlearning” disrupts efficient retention 423 To say that we operate with a two-track mind means that we A) can think of several things at once B) we process information at conscious and unconscious levels C) think both objectively and subjectively D) examine assumptions and assess conclusions Page 41 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 B B B A C A B C D C C D D C D B B C D C B B C A A B A B D D B C D D B B B C C D B D A C B A D C C D D D C D C D A B B C A C C C D B D A B D A A C D C D Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 42 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 C A C D D D C D A C C A B C C D B D B A A B A D C B D A B B B D D B B C D B B A B C C C C A B C C B B C D B D A D B C D D C D D D D C C D C D C C B D D A D Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 43 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 A D D C A D D D B C A D D B D D D D A B D A C C B B D A A C C B A C C C D D B A D B C C A D B B D C B D D C B A D C C D D D D A D D B C D C C B B B B C B C Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 44 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 B D A A B C C D B D A D A D B C C A C B D C C D C C A B A B C B B A C B A D B A B D A C C B D A D A B C B A B C A B C D B D C B B B C D D D A A A C D D C C Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 45 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 C D D A C C B D C D B D D C A C B B C D B C B D A C A C C C A A Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ D C C D A C B A D C C D D B C D C C D D B C D A B B B A C A C D D C A A D C A C C Page 46 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 D D D D C B D D A A B D C B D C D C C A A D D B B B D B C B D A B A B Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 47 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ ... D) psychology is potentially dangerous Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 65 Hindsight bias leadsFull people research findings as filetoatperceive https://TestbankDirect.eu/... study C) double-blind procedure Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers D) operational Test definition Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 85 Operational definitions are most... surveys Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 3rd Edition by Myers 126 Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve A) operationally defining procedures Full fileresearch at https://TestbankDirect.eu/