Grammar space 2 studentbook keys

r a m ram G Student Book Supplementary Material Introduction Review Test Each unit opens with a simple, real-life conversation that shows the use of the unit’s grammar points After every four units, students will take a review test The tests will help students recall what they have studied and assess their understanding of the grammar points Grammar Point Two grammar boxes explain the main grammar points in the unit Simple charts and corresponding pictures help students clearly understand and easily grasp the fundamental grammar structures that are being taught The grammar boxes are followed by practical exercises and drills that allow students to quickly check what they have learned PLUS+ Simple tips about minor exceptions, useful expressions, and word usage are provided to give students a more in-depth understanding of the grammar points Appendix More grammar rules and information are included at the back of the book Midterm/Final Test Practice Various exercises are presented to allow students to review and reinforce each unit’s grammar points and help them gradually expand their understanding of the grammar rules Grammar for Writing This section allows students to complete a written passage by applying their understanding of the key grammar points Each unit also includes an interesting reading passage that incorporates the grammar points students have learned The midterm and final tests allow students to evaluate their progress throughout the course Nouns, Articles, & Sentences Unit Unit Unit Unit Nouns & Articles Singular & Plural Nouns | Articles: A / An / The Count & Noncount Nouns Count Nouns vs Noncount Nouns | Some vs Any Pronouns Personal Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns Parts of a Sentence Subjects | Prepositions & Comparison 10 14 18 Predicates Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Prepositions of Time At / On / In | Before / After / During / For Prepositions of Place & Movement Prepositions of Place Unit Unit Unit Present & Past Simple: The Verb Be Present Simple: The Verb Be | Past Simple: The Verb Be Present Simple Positive & Negative | Adjectives | Comparatives & Superlatives Comparison Adverbs | Comparatives & Superlatives Present Continuous Positive & Negative | Modal Verbs Necessity: Must | 22 30 Yes / No Questions 34 Necessity: Have To Past Tense & Future Tense Unit Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Past Simple Positive & Negative | Past Continuous Positive & Negative | 42 Yes / No Questions Information Questions Information Questions with the Verb Be Future Will | Be Going To | Information Questions with Action Verbs 62 66 Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Conjunctions And / But / Or / So | When / Because / If Gerunds Gerunds | Gerunds as Objects Infinitives Infinitives | Infinitives as Objects Infinitives Infinitives as Subjects | Infinitives as Adverbs 70 74 78 82 Supplementary Material 38 Yes / No Questions 58 Conjunctions, erunds, & Infinitives 26 Yes / No Questions Prepositions of Movement Comparison Present Tense & Modal Verbs Unit | 54 46 50 • Review Tests - 5 88 - 97 • Appendix 98 - 100 • Midterm Test / Final Test Nouns & Articles Articles: A / An / The A: What you see in your classroom? B: I see a whiteboard, desks, and chairs Indefinite Article: A or an comes before a singular noun An is used when a noun begins with the vowel sound a, e, i, o, or u Definite Article: The comes before a singular or plural noun when we talk about a specific thing Singular & Plural Nouns A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing A singular noun is for one person or thing A plural noun is for two or more people or things Rule + -s + -es -y → -ies -f(e) → -ves irregular Singular Plural star map student eye toy banana tomato box dress bench watch dish story country lady family strawberry party leaf wolf thief knife wife life person man woman child mouse ox foot tooth goose stars maps students eyes toys bananas tomatoes boxes dresses benches watches dishes stories countries ladies families strawberries parties leaves wolves thieves knives wives lives people men women children mice oxen feet teeth geese sheep fish sheep fish deer A There is a tree Some cookies are on the plate The tree is blocking the road The cookies are delicious Complete the sentences with a , an , or the a There is a I saw deer A Write the singular or plural forms vegetable – vegetables Jane wrote blackberry – blackberries mouse – mice Martin gave me child – children lady – ladies He bought city – cities 10 grape – grapes woman – women 11 church – churches scarf – scarves 12 wife – wives B a The story an a orange car The cat was cute The apartment was big The wallet on the street lake is very deep The wallet was empty story was about a wolf The orange was tasty car had two doors Complete the sentences with a or an Write X if an article is not needed a – apartment lake at the park tomatoes tomato B an a He found The cat on the street We moved to There is the mall on weekends mall downtown I go to An ostrich is a bird, but it cannot fly Correct the underlined words Jonathan likes X soccer Brush your toothes three times a day teeth Joy is good at X science Look at the gooses near the pond geese Is she We saw two deers in the woods deer What did you have for There are many person in the mall people I have a an famous singer in China? idea X lunch? Nouns for languages, subjects, sports, and meals don’t need any articles She speaks English well They played basketball after dinner Unit • Nouns & Articles Practice A Complete the sentences B wolves Two on a basketball team are howling at the moon benches bench The are under the tree classes today class sheep A shepherd takes care of many child I have four children The sheep an are making a sandcastle at the beach X A Sam, A Is there an a A Let’s play alarm clock on an The X Mark has chairs bookcases backpack is on in his room They are full of 10 The red the books (bookcase) basketball after school X (book) Find the five mistakes and correct them B dinner with my family peach There is a park in my town When orange Linda has three peaches, an[one] orange , and fish five strawberries , six knives , and two forks Lauren has two hats , three scarves , and two boxes , and benches and chat with their friends in two fish sandwiches The green a park leafs on the puppyes every morning In the park, you can play sports, too Many four dishes three geese I walk my goose Daniel has , the sun shines brightly, There are usually many people in the park They walk and jog scarf fork trees give them shade while they eat deer box They eat snacks and hat knife strawberry people sit on dish two deer restroom is next to the toy store Jack has new backpack a chair There are three Count the items in the pictures and complete the sentences desk I see two the computer and a (chair) exam this morning I have to go now B Sorry, I can’t I’m having umbrella is big enough for two people desk in Mark’s room I see a restroom around here? B Yes, there is The breakfast is ready! B Mom, I have There is umbrella B Let’s share my umbrella Complete the dialogues with a , an , or the Write X if an article is not needed A I don’t have C players player There are five wolf This is Mark’s room Look and describe his room A 10 childs play soccer and baseball There is a tennis court I often play tennis with my after an dinner I can relax and enjoy myself in the park It is my favorite place ③ the park ⑤ leaves ⑥ puppies ⑦ children ⑩ dinner Unit • Nouns & Articles Count & Noncount Nouns B A: Do you have any fresh fruit? B: Yes, we have some strawberries, grapes, and mangoes Choose and complete the sentences Count Nouns vs Noncount Nouns bottle We can count a count noun with numbers, but we cannot count a noncount noun with numbers Noncount nouns include things such as materials, liquids, and proper nouns Count Nouns Noncount Nouns a dog – two dogs water money There are air time information advice cup a bowl of glass coffee two bottles of There is Seoul bowl a cup of There is an egg – ten eggs homework juice sugar jar slice There are three glasses of a jar of There is There are water jam three slices of bread To express amounts for noncount nouns, we use measure words a carton of milk Some vs Any a bottle of water a milk (x) Some and any show the number or amount of a plural count noun or noncount noun We use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences or questions two cartons of milk three bottles of water two milks (x) Positive Negative Question a piece of paper a loaf of bread two pieces of paper three loaves of bread a cup of coffee a glass of juice a can of soda a slice of cheese a piece of cake a jar of honey A I have three books I have some books I don’t have any books Do you have any books? There is juice There is some juice There isn’t any juice Is there any juice? Circle the correct words There is ( some / any ) water in the bottle James doesn’t have ( some / any ) homework a roll of toilet paper a teaspoon of salt a bowl of rice Is there ( some / any ) sugar? Use some in questions to offer or ask for something Do you want some milk? Can I have some milk? Gary sent ( some / any ) letters Mom didn’t buy ( some / any ) meat A 10 Can we have ( some / any ) bread? Circle the count nouns and underline the noncount nouns salt shoe piano oil notebook rice bottle paper Washington There isn’t any jam in the jar There is milk money chair music information We need some money We don’t need any money box butter camera homework The store doesn’t sell any toys The store sells some toys Clara drinks some milk Clara doesn’t drink cheese soup B Complete the positive or negative sentences some jam in the jar any milk Unit • Count & Noncount Nouns 11 Practice A Correct the underlined words A Look at the pictures and complete the recipe for pancakes slices of cheese We need five slice of cheeses loaves of bread Mrs Baker bought two loaf of breads flour eggs butter baking powder milk some time Mr Brown spends some times with his family Kate and Daniel didn’t their homeworks their homework I plant any flowers in the garden every year some flowers cup teaspoon glass some (x4) strawberries maple syrup B Complete the dialogues with some or any any A Is there some B No, there isn’t There is any A Do you have B No, I don’t I have B I have A Can I have some B Sorry, I don’t have A I need some some B Me, too Are there Add butter some Melt honey any some butter in a frying pan and pour the mixture into the pan cookies B some bubbles on the top maple syrup and some Find the five mistakes and correct them new shirts Would you like to make delicious chicken curry? Here’s how! clothing stores around here? First, slice Look at the picture and complete the sentences carton some strawberries C flour, and two cups of milk a glass of Enjoy the pancakes with cookies? any baking powder, two teaspoons of Flip the pancake when you see money apples Let’s share them any sugar? A I’m starving But I don’t have Crack two eggs into a bowl and whisk them cheese in the fridge? glass some onions, garlic, and peppers Do you have any carrots in the fridge? If you do, then add too If you don’t like spicy food, don’t put slice some There are five slices of There are five glasses of juice There are two cartons of milk There isn’t any There are some Then, chop any any chicken Heat spoons and stir for a while Add some carrots, some peppers in an oil in a pan, and cook the vegetables and the chicken Add pizza five curry paste table- some salt Finally, put in two tablespoon of cream Mix everything together, and cook it for about 30 minutes Eat the curry with 10 some rice or naan bread! water in the bottle flowers in the vase ④ any peppers ⑤ some chicken ⑥ oil ⑦ five tablespoons of curry paste ⑨ two tablespoons[a tablespoon] of cream 12 Unit • Count & Noncount Nouns 13 Pronouns Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns A: Is this your phone? B: No, it isn’t Mine is in my pocket A possessive adjective tells who the person, animal, place, or thing belongs to A possessive pronoun can replace a possessive adjective and its noun Singular Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun my mine our ours your yours your yours We can use a pronoun instead of a noun Singular Plural Plural Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun his / her / its his / hers / - their theirs I me we us Amy’s Amy’s girls’ girls’ you you you you he / she / it him / her / it they them The blue hat is mine = my hat The yellow hats are theirs = their hats Sarah works at a restaurant She is a good cook People like her A → She → We Andy and Nick are twins → They Jack is eating some bread → He The steak is very delicious → It Liz and I missed the bus teaches English missed the bus are twins is very delicious them with her sister us We live next door to Mrs Smith She often visits Henry is my best friend I met him I need to talk to you and Dave I’ll call Complete the sentences with possessive adjectives my I we The green ones are Jack These are you parents he This is not our Jack’s Your This is my passport suitcases in-line skates socks are on the floor parents’ His room house is the one with the large windows is eating some bread Complete the sentences with object pronouns Anna has many toys She shares 14 A Write the subject pronouns for the underlined words Mrs Nelson teaches English B Tim has grandparents They live in the countryside Tim visits them during summer vacation yesterday you later B Write the possessive pronouns for the underlined words The red shoes are my shoes mine The jacket is not her jacket hers This umbrella is your umbrella yours Our car is the large white car over there Ours The brown glasses are Tony’s glasses Tony’s Write down your address next to their address theirs Unit • Pronouns 15 Practice A A Complete the dialogues I he you my seat number A Have you seen Billy? He is missing him in front of the ticket booth your A Can I get phone number, Jake? yours B My phone number is 470–3547 What is B Really? Let me check B I saw mine A Excuse me, I think this seat is it Its A Look at your bike ? seat is broken it B I know I need to repair There are lockers at the gym Complete the sentences about the items in the lockers The sneakers are B Complete the sentences with pronouns us Jane and I are running Our dog is following her Sarah lives in Canada I visited last year Mine This is not my uniform Julie’s My is large The red cap is It are a bit old The backpack is They Nick Melanie cap is blue Melanie’s skirt is green It is her dad bought His Leo’s 10 them for his birthday is in my locker He Spider-Man is very brave mine cheerleading skirt Nick has sunglasses it Amy’s Christmas gift was a hat, but she didn’t like Julie I Leo is my favorite super hero his I borrowed a camera from him The camera is B Find the five mistakes and correct them I study every day My brother doesn’t study as much as I C Look at the family tree and complete the sentences he we her my My our Still, their Tim Donna John Kate We love We 16 Me Sally Kevin her their son He we study, we study in different ways is organized and clean I study at home at day My favorite subject is science I ask my brother He helps very much His are twins sister John is my uncle Kevin is Eric our she gets good grades It is strange When His desk at home is very messy He studies at the library instead parents’ names are Tim and Donna Eric and I are brothers Sally is his we always try My my desk every Him is English So when I need help with my essays, I and gives good advice Even though we study differently, their best And our parents support 10 us all the time wife is Kate ① he ④ Mine ⑥ His ⑦ me ⑧ our is short and chubby Unit • Pronouns 17 Parts of a Sentence Predicates A: I like math I study math every day B: Really? Math is difficult for me A predicate tells what the subject is or does There is at least one verb in a predicate A predicate can also include an adverb or prepositional phrase Subject Subjects James A sentence has a subject and a predicate The subject tells who or what the sentence is about predicate Subject The camera / looks new James (who) subject (what) predicate A subject can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase Subject (noun) (pronoun) (noun phrase) The flowers They The colorful flowers The flowers in the vase The flowers and leaves Predicate studies hard in the library (adverb) (prepositional phrase) Some verbs need an object or a complement An object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb A complement gives information about the subject A woman / takes a picture subject Predicate A Predicate reads is some books a smart student (object) (complement) Circle the verbs and underline the predicates The boys play soccer after school She wears a uniform at work are beautiful Whales swim in the deep sea My science teacher knows a lot about the universe He eats dinner with his parents A Many people take the subway in the morning Divide the sentences into subjects and predicates with slashes(/) We watched a movie together on Friday He is good at math Ms Campbell was a volleyball player 10 years ago My family lives in an apartment Nick and Jack traveled to Spain together The black cat on the sofa is sleeping B Circle the verbs and check(✔) the parts of the predicates Object Mr Simpson walks his dog in the morning B 18 He drives a car fast Complement Adverb Underline the subjects in the sentences The girl cried sadly The tree in the garden is tall They are friendly people My little brother swims in the sea Jane wants a new backpack Mr and Mrs Wallace are my neighbors I learn music at school The tall boy plays basketball with his friends He holds the glass carefully Her favorite dessert is chocolate ice cream We are busy on Monday Prepositional Phrase Unit • Parts of a Sentence 19 Practice A Choose and complete the sentences and but or When If or dry them but don’t put in went for a walk 1 or you have some free time? because the food is great together, the white clothes will change color and take everything and start the machine • • and bought some bread • so he took a taxi His bag was heavy, • but he can’t write it • Hang the clothes in the sun He went to the bakery • • because it was thundering outside He can speak Chinese, • • or he will order a pizza → This car doesn’t look nice, Hiking can be a fun activity, when because if → If you want my hat that happens but it is very comfortable happens → He was tired breathing, headaches, , you can have it → because he didn’t sleep well last night When she was young 72 when people go to high altitudes This so the air pressure is lower there If you avoid mountain sickness so it is very noisy and stretch your body But you are on the so your body can relax This way, you can but enjoy your hike However, 10 because you have any of the symptoms, even after hiking, see a doctor immediately , she lived with her cousins → There are many people in the mall, or dizziness To prevent mountain sickness, be sure to drink mountain, walk slowly and take breaks, There are many people in the mall It is very noisy plenty of water before your hike She was young She lived with her cousins and it may cause have mountain sickness, you may experience difficulty He was tired He didn’t sleep well last night mountain sickness Mountain sickness is a condition You want my hat You can have it or dry them Find the five mistakes and correct them This car doesn’t look nice It is very comfortable detergent in the drier Choose and complete the sentences but Take out the clothes after the machine stops He couldn’t go to sleep • so out of them too many clothes but don’t put in Add the detergent B C white clothes, don’t wash them with colored clothes If you wash them and take everything and start the machine Put the clothes in the washing machine, Match to complete the sentences He will cook dinner when you wash if you wash them When you wash Check the pockets you know Susan, please introduce me to her I like this restaurant B if the doorbell rang, I was reading a book Are you busy on Sunday, because These are the steps for doing laundry Choose and complete the sentences he doesn’t like to study and They had dinner together when but My brother is smart, A ① but ③ because ⑦ When ⑨ and ⑩ if Unit 17 • Conjunctions 73 18 erunds Gerunds as Objects A: What you enjoy doing in your free time? B: I enjoy watching movies A gerund can be used as an object after a verb or a preposition in a sentence Object Gerunds A gerund uses the form verb + –ing It is used as a noun, so it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject noun gerund Baseball is fun Playing baseball is fun Complement noun gerund I am a teacher My job is teaching history Object noun gerund I like photos I like taking photos She is good at soccer She is good at playing soccer Look at the pictures and match to complete the sentences Read the underlined parts and check(✔) Object Complement Studying math every day is not easy They enjoyed swimming yesterday Jessica likes • • washing their dog My goal this year is learning Chinese Amy and Tom enjoy • • making a Christmas card Jack’s job is selling flowers Tom finished • • cooking for us Sarah finished writing her essay My grandmother loves • Cleaning a house takes a long time B 74 noun gerund enjoy finish keep mind avoid consider stop like love start hate begin A Subject B She likes soccer She likes playing soccer Some verbs are often used with a gerund A noun gerund Complete the sentences with the gerunds write win Winning speak Speaking cry send help Dave loves Tom ( climbed / climbing ) the mountain on Sunday My dad started ( learned / learning ) Japanese last year Russian is not easy Are you interested in ( draw / drawing ) people? crying until midnight emails is easier than writing letters His dream job is knit My mother’s hobby is sleep I hate sleeping stories the race is important to Simon The baby kept Sending Circle the correct words Does Kate like ( read / reading ) comic books? writing • riding her bike to school helping knitting sick people around the world with the light on Daniel always ( does / doing ) his homework after dinner Lucy keeps ( tell / telling ) lies to her friends They enjoy ( listen / listening ) to pop music Sue is excited about ( travel / traveling ) to China John is scared of ( get / getting ) on an airplane 10 My mother finished ( cut / cutting ) the potatoes Unit 18 • Gerunds 75 Practice A A Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using the gerunds Complete Wayne’s story about his job using the gerunds as a subject listen as a complement look take as an object collect play Wayne’s father’s hobby was watch TV We finished clean the room making furniture Driving at night to his father’s stories about the pictures playing pictures He taking with the photography in studying university Now, Wayne’s job is his pictures at them was fun for Wayne Looking cameras Later, he started dreams of B Listening study cameras He also showing was exciting, too He also enjoyed can be dangerous watching TV They stopped open collecting loved to take pictures He liked make furniture to Wayne cleaning the room My father is good at drive at night show his own gallery one day opening Complete the dialogues using the gerunds A What does Mr Taylor do? opening A Do you mind the windows? (open) swimming B It’s okay Just keep A I don’t like computers (fix) B How about Find the subjects, complements, and objects and write the numbers B B Not at all A I’m not good at fixing B He is a computer technician His job is (swim) practicing by airplane (travel) taking a train, then? (take) One good habit is recycling your trash once When you finish Complete the sentences using the gerunds We are bad at sports (play) Reading this book 76 → Kevin enjoys Putting paper, is helpful for kids using plastic bags this helping animals studying science using items more than drinking water, juice, or soda, don’t Reusing the plastic bottle as a water bottle or a flower pot is a good idea Finally, you can stop playing sports → We are bad at He is interested in animals (help) → He is interested in Kevin enjoys science (study) throw away the plastic bottle I like computer games (play) → I like playing computer games This book is helpful for kids (read) → helping the cans, and bottles in different bins will help a lot They can be recycled easily Another good habit is C earth by changing your habits every day (practice) traveling Saving the earth is important You can start 10 Subject Bringing your own bag to the supermarket is an easy way to Reducing trash protects the earth When will you start helping the earth? ①, ④, ⑦, ⑨, ⑩ Object ②, ⑥, ⑧ Complement ③, ⑤ Unit 18 • Gerunds 77 19 Infinitives Infinitives as Objects A: Do you want to go swimming? B: Yes, I But I need to finish my homework first An infinitive can be the object of a verb in a sentence Infinitives Some verbs are often used with an infinitive An infinitive uses the form to + verb It is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb want hope plan need expect decide choose ask agree mean happen promise When an infinitive is used as a noun, it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject noun infinitive Baseball is fun To play baseball is fun (not normally used) Complement noun infinitive My favorite city is Paris My plan is to travel to Paris Object noun infinitive I like photos I like to take photos Some verbs, such as like, love, hate, start, and begin, can be used with both an infinitive and gerund I started to learn Japanese (= I started learning Japanese.) A A I To get up early is easy She decided to buy a new car 78 to study study go meet perform get cook My parents like open His dream is Brian plans abroad to go He wanted to the circus I hope to meet My plan is Sam expected you again soon to perform to get to cook to open hopes decided Sam and I my music for thousands of people a good grade dinner together a French restaurant some books on the way home visit 2 your new painting 3 her friend in Hong Kong next year study English every day planned buy promised help each other choose live alone these days Many people B Complete the sentences using the infinitives see borrow My parents We don’t use infinitives as subjects often We can use gerunds instead  To play baseball is fun → Playing baseball is fun Mike is always kind to people want need Amy My plan is to finish my homework by 6:30 B Sarah They listened to the teacher carefully My sister loves to talk on the phone (= My sister loves talking on the phone.) Check(✔) the correct places for to We all Read the underlined words and circle them if they are infinitives The students go to school by bus He wants some books He wants to read some books noun infinitive Object a new house Choose and complete the sentences using the infinitives take wash to win Jim expected You don’t need We agreed I promise to take to worry to follow to wash follow win drive the soccer match to drive My brother learned Brenda wants worry last year dance lessons about the problem the new school rules Mom’s car this weekend Unit 19 • Infinitives 79 Practice A Complete the sentences B A Tim loves coffee (drink) Robert always tries to help his friends Complete the sentences using the infinitives improve → Tim loves to drink coffee He wants chocolate (eat) → He wants to eat chocolate I expect a present (get) → I expect to get a present We need a reservation (make) → We need to make a reservation She likes the drums (play) to play the drums → She likes Jane hates her glasses (wear) → Jane hates to wear her glasses meet My dream is to meet at the restaurant Josh started to walk his dog in the afternoon We need to get Lucy likes to take You should try Mark Serena I decided to Start B to make promise / fix I promise to fix hope / find I hope to find plan / have Where did you  expect / see decide / become 80 I didn’t to become an explorer He wanted to reach the to make the journey, he heard that another explorer had chosen their house travel there before him Amundsen decided to to change your computer tonight his plan His new plan was my wallet soon weather But in 1911, he became the first explorer to reach the South Pole His next goal plan to have expect to see Dr Ryan, why did you my book club? North Pole However, before he started want to paint Josh and Kate to join Roald Amundsen was born in Norway in 1872 His dream Complete the sentences using the infinitives want / paint Would you like Find the infinitives as objects and complements and write the numbers the bus to school to read a lot of books a to-do list every day some gas to pay attention in class more Don’t give up, Cindy I always forget be to improve You need to practice was C pay my French get They agreed make I want to be a great tennis player walk practice Sarah my homework take join Cindy Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using the infinitives read your birthday party? my old friend at the mall decide to become was to go to the South Pole It was hard to travel in the cold to visit the North Pole, and he succeeded He just loved Object ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑧ Complement to explore new places ①, ⑥, ⑦ a doctor? Unit 19 • Infinitives 81 20 Infinitives Infinitives as Adverbs A: I will go to talk to Professor Collins B: Oh, he is always busy It’s not easy to meet him! An infinitive can give details about an action like an adverb does It expresses the purpose of the action in a sentence Infinitives as Subjects When an infinitive is the subject of a sentence, it usually comes at the end of the sentence In this case, the sentence starts with it Adverb Infinitive They study hard They study to pass the exam Action I study science Jenny bought a digital camera A koala is climbing up the tree To take pictures is exciting It is exciting to take pictures (It = to take pictures) It It A Be Adjective is polite dangerous important Infinitive Purpose A Match to complete the sentences I sometimes use my hair dryer to say thank you to drive in the rain to eat breakfast every day to become a scientist to take many pictures to eat the leaves • • to take a yoga class in the morning She practiced figure skating hard • • to ask about the homework Daniel called me • • to dry my wet clothes Scott was going to the park • • to win a gold medal Underline what it means in the sentences I made cookies at home • • to walk his dog It is fun to go to an amusement park Nicole got up early • • to bring to the party It is not easy to move a table alone It is hard to get up early in the morning It is helpful to listen to other people To tell a lie is wrong = Telling a lie is wrong = It is wrong to tell a lie It is convenient to use a calculator It was nice to talk to you B Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using the infinitives Write the sentences using it and the infinitives To draw cartoons is fun To read the directions is useful = It is fun to draw cartoons = It is useful to read the directions ask a question wake up early Brian is saving money The girl is raising her hand Eating instant noodles is unhealthy = It is unhealthy to eat instant noodles Miranda set her alarm clock = It is interesting to see volcanoes I went to the supermarket get some eggs to buy a cell phone Remembering new names is difficult = It is difficult to remember new names To see volcanoes is interesting 82 B buy a cell phone to ask a question to wake up early to get some eggs Unit 20 • Infinitives 83 Practice A Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using the infinitives Some ads are posted on the school notice board Complete the ads A • The Volunteer Club It is necessary to save animals in danger Visit our blog to read (necessary / save) (read) more information about helping animals It is kind to help It is expensive to have It is not It is other people easy kind safe expensive dinner at this restaurant easy to answer the question safe to drink this water • The Debate Club answer drink have help It is interesting to hear other people’s thoughts about issues We invite you (interesting / hear) to share your opinions (share) • The Fitness Club It is important to stay healthy Come to the gym to exercise (important / stay) B save money on gas become an actor to save money on gas He bought a small car to find the station I’m looking at the map to find travel speak Find the infinitives as subjects and adverbs and write the numbers B Many teenagers drink energy drinks B They are hiding to surprise surprise B It was good, but it was difficult without a guidebook B She went to the library A It is not easy 84 to speak their name, it is easy to think energy drinks give us to enjoy the taste Because of to drink energy drinks? to drink energy drinks often They have a lot of caffeine, which can cause headaches Also, it is dangerous to exercise hard after drinking energy drinks You may even have a heart attack It can be difficult A Bob, where’s your sister? to work faster According to many doctors, it is not healthy to travel Others drink them just energy However, is it good John It’s his birthday today A How was your trip to China? to stay awake before an exam Some people drink them A What are they doing in the kitchen? your acting talent (find) Choose and complete the dialogues using the infinitives borrow like someone else on a stage Join our club It is exciting to act (exciting / act) to look younger My grandmother wears makeup every day look younger to become an actor Benjamin went to an acting school C • The Acting Club Choose and complete the sentences using the infinitives find the station with us (exercise) to borrow some books in front of many people to stop drinking energy drinks So, it is foolish Subject ④, ⑤, ⑥, ⑦, ⑧, ⑨ to rely on them Adverb 10 to get energy ①, ②, ③, ⑩ B I agree I always feel nervous when I make a speech Unit 20 • Infinitives 85 Supplementary Material Review Test Units 1–4 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences I have ( a / an / the ) younger brother children Sophia eats ( a / an / the ) sandwiches The I don’t have ( any / some ) homework today There is a ( carton / piece ) of milk in my backpack Can you buy two ( bottles / loaves ) of bread at the bakery? pie girl girl water on the table? Corey takes many pictures in the forest There are ten pictures water with red hair is really pretty Is there a glass of I want a piece of I need a ( bowl / roll ) of toilet paper my grandparents pie children for dessert on the playground My grandparents were doctors ten years ago B Choose the correct answers I have a dictionary in my bag Dictionary A dictionary French a French any many a any some The students in the hall are C study hard sixth graders Complete the sentences using pronouns or possessive adjectives it You have a nice bag Is I have a sister Cindy has a bike My from Italy? sister is a dancer Her Amy has two dogs She takes The students have a good teacher them Their The student has a excellent idea an excellent idea I have toast for the breakfast for breakfast Is there some butter in the fridge? Is there any F My grandparents’s car is white grandparents’ car Sam’s favorite subject science subject is science Change the underlined words and rewrite the sentences There are strawberries on the dish There is a strawberry on the dish Singular The gray wolves are wild The gray wolf is wild Singular You cannot park your car on the street bike is new Jayden and I need some help Lily will help 88 English books Correct the underlined words Jenny drinks two glasses of juices every day glasses of juice some comic books John doesn’t have the French information on their website There is The dictionary well My mother speaks E is thick us to the park on weekends teacher is Mr Green Possessive pronoun You cannot park yours on the street Our house is across from their house Possessive pronoun Our house is across from theirs The yellow pencil is not his pencil Possessive pronoun The yellow pencil is not his Review Test 89 Review Test Units 5–8 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences We ( aren’t / don’t ) growing vegetables in our garden are Anna ( isn’t / doesn’t ) play any mobile games You ( must / mustn’t ) put your trash in the trash can You look busy You ( have to / don’t have to ) help me now E buying her dress now isn’t doesn’t wasn’t amazing I visited the museum yesterday The paintings is was were on holiday My uncle and aunt are in New Zealand They are Is Does Was they going to the beach? must our school festival happen in July? 90 drink Ms Homer was goes The girls are They don’t have to goes was have to visiting my friend tonight the juice It tastes bad at the theater last night to the park at lunchtime in the same class walk to school They take the school bus Choose the correct answers Jenny C You mustn’t Daniel I need crayons for school I ( have to / don’t have to ) borrow my brother’s B visiting I’m not The bags on the shelf ( aren’t / don’t ) expensive drink Do Are F Was Correct the underlined words Rachel always try to help others tries David miss his grandmother misses Mr Todd have to attend a meeting has to We not must speak loudly in class mustn’t Jasmine is huging a little boy hugging The waiter is serve salad and soup serving Write the sentences Ethan eats breakfast early Ethan doesn’t eat breakfast early Negative Complete the dialogues A Are you Jennifer Lawrence? B Yes, I A Was John with you yesterday? B No, he A Do you watch the news every day? B Yes, I / we A Does Jane often watch old movies? B No, she A Is the cat running after the mice? B Yes, it A Are Dave and Ella working today? B No, they am We are waiting for Kate in front of the post office We aren’t waiting for Kate in front of the post office Negative wasn’t The children sing in the school choir doesn’t Your yellow socks are in the washing machine is aren’t Negative Past tense The children don’t sing in the school choir Your yellow socks were in the washing machine Mr Simpson’s English class isn’t boring Past tense Mr Simpson’s English class wasn’t boring Review Test 91 Review Test Units 9–12 A B Circle the correct words D Andy and I ( was / were / will ) eating chocolate bars snow It Evelyn ( is / was / will ) be an excellent dancer in the future take Evan The pilot ( was / were / will ) flying over the sea not / shop My brother ( is / are / will ) going to fix the door tomorrow watch Mr and Mrs White ( were going / are going to go ) hiking next Saturday help We ( collect / collected / will collect ) money for homeless people yesterday not / sleep Choose the correct answers E What were you doing at the park? Yes, we were No, we weren’t We were playing basketball He was at the gym He was playing games Where was Owen after school? No, he wasn’t What did Ms Jackson buy yesterday? She bought candy No, she didn’t She was at the shop Where did Austin and his sister have dinner last night? They made spaghetti Yes, they did They had dinner at home Yes, I did I will see it tonight What did you see last night? C 92 Complete the sentences in the past continuous I saw the full moon Complete the dialogues F was snowing heavily at noon yesterday was taking a test at ten o’clock this morning Joe and I weren’t shopping Sophie was watching The children for shoes at the mall a funny movie at seven were helping My sister wasn’t sleeping the old lady earlier an hour ago Correct the underlined words Where did you yesterday morning? were Did Grace gave the book to you? give He isn’t go to visit me tomorrow going Maya wasn’t check her email yesterday didn’t I won’t not go for a walk tonight will The kids didn’t ran around the fountain run Write the sentences Ryan drops the vase on the floor Ryan dropped the vase on the floor Past tense A Did Sam like his birthday gift? B Yes, he did They often climb the mountain in summer They often climbed the mountain in summer Past tense A Was the woman driving a car? B No, she wasn’t Brian buys a new backpack for the trip A Were the students drawing maps? B Yes, they were A Will you be an artist in the future? B No, I won’t A Is Jane going to study tonight? B Yes, she I will call her in the evening I won’t call her in the evening Negative A Are B Yes, I you going to the laundry? is am Past tense Brian bought a new backpack for the trip The students finished the midterm exam Negative The students didn’t finish the midterm exam Review Test 93 Review Test Units 13–16 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences I took swimming lessons ( at / in / on / X ) last spring around The designer made this dress ( at / in / on / X ) 2010 during There is a flower pot ( at / between ) the telephone and the TV The truck is going She ran on around up up the war across A new bakery opened across the pool My brother’s final exam starts There are many cars and buses ( in / on ) the road December 10 from the restaurant the corner the stairs to the second floor Choose the correct answers Sam carries the glass bottles careful carefully nice nicer colors bright brightly beautiful the most beautiful the most beautifully This book is of all the author’s books the most famous the famousest the funniest funny important late The car arrived hot This is early My dad came home well Andrew paints scenery Mark is Friends are at The singer spoke quiet before the concert quietly We walked from the zoo up the park to My uncle plays basketball poor poorly Victoria’s brother is a tall and handsome tall F Match the sentences Where is the theater? • • I go fishing with my dad David can’t find his cat • • I went there during my vacation When did you go to Tokyo? • • It’s hiding under the bed city in the country What you on Sundays? • • I went to the bookstore earlier How long did you sleep? • • I slept for five hours person on the TV show more important the hottest Henry’s parents are on work now the most famously Complete the sentences using the comparatives or superlatives Correct the underlined words Emma is standing in the front of the store in front of more brightly of all the ballerinas She dances E the nicest The painter always uses more careful than mine Your coat looks 94 on in Many soldiers died My grandparents traveled around the world ( during / for ) five months C in Jenny likes swimming Ms Grey called my mom ( at / in / on / X ) dinnertime B during later than money to me than the bus the best than my brother in our art class Where did you go after school? • • It’s across from the mall Review Test 95 Review Test Units 17–20 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences Logan walked into the room ( and / but / or / so ) looked for his bag and Is Crystal younger ( and / but / or / so ) older than you? There aren’t any empty chairs, ( and / but / or / so ) I will just stand if but or Jessica knows it you aren’t busy, can you help me now? and delicious when he was young Do you want a plastic bag or a paper bag? Gloria can’t go on a picnic because My brother was chubby ( When / Because / If ) my dad was a university student, he didn’t have a cell phone she has a stomachache Choose the correct answers My dad finished wash his car washing to wash go going to go at home? Will Adam go shopping or stay staying I didn’t expect receive to stay an email from him receiving Jeremy kept her name calling call to receive go finish Naomi hopes watch It is exciting F We are excited about to finish to watch write He enjoys writing buy She needs to buy find They surfed the Internet Correct the underlined words Would you mind to open the front door? opening It is not easy learn a new skill to learn My goal this year to win a gold medal is to win He bought some bread making sandwiches to make It polite to reply to your teacher’s emails It is polite She is scared of to swim in the sea swimming to call Complete the sentences E outside Wear a thick coat when you 96 If but The blueberry cake tastes sweet I didn’t go hiking ( when / because / if ) I had an appointment with Dr Parr C because I don’t know the answer, I’m sorry, ( and / but / or / so ) I can’t help you now B when going to the aquarium her project soon football games books for teenagers a new car to find a nice restaurant Match to complete the sentences Walking my dog is • • but he wasn’t hurt Brody bought candles • • to use the old printer My brother fell off his bike, • • when I am in a hurry It was inconvenient • • to decorate the room My sister’s dream is • • my favorite thing to The bus always comes late • • to become the president Review Test 97 Appendix Present Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: Spelling Rules Base Form Third-person Singular Rule most verbs use find uses finds + –s verbs ending in –ch , –sh , –s , –x catch match push finish miss pass mix fix catches matches pushes finishes misses passes mixes fixes + –es verbs ending in a consonant + –y carry try reply fly carries tries replies flies –y → –ies verbs ending in a vowel + –y say play enjoy buy says plays enjoys buys + –s exceptions have go has goes does – Adjective Type Base Form Comparative Superlative Rule smart young smarter younger smartest youngest + –er/–est adjectives ending in –e wise nice safe wiser nicer safer wisest nicest safest + –r/–st adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant hot big fat hotter bigger fatter hottest biggest fattest double consonant + –er/–est adjectives ending in –y heavy early pretty heavier earlier prettier heaviest earliest prettiest –y → –ier/–iest adjectives with two or more syllables beautiful important expensive more beautiful more important more expensive most beautiful most important most expensive more/most + most adjectives Past Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type 98 Base Form Present Continuous Rule most verbs open finish clean stay opened finished cleaned stayed + –ed verbs ending in –e like love hope close live use arrive change liked loved hoped closed lived used arrived changed + –d verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant drop hug stop plan dropped hugged stopped planned double consonant + –ed verbs ending in a consonant + –y study cry try worry studied cried tried worried –y → –ied Gerunds and Infinitives Verb + Gerund enjoy finish keep mind stop avoid consider Verb + Infinitive want hope plan need expect decide choose ask agree promise Verb + Gerund/Infinitive like love start begin hate continue Appendix 99 Appendix List of Irregular Verbs 100 Base form Present continuous Past simple Base form Present continuous Past simple be being was/were let letting let become becoming became lose losing lost begin beginning began make making made break breaking broke meet meeting met build building built pay paying paid buy buying bought put putting put catch catching caught read reading read come coming came ride riding rode cut cutting cut rise rising rose doing did run running ran draw drawing drew say saying said drink drinking drank see seeing saw drive driving drove sell selling sold eat eating ate send sending sent feel feeling felt sing singing sang find finding found sit sitting sat fly flying flew sleep sleeping slept forget forgetting forgot speak speaking spoke get getting got spend spending spent give giving gave stand standing stood go going went swim swimming swam have having had take taking took hear hearing heard teach teaching taught hide hiding hid tell telling told hit hitting hit think thinking thought keep keeping kept wake waking woke know knowing knew wear wearing wore leave leaving left win winning won lie lying lay write writing wrote ... Necessity: Must | 22 30 Yes / No Questions 34 Necessity: Have To Past Tense & Future Tense Unit Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Past Simple Positive & Negative | Past Continuous Positive & Negative | 42 Yes /... Year’s Day on the weekend in January in 20 14 in winter in the morning/afternoon The movie begins at 7:30 The exam is on June 24 My sister was born in 20 02 We don’t use prepositions before last,... to allow students to review and reinforce each unit’s grammar points and help them gradually expand their understanding of the grammar rules Grammar for Writing This section allows students to