Grammar space 3 SB keys

r a m ram G Student Book Supplementary Material Introduction Review Test Each unit opens with a simple, real-life conversation that shows the use of the unit’s grammar points After every four units, students will take a review test The tests will help students recall what they have studied and assess their understanding of the grammar points Grammar Point Two grammar boxes explain the main grammar points in the unit Simple charts and corresponding pictures help students clearly understand and easily grasp the fundamental grammar structures that are being taught The grammar boxes are followed by practical exercises and drills that allow students to quickly check what they have learned PLUS+ Simple tips about minor exceptions, useful expressions, and word usage are provided to give students a more in-depth understanding of the grammar points Appendix More grammar rules and information are included at the back of the book Midterm/Final Test Practice Various exercises are presented to allow students to review and reinforce each unit’s grammar points and help them gradually expand their understanding of the grammar rules Grammar for Writing This section allows students to complete a written passage by applying their understanding of the key grammar points Each unit also includes an interesting reading passage that incorporates the grammar points students have learned The midterm and final tests allow students to evaluate their progress throughout the course Sentences, Nouns, & uantifiers Unit Unit Unit Unit Parts of a Sentence Subject & Predicate Subject + Verb + Object / Complement | Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + I.O + D.O | Subject + Verb + Object + O.C Quantifiers A Few / A Little Pronouns Pronouns & Possessives | 10 14 Many / Much / A Lot Of | Adjectives, Adverbs, Modal Verbs, & The Passive Indefinite Pronouns 18 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Adjectives & Adverbs Adjectives & Adverbs Modal Verbs Ability, Permission, & Advice: Can / May / Should Unit Unit Unit Present vs Past Simple: The Verb Be Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Simple vs Past Simple Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Simple vs Present Continuous Present Simple vs Present Continuous | Stative (Non-Action) Verbs Present vs Past Continuous Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Present Perfect Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Perfect vs Past Simple Use & Meaning | Use & Meaning Future Will | 22 26 30 34 Possibility: May / Might Information Questions Information Questions | How + Adjective / Adverb | Requests: Could You / Would You The Passive The Passive | 58 62 66 The Passive Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Participial Adjectives Present Participles & Past Participles | Participial Adjectives Infinitives Infinitives as Nouns | Infinitives as Adverbs / Adjectives Gerunds Gerunds | Relative Pronouns | 74 78 Gerunds as Objects Relative Pronouns as Subjects 70 Relative Pronouns as Objects 82 Supplementary Material 38 42 46 Be Going To Necessity: Must / Have To 54 Infinitives, erunds, & Relative Pronouns Present Perfect & Future Tense Unit | Modal Verbs Present Tense & Past Tense Unit Comparatives & Superlatives | 50 • Review Tests - 5 • Appendix • Midterm Test / Final Test 88 - 97 98 - 100 Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + Object/Complement A: I stayed at home on Sunday What about you? B: I had sushi at a restaurant It was delicious Some sentences are made up of a subject, a verb, and an object The object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb Subject & Predicate A sentence has a subject and a predicate The subject tells who or what the sentence is about Subject (noun) (pronoun) (noun phrase) eats pizza for dinner The predicate tells what the subject is or does There is at least one verb in a predicate Subject She Predicate walks is cooked told named around the park an English teacher spaghetti me a secret her dog Pluto Object Mr White The cat The people speaks saw played French a mouse soccer at the park Subject Linking Verb Complement My mother The dictionary Sarah and Jane is looks felt an art teacher heavy sleepy after lunch Some common linking verbs are be, look, feel, sound, smell, and taste A Write the subjects, verbs, objects, and complements Subject Verb Object Complement Jim wrote a story × John ran at the park John ran x x They were angry at me They were x angry The roses smell sweet The roses smell x sweet We bought a cushion yesterday Ben and I are students Ben and I A Verb Some sentences are made up of a subject, a verb, and a complement The complement describes the subject and comes after a linking verb Predicate Peter He My brother Subject Divide the sentences into subjects and predicates with slashes( /) My sister plays computer games every day Joanna and I like the main character in the cartoon The sweater in the shop feels soft and warm The flowers on the table are from John My friend Mike likes playing baseball after school Jim wrote a story about his trip We bought a cushion are x x students The tallest girl in my class is Miranda B Circle the verbs and underline the predicates B Read the underlined words and check(✔) Complement Object My grandparents are my heroes Ms Kimble’s new car looks expensive The subway moves quickly along the track The baker bakes bread at six a.m My father bought me a new computer The baby is holding a toy in her hand Rudolph has a very shiny nose The scientist studies the plants on the mountain They are students from China The sofa feels really comfortable Ben drinks a glass of milk every morning Kevin’s sisters are very pretty Unit • Parts of a Sentence Practice A Check(✔) the correct places for the verbs are My parents take We studied B a bus Tiffany proud to school pressed The man bought My parents great me Sarah doesn’t get up early So she doesn’t eat in Paris on 3 HEALTH CHECKLIST Name: Sarah Wells you a button a cell phone 3 Yes No Choose and complete the sentences Then check(✔) sweet tired movies wet his textbook my room Complement Object John didn’t bring his textbook My brothers watch movies Jonathan is always tired I clean my room to school at night after work every weekend sweet The sauce tasted to me wet The clothes on the line are Complete Sarah's health report and write the numbers of the objects and complements every day in the elevator me 3 fashion design Your new dress looks of A is the girls a soldier hamburgers and pizza Eating them too I eat vegetables every day I like hamburgers and pizza to exercise more She sleeps well at night She I exercise three times a week doesn’t think she is I feel tired after school I sleep well at night I am a healthy person much is not good for her health She often feels Object after school She needs tired healthy ①②③ ④⑤ Find the sentences that are S +V +O and S +V +C and write the numbers Fruits and vegetables have many different colors Did you know that foods of different colors have different health Red foods are good for heart health improve memory cranberries sells every day But she also likes I skip breakfast Find the missing words and rewrite the sentences Japanese vegetables benefits? C I get up early breakfast Complement B in the morning She eats the key and peaches They also Red foods include cherries, tomatoes, and Some healthy orange foods are carrots, oranges, Orange foods promote good skin and eye Ms Lloyd from Hawaii Ms Lloyd is from Hawaii Mike and Jack speak very well Mike and Jack speak Japanese very well He chairs and tables at his store He sells chairs and tables at his store and broccoli, strengthen bones and muscles Eat a variety of colors of fruits and at the concert looked excited The girls at the concert looked excited vegetables Then, We found under the bed We found the key under the bed Mr Miles was 40 years ago Mr Miles was a soldier 40 years ago health S+V+O 10 Pineapples and bananas are healthy yellow foods They improve brain function Green foods, like spinach you will be healthy and strong ①③④⑥⑧⑨ S+V+C ②⑤⑦⑩ Unit • Parts of a Sentence Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement A: My aunt sent me presents from Canada B: You must be happy Presents always make me happy Some sentences have an object complement (O.C.) It comes after the object and describes the object It can be a noun or an adjective Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object Jolie Some sentences have two objects, an indirect object(I.O.) and a direct object (D.O.) The indirect object is the person or thing that receives the direct object from the subject I made a salad S + V + D.O I made my parents S + V + I.O + Subject Verb My parents bought Jenny a salad D.O Indirect Object Direct Object - a new computer me a new computer - letters Ellen letters sends Karen named her dog Jolie (her dog = Jolie) S + V + O + O.C A Read the underlined words and check(✔) Indirect Object B She gave me a book for my birthday Cathy and I will make Grandma a chair Derek bought his younger sister a teddy bear I asked the police officer the way to the mall Circle the indirect objects and underline the direct objects Helen gave me her phone number yesterday We bought our cat a comfortable bed 10 Verb Object Object Complement I He People left found called the door the test the lady open difficult an angel Read the sentences and write the objects and the object complements Object Common verbs that take two objects are give, send, make, ask, buy, show, bring, and tell A Subject Direct Object B Object Complement The movie made Nora and Rachel sad Nora and Rachel sad She found the novel interesting the novel interesting People call New York the “Big Apple.” New York the “Big Apple” They will name their daughter Sophie their daughter Sophie Jenny always keeps her desk tidy her desk tidy Look at the pictures and complete the sentences a great musician blue salty salty She made the soup too Can you show me your paintings? The police officer keeps the children Gina told them a scary story last night Molly and Tim painted the door Our English teacher read us a poem People called Beethoven safe safe blue a great musician Unit • Parts of a Sentence 11 Practice A B Check(✔) the correct places for the words English me Dad her Tony the information The lady will Christmas cards I anyone Mrs Freeman asks send Don’t teaches a fork passed 1 tell 3 My uncle you the children the students 3 your password will The movie made the actress popular James showed us his new bike Sarah bought her mother a pretty watch My dog brings me the newspaper every morning Don’t leave your sister alone People Object Complement Her songs give her some flowers when I was little We can make it new again! energetic orange green You could get your children a new desk You can bring us your old furniture We can paint your old desk an We can paint your dusty cabinets a fresh We make all of your old furniture exciting Come by our store to see what we can You could even buy them a new bookshelf! But why waste money? The Magic Makers are here for you made him tired to her concert I’m going to her Find the sentences that are S +V +I.O +D.O and S +V +O +O.C and write the numbers Are you bored with your furniture? A What is Ed doing? B He is sleeping The exam Last week, my mother (her / some flowers / give) A What was your nickname? bought me tickets concert this weekend At the concert, I will ? (Troublemaker / me / called) make me happy (tickets / bought / me) A I have an appointment with Dr Brennan at three o’clock called me Troublemaker in the world (happy / me / make) Unscramble the words and complete the dialogues B My mother call Jenny Kyle the best singer (the best singer / call / Jenny Kyle) B like a chessboard paint the house black and white (black and white / paint / the house) The blanket kept her warm (me / tell / your name) this weekend We (him / make / a house) tell me your name He doesn’t have a doghouse yet make him a house every year Dave will make us dinner tonight B Can you named the puppy Spotty So, we will Read the underlined words and check(✔) last month We (Spotty / the puppy / named) Direct Object C gave my sister and me a puppy (my sister and me / gave / a puppy) many questions give Read the weekend plans Unscramble the words and complete the passages A You can ask us questions any time! (him / made / tired) A Bye, Susie I will miss you very much 12 B I will miss you, too I will send you my photos (send / my photos / you) from the trip S+V+I.O.+D.O ①②③⑧ S+V+O+O.C ④⑤⑥⑦ Unit • Parts of a Sentence 13 uantifiers Many / Much / A Lot Of A: What would you like to eat, David? B: Can I have a few potatoes with a little cheese? Many and much mean a large number or amount of something many + plural count noun The rich man has many cars There are many books in the library How many candles you need? A Few / A Little A few and a little mean a small number or amount of something a few + plural count noun I don’t have much information There isn’t much milk in the refrigerator How much time we have? A lot of has the same meaning as many and much It can describe both plural count nouns and noncount nouns a little + noncount noun He has a few friends There are a few cookies on the table They bought a few flowers much + noncount noun She has a little money There is a little water in the bottle Add a little yogurt to the sauce There are a lot of computers (= There are many computers.) Karen has a few apples David has a little time before his flight A A B many ( a few / a little ) boxes We don’t eat ( a few / a little ) children ( a few / a little ) men Sarah doesn’t have ( a few / a little ) tea ( a few / a little ) honey Do you need ( a few / a little ) chances ( a few / a little ) letters She doesn’t have ( a few / a little ) oil 10 ( a few / a little ) bread Complete the sentences with a few or a little A few doctors are working tonight a little I need a little A few My friend has Could I have The students have rain this week sleep a little English novels ice in my drink? a few meat many many much The doctor didn’t give me B friends chairs? Much is not used in positive sentences money much advice I have much time (×) I have a lot of time ( ) Circle the correct words There are ( many / much ) people in the gym We had ( many / a lot of ) fun, didn’t we? How ( many / much ) brothers you have? people were at the shopping mall a few paintings in the gallery much ( a few / a little ) butter There will be 14 Complete the sentences with many or much There are Circle the correct words I don’t have a lot of money (= I don’t have much money.) questions How ( many / much ) sleep you get every night? I have ( much / a lot of ) pencils in my pencil case People eat ( many / a lot of ) sugar every day Pablo bought ( many / much ) shirts last weekend Unit • Quantifiers 15 Practice A Complete the sentences with a few or a little a few There are a few We saw Add a little There is only Restaurants Sightseeing coffee every day Maybe you don’t want to spend a little He wrote down a few time outside in winter But there are juice in the refrigerator them We have French a few ice rinks in the city (a few / a little) However, Rockefeller Center is the most famous one You will find New Yorkers and ideas on a piece of paper animals can survive in the desert tourists there There are also a lot of Write many or much for the underlined words many We didn’t eat a lot of bread yesterday much There are a lot of fish in the pond many I don’t have a lot of time to eat breakfast much My brother doesn’t drink a lot of milk much There are a lot of beautiful buildings in London many B a little tall buildings and a money if you visit early in the (a little / a few) morning during weekdays They have a lot of oranges many (many / much) Find the five mistakes and correct them Many students study at schools However, there are a few students who study at home This is called homeschooling Homeschooling has much advantages First, regular students Circle the correct words to complete the dialogues spend A Why did you buy ( a lot of / much ) apples? students don’t have to travel at all They can also study their B I collect them I spent ( many / a lot of ) money on them A Look! There are ( much / a lot of ) people at the park a few time traveling to school But homeschooling many hours And because there is only one student, he or she gets there are also B I went to ( a few / a little ) beaches I swam every day A You have so ( many / much ) comic books! favorite subject for B I’m going to make apple jam this afternoon A What did you on your trip? 16 a lot of (much / a lot of) big Christmas tree You can save C outdoor activities in New York Ice skating is one of (a little / a lot of) B much (many / much) pepper to your soup a little a few Hotels singers at the festival They can speak Only This is a travel guide for New York Choose and complete the sentences birthday presents for Sarah a little My dad drinks A many time with the teacher However, a few disadvantages Homeschooling students usually have only also don’t have much chances to learn from other students around them ③ many 10 a little friends They don’t have ④ a lot of ⑥ a lot of much social interaction They ⑧ a few ⑩ many B Wow There is ( many / a lot of ) trash, too Unit • Quantifiers 17 Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns A: Is this bike yours? B: No, it’s not mine Somebody left it here We use an indefinite pronoun when we don’t give specific information about a person or thing We also use it when a person or thing is unknown Pronouns & Possessives A subject pronoun replaces a subject noun, and an object pronoun replaces an object noun A possessive adjective comes before a noun and tells who the noun belongs to A possessive pronoun can replace a possessive adjective and its noun Singular Plural Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I me my mine you you your yours Positive he / she / it him / her / it his / her / its his / hers / - we us our ours Negative / Question you you your yours they them their theirs Jake is a teacher He loves his students All the students respect him A Somebody sent me a love letter Subject Pronoun The runners are very thirsty We’ll give Patrick was in class He Do your know Paul and Robert? We always take our bags with Person Positive (Negative meaning) them us I saw somebody in the classroom I have something for you I don’t know anybody in your class Do you know anybody in my class? I don’t have anything in my bag Do you have anything in your bag? Nobody is in the classroom Nothing is on the table I saw nobody on the street (= I didn’t see anybody on the street.) A Circle the correct words some water There is ( anything / nothing ) in the box I don’t know ( something / anything ) about him are my good friends He gave me ( anything / something ) for my birthday ( Nobody / Anybody ) visited her last Christmas when we go shopping Hello? Is ( anybody / nobody ) here? B  here is no difference T between -one and –body somebody = someone anybody = anyone nobody = no one Circle the correct words Here is a letter from ( my / me ) friend in London 18 He has nothing in his pocket (= He doesn’t have anything in his pocket.) I met ( somebody / anybody ) at the mall asked the teacher some questions They Thing Nobody and nothing are used in positive sentences, but they have negative meanings Mr and Mrs Jones bought a house This is their new house This house is theirs Complete the sentences with subject or object pronouns There is something in your ear B Match the sentences My father always wears ( him / his ) glasses She keeps nothing in the drawer • • Nobody remembered her birthday Jane lost ( her / hers ) dog in the park I am hungry • • The drawer is empty The students turned off ( their / theirs ) phones I didn’t know where to go • • Somebody gave me directions My sister drew the picture The picture is ( her / hers ) Carrie is very sad today • • I didn’t eat anything for lunch These aren’t their books The books are ( our / ours ) I found something on the street • • It was an old coin Unit • Pronouns 19 Practice A Circle the correct words Let’s meet the Most Amazing Person Award candidates Complete the sentences A Are you ( worrying / worried ) about your exam? First is Nathan He is The view of the Grand Canyon is ( amazing / amazed ) in horror movies He has interested (interest) Look at those ( swimming / swum ) ducks watched over 3,000 horror movies He was not My favorite dessert is ( freezing / frozen ) yogurt any of them frightened by (frighten) He wasn’t ( satisfying / satisfied ) with his test results Next is Weng Eating insects is The ( burning / burned ) candles made the dinner romantic exciting to her At first, she saw (excite) people eating insects and she was B Choose and complete the sentences interesting interested Her classmates are person interested confused confusing confused I was His question was confusing Mike is always tired tiring tired terrifying terrified Finally, this is Paul He is in her to many places He is never (disappoint) in the evening Find the five mistakes and correct them B in the dark room Being in the dark was a terrifying During my summer vacation, I was very experience but my friends were very A Shawn is getting married sky in a small airplane I was B I heard that I was surprised B I’m pleased was B I dropped Mom’s favorite cup It’s I was broken A What’s your favorite sport? B Soccer It is very exciting It was to meet you, too (please) A I heard a noise What happened? (break) boring So, I crowded I was scared, exciting We went up into the terrifying that my parachute wouldn’t open But I jumped I was flying through the sky It by the news (surprise) A Nice to meet you, Jack 72 Complete the dialogues decided to try skydiving with my friends When I got to the skydiving center, it was very C in traveling He has traveled disappointed when he goes to new places tiring terrified interested (interest) by his question His work is really I was (shock) interesting dishes with insects interesting Maria is an Now, she cooks shocked 10 amazed After I landed, I couldn’t express how I felt! satisfied to something that was so adventurous impressed with myself for doing it Skydiving was definitely an exciting and amazing experience ① bored ④ excited ⑤ terrified ⑥ amazing ⑦ satisfying (excite) Unit 17 • Participial Adjectives 73 18 Infinitives Infinitives as Adverbs / Adjectives A: It’s hard to find information about the topic B: Yes, it is Do you want to go to the library with me? An infinitive can describe a verb like an adverb It adds the purpose of the action Adverb Infinitives as Nouns Infinitive An infinitive uses the form to + verb When it is used as a noun, it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject Complement Object They ran to the station fast They ran to the station to catch the train (purpose) An infinitive can describe a noun like an adjective To learn English is necessary (not normally used) → It is necessary to learn English Adjective Her dream is to become a teacher Infinitive I want to buy new shoes I have a cute dog I have a dog to play with When an infinitive is used as a subject, it usually comes at the end of the sentence The sentence starts with it A To play with friends is fun It is fun to play with friends (It = to play with friends) A Underline the infinitives and check(✔) Subject B 74 Match to complete the sentences I saved some money • • to catch it Jim searched his room • • to find his car key The cat ran after the mouse • • to help poor people They woke up early • • to get some sleep Sally sent cards • • to invite her friends to her party He turned off the light • • to see the sunrise Complement Object It isn’t easy to play the piano My dream is to travel to Egypt My sister wants to buy a teddy bear It makes me happy to talk to my best friend Karen hoped to meet the singer B Look at the pictures and complete the sentences Complete the sentences using the infinitives dangerous / touch It is dangerous to touch strange / wear It is strange to wear necessary / wash It is necessary to wash fun / play It is fun to play eat wipe a snake I need a cloth a helmet inside He bought a magazine fruit before eating it Susan doesn’t have a CD player games at a picnic There is a lot of food to wipe read play the table to read to eat on the airplane to play the CD in the fridge Unit 18 • Infinitives 75 Practice A Complete the sentences using infinitives A Read the health tips and complete the sentences I have a cold You drink too much coffee It is unhealthy → It is unhealthy to drink too much coffee You go to school on time It is important → It is important to go to school on time → It is necessary to ask your teacher questions You saw the big rainbow in the sky It was amazing B Cool it down Stop it from getting infected • drink hot lemon tea • wear thick clothes • put some ice on it • put lavender oil on it • wash the wound • cover the wound with a bandage hot lemon tea Also, you need to drink it down Or, it is good to cool When you have a paper cut, you need → It was amazing to see the big rainbow in the sky I decided open get to study wound with a bandage to stop to work to make Jennifer boils water I used scissors work protect study B thick clothes to wear to put to wash some lavender oil on it the wound Then, cover the it from getting infected Find the infinitives as nouns, adverbs, and adjectives and write the numbers abroad next year I am going to learn English He went to Australia to open as a tour guide some tea to get to protect You should wear sunglasses There are many famous Do you have museums to visit anyone to call The waiter gave me some John needs a suit to wear to have a memorable moment? Do you want to see something amazing? to watch the Northern Lights The They are also called the aurora borealis People go some fresh air your eyes food (money / buy) in France (museums / visit) to see red, blue, violet, and green colors in the to see the Northern Lights are Canada, Alaska, and Norway Fall and spring are good times Complete the sentences using the infinitives money to buy Northern Lights are colored lights in the night sky sky The best places The poor man doesn’t have Do you want Then travel the envelope My mother opened the window 76 warm You need Choose and complete the sentences using the infinitives make C to stay When you have a mosquito bite, don’t scratch it Put some ice on it You ask your teacher questions It is necessary I have a paper cut Stay warm When you have a cold, it is important You share food with your friends It is nice → It is nice to share food with your friends I have a mosquito bite to visit those places The best times are in the early morning or late at night It is easier Many travelers and scientists come is one of the best ways 10 to catch the lights to see the lights when it is dark to observe the lights Seeing the Northern Lights to feel the beauty of nature in an emergency? (anyone / call) water to drink (water / drink) Infinitives as nouns ①②⑧ Infinitives as adverbs ③④⑨ Infinitives as adjectives ⑤⑥⑦⑩ for his job interview (a suit / wear) Unit 18 • Infinitives 77 19 erunds Gerunds as Objects A: Do you enjoy watching movies? B: Yes, I I plan to watch a movie tomorrow Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive Some verbs can be followed by both a gerund and an infinitive Gerunds A gerund uses the form verb + ing When it is used as a noun, it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject Swimming in the sea is fun Complement Object My favorite activity is swimming in the sea I love swimming in the sea Sam kept losing his tennis matches Infinitive want hope need expect decide plan choose ask promise She hopes to open her own restaurant Gerund / Infinitive like start Lucy started reading the newspaper Lucy started to read the newspaper love begin hate continue A gerund can come after a preposition like a noun Mary’s hobby is riding her bike (Mary’s hobby = riding a bike) Present Participle enjoy keep finish mind avoid stop Cindy is good at dancing Brian and Ted are interested in taking photos How about drinking some water? When a gerund is used as a complement, it can be mistaken as a present participle Gerund Gerund Mary is riding a bike (Mary riding a bike) A Circle the correct words Chris kept ( practicing / to practice ) the guitar A Complete the sentences using the gerunds and check(✔) My parents promised ( buying / to buy ) me a backpack for my birthday Subject B Hunting hunt teach have Having climb Do you like meet I enjoy His job is sharks is dangerous Sarah finished ( reading / to read ) the book last night Do you want ( riding / to ride ) your bicycle to school? I expected ( seeing / to see ) a big tiger at the zoo breakfast is important You should take a rest and avoid ( using / to use ) your computer climbing My brothers are excited about ( going / to go ) on a picnic Mike isn’t interested in ( learning / to learn ) lndonesian teaching meeting young children mountains? new people Read the underlined words and check(✔) Present Participle Gerund 78 Complement Object B Complete the sentences using the gerunds or infinitives The monkeys love eating bananas open Do you mind opening Alice is playing computer games get People need to get Danny stopped biting his nails ride Frank is good at Mr Hans is reading my essay eat She enjoys I enjoy working with a partner see The children want My goal this year is learning how to knit clean Let’s talk about the window? enough sleep riding eating horses fast food to see cleaning the famous actor the house Unit 19 • Gerunds 79 Practice A Complete the sentences using gerunds A Look at the table and complete the passage using gerunds or infinitives I drink orange juice every morning drinking orange juice → I like Joan every morning Hobby Jake makes furniture very well making furniture → Jake is good at We bake bread at the bakery Baking bread → at the bakery is our job My parents watch movies on Saturdays watching movies → My parents love B → Emily enjoys • play hockey • read comic books Weekend plans • buy a special stamp at the post office • take his cousin to a hockey game • go to a comic book club meeting Wish • display her stamps in an exhibition • become a hockey player • draw cartoons well in an exhibition one day Mark is good at in the evening He decided eat Did you finish your lunch? kick Please stop kicking the back of my seat to visit Ben in the hospital visit We decided run My brother and I planned call Would you mind calling me back in five minutes? use You should avoid using your phone so much to run B Julie loves take watch wearing to draw Watching They enjoy 80 Speaking speak helping taking homeless people care of sick children the evening news is my favorite part of the day surfing the Internet reading them Find the five mistakes and correct them Do you enjoy to share your photos and ideas on Facebook? Do you like leaving comments on your friends’ Facebook pages? These days, many people enjoy very interested in surf hockey He promised playing cartoons well doing that, and Mark Zuckerberg made it possible Mark began pretty skirts to school James wrote an essay about The doctor’s job is wear her stamps to a comic book club meeting this weekend He hopes to go in the park every day Choose and complete the sentences using the gerunds help to display a hockey player Daniel likes comic books He can’t stop Complete the sentences using the gerunds or infinitives eating a special to buy his cousin to a hockey game this weekend His dream is to become to take C stamps She plans collecting stamp at the post office this weekend She wants on Saturdays Daniel • collect stamps Joan enjoys Emily reads travel books in the evening reading travel books Mark using computers in middle school He was write computer software He kept programs and became good at to develop new computer computer programming Then he was accepted to Harvard University At Harvard, he started many people use Facebook for to planning his ideas for Facebook Now, connect with friends and family Thanks to Mark’s vision and hard work, we can socialize with people from all over the world by 10 logging into Facebook ① sharing ⑤ writing ⑥ developing ⑧ to plan[planning] ⑨ connecting Chinese is difficult Unit 19 • Gerunds 81 20 Relative Pronouns B A: Do you know the girl who is talking to Mark? B: She is Mark’s friend She lives in the house that is across the street Circle the correct words I don’t like people that ( tell / tells ) lies all the time My parents drive a car which ( is / are ) 20 years old He ordered a meal that ( was / were ) very expensive Relative Pronouns as Subjects The waitress who ( is wearing / are wearing ) a black shirt is very friendly A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause in a sentence It acts as a subject in the relative clause and gives more information about a noun by defining it Relative Pronouns as Objects I have a friend She lives in Canada (she → subject) A relative pronoun can act as an object in the relative clause I have a friend who lives in Canada (who → relative pronoun) (relative clause) I ate the pizza Jamie and Oliver made it (it → object) I ate the pizza which Jamie and Oliver made (which → relative pronoun) who people which The boy who has blond hair is my friend Mike wants a camera The camera costs $100 things that (relative clause) The boy is my friend He has blond hair who Mike wants a camera which costs $100 people The boy that has blond hair is my friend things Mike wants a camera that costs $100 which When a relative pronoun acts as a subject, we must use the proper verb in the relative clause that I have a friend who lives in Canada (The friend lives in Canada.) I have friends who live in Canada (The friends live in Canada.) people The boy was kind I met the boy The boy who I met was kind We live in a house My grandfather built the house things We live in a house which my grandfather built people The boy that I met was kind things We live in a house that my grandfather built When a relative pronoun acts as an object, we can omit the relative pronoun I ate the pizza (which) Jamie and Oliver made A Complete the sentences with who or which She is an actress She won an Academy Award → She is an actress who won an Academy Award There is the dog It always barks at me → There is the dog which always barks at me I lost my gloves They were expensive → I lost my gloves which were expensive The boy is Billy He called my name 82 → The boy who called my name is Billy A I ate the pizza (that) Jamie and Oliver made Complete the sentences with who or which I know the girl Jason likes her → I know the girl who Jason likes The boy who I met was kind = The boy whom I met was kind The ring is her wedding ring She lost it yesterday which → The ring she lost yesterday is her wedding ring These are the books I bought them last weekend → These are the books which I bought last weekend They are the people I invited them to the party → They are the people who I invited to the party Unit 20 • Relative Pronouns 83 Practice A Circle the correct words Complete the sentences about Rachel using who or which Use that if the relative pronouns act as objects A I met a girl ( that / which ) has the same name as me He is the man ( who / which ) I saw at the movie theater Brian has a robot ( who / that ) can play soccer The boy ( who / which ) helped me yesterday is Sally’s brother Rachel is the girl London is a big city ( who / that ) many people visit every year a white shirt She lives in a house The jacket ( which / who ) I’m wearing was a present from my mom Those are the flowers Complete the sentences with who or which which Ed has a dog which which who The cake which work in this building Candies and sweets have a lot of sugar Some food drove me to school is my aunt → The students who finished the exam → Do you have the umbrella ? The students were very polite I taught them last year 84 → The students who I taught last year that was about sugar addiction The results which eat too much sugar is increasing these days who eat a lot of sugar are often addicted to it eating habits Children love foods left the classroom which I gave you yesterday Moreover, most of them are children I gave you an umbrella yesterday Do you have the umbrella? And people The students left the classroom They finished the exam whom we who the research showed were shocking The number of people I couldn’t read the map The map was on the table which was on the table eat at restaurants contains a lot of sugar, too Recently, scientists has a lot of fruit on it is my favorite → I couldn’t read the map Rachel is talking to is Find the five mistakes and correct them with who or which B Make the two sentences into one sentence using who or which that Carl made did some research C is five years which Anne he wrote all night who They are the people The woman I like has white soft fur We ate the sandwiches He sent the letter old The person Rachel planted that this spring She has a dog She is the musician which her father made last year that Emily likes a boy who ( play / plays ) basketball very well who has a large garden She is sitting on the bench Jane gave me some shirts which ( was / were ) too big for her B is wearing jeans and who were very polite who can’t control their that are sweet Children which become addicted to sugar can have problems These health problems, which include obesity and tooth decay, will affect children’s daily lives Scientists encourage parents to help their children develop eating habits ① which ③ which ④ who ⑧ who 10 who are healthy ⑩ which Unit 20 • Relative Pronouns 85 Supplementary Material 86 Review Test 87 Review Test Units 1–4 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences This magazine gives ( a few / a little ) information about the movie an email Only ( a few / a little ) students arrived on time his name clean Dave The couple named their son Linda has ( many / much ) toy soldiers on her desk a dress Mom bought my sister Don’t put too ( many / much ) oil in the frying pan Jane asked the boy ( Anybody / Somebody ) left you a message happy John sent me his name an email clean E scary love from England happy look make Correct the underlined words We found the movie’s exciting movie My friend Alan taking pictures of his family Ted gave our many good CDs us finds Please put a little sugars in my tea sugar The man not busy last weekend was not busy I drank much juice after exercising a lot of Ann doesn’t know something about cars anything grows Can you show see keep the game challenging lived had found Shawn a B on the history quiz Mr Murphy likes me your ticket? The students gave made F told it Do you know Mia and David? They The woman wears a scarf every day The cushions on the sofa feel (soft) My sister is very cute Everybody likes I know Tom well We The cushions on the sofa feel soft The ice pack kept the food (cool) now are twins her The ice pack kept the food cool I to the library after school (go) take computer lessons together mine A Is this umbrella yours? B No, A Where is your father’s car? B It’s over there That blue car is Find the correct places for the words and rewrite the sentences The woman wears every day (a scarf) Complete the sentences with pronouns or possessive adjectives The printer is broken I can’t use 88 Choose the correct answers The crocodiles in the pond C The news made Sam and Amy B a dress Ms Adams always keeps her car There isn’t ( anything / something ) in my backpack Dave I go to the library after school Mr Gray is about his vacation (excited) is black his Mr Gray is excited about his vacation Review Test 89 Review Test Units 5–8 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences The boxes on my desk ( am / is / are ) empty be The principal’s speech ( is / was / were ) very long yesterday read I Chris ( break / breaks / broke ) the window last night Louis and Joshua ( don’t / doesn’t / didn’t ) get along well these days My dad ( drink / drinks / is drinks ) green tea twice a day The band ( performs / is performing / was performing ) on stage now have finish rain read about the festival in a magazine yesterday My brother is looking for his sunglasses now These clothes were too big for me last year Jenny usually finishes It was raining Liam and Olivia are B look her homework before dinner hard at nine o’clock last night having a snack in the cafeteria Choose the correct answers Was Were isn’t doesn’t am not believing don’t believe carries They was not believing our food to the table 10 minutes ago The waiter didn’t it The story sounds unreal I Did working well at the moment My laptop E Ken a football player 10 years ago? is carrying carried any help now need don’t need aren’t needing F Correct the underlined words Rebecca is loving art and music loves Noah was sitting in the chair now is sitting The shop open last Sunday opened She didn’t good at dancing last year wasn’t good My dad is cooking when I got home was cooking The bus wasn’t come early yesterday didn’t come Write the sentences Kate read a poem in her English class C Complete the dialogues A Is it cloudy outside? B No , it isn’t It’s really sunny A Do you live near the library? B Yes , I So I often go there , he wasn’t He had a lot of fun , she did She came with Tom A Was Ryan bored in the museum? B No A Did Jessica come to the party? 90 B Yes A Were they playing video games? B No , they weren’t They were sleeping A Are you listening to music now? B No , I’m not I’m watching TV Question Did Kate read a poem in her English class? Mr Cohen is staying at a hotel downtown Is Mr Cohen staying at a hotel downtown? Question The children feed their dogs every day Do the children feed their dogs every day? Question Meg and Beth aren’t best friends Meg and Beth weren’t best friends Past tense Mrs Jones teaches geography in our school Past tense Mrs Jones taught geography in our school Review Test 91 Review Test Units 9–12 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences Julia ( has had / had ) three pieces of cake yesterday sing Mr Brown ( doesn’t visit / hasn’t visited ) my family for a year Tony Ann ( has moved / moved ) to Sydney a month ago She has Daniel and I ( haven’t studied / didn’t study ) together in 2011 Choose the correct answers E How will the weather be tomorrow? Yes, it’ll be sunny It’ll be windy We’ll go on a picnic What did he need from the supermarket? Yes, he did He doesn’t need anything He needed eggs and flour How old were you when you painted this picture? I was eight I was tired No, I didn’t How often does Amanda meet her boyfriend? She has many friends No, she doesn’t She meets him twice a week I met her at the library I met her at seven When did you meet Kate? C Yes, I did Complete the dialogues A Have you been to Greece? A Will you go shopping with us? 92 B Yes, I[we] have B No, I[we] won’t A Has he called you since Monday? B No, he hasn’t A How tall is your brother? B He is 171 cm tall A Who is the woman over there? B She is my music teacher A When is he going to visit you? B He’s going to visit me on Sunday F write take work us to Disneyland today a song at the audition last month worked written Sam’s sister is going to I have sang Ms Porter has I ( have read / read ) this novel many times so far graduate take My dad will Jacob ( has grown / grew ) three centimeters since March B train trained for this company for nine years several novels since she was 18 graduate from university next year my dogs for two years Correct the underlined words The man not taken the bus since high school has not taken Sofia hasn’t went to London yet hasn’t gone 3 They travel by ship three times have traveled She knew Keeran since 2013 has known He is going review his English notes is going to review I have read the book when I was little read Write the sentences I have been to China several times I haven’t been to China several times Negative They will have lunch together this Saturday They won’t have lunch together this Saturday Negative We are going to go shopping next weekend We aren’t going to go shopping next weekend Negative Jane has washed all the clothes Has Jane washed all the clothes? Question Tom is going to explore the jungle this summer Is Tom going to explore the jungle this summer? Question Review Test 93 Review Test Units 13–16 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences Ms Parker works ( hard / hardly ) for her company badly My dad always makes decisions ( careful / carefully ) hit Ryan arrived at school Aaron looks ( slimmer / the slimmest ) than last year The car Wear your boots It ( may / may not ) snow tonight You ( should / shouldn’t ) take care of your younger brother was hit The walls were painted T-shirts were given The performance may must shouldn’t fail the test should might don’t have to might mustn’t shouldn’t couldn’t join the badminton team I like badminton I mustn’t go to the zoo yesterday because she got up late Katie must eat any mushrooms I’m allergic to mushrooms I E eat anything now He has a stomachache Ashley didn’t study enough She 94 the earliest early cancel of all the students than my mom by lightning last night by street artists last month to all the volunteers yesterday was canceled because the power went out Choose the correct answers David C paint worse My sister skis This room is ( larger / the largest ) one in the hotel B give may shouldn’t might not May[Can] I play this piano? B Yes, you may A Can[May] I watch this movie? B No, you can’t James honest answered my question honestly This bag is expensiver than that bag more expensive She looks lovelily in the white dress lovely You don’t have wear a suit to the party don’t have to wear I have to study for the exam yesterday had to study Tennis is playing by many people is played Write the sentences Tom has to feed his cat three times a day Tom doesn’t have to feed his cat three times a day Negative Mr Willis might remember my family Mr Willis might not remember my family Negative Complete the dialogues A F Correct the underlined words A Could[Would] you wait for me? B Sorry, but I don’t have time to wait A When was your brother born? B He was born A Where was your ring found? B It was found A When was the book published? B It was published in 2002 under the fridge last year Many people love the talented actor The talented actor is loved by many people Passive A teenager wrote the beautiful songs The beautiful songs were written by a teenager Passive Some students don’t use the school bus The school bus isn’t used by some students Passive Review Test 95 Review Test Units 17–20 A Circle the correct words D Mr Peterson complained about his neighbor’s ( barking / barked ) dog Choose and complete the sentences fall Take the ( freezing / frozen ) blueberries out of the freezer teach The people we met on our trip ( was / were ) kind I practiced singing every day Dave had a satisfying make mistakes leaves in the park with his puppy to pass the audition dinner at the restaurant Choose the correct answers The children by the magician’s magic tricks amazed were amazed lie lay dance to dance dancing last Saturday was interesting The book E lying Matthew and Lily are good at were amazing on the grass in spring I like 96 playing Jeremy enjoys My aunt bought a new sports car which ( run / runs ) very fast C fallen Cindy collected play me how to drive when I am older making The new waitress kept The ( pleasing / pleased ) smell of bread filled the kitchen satisfy to teach My uncle promised The kids were ( terrifying / terrified ) when they heard the ghost stories B pass I bought which bought who I bought David planned early in the morning to leave leave F visiting visit follow buy They are going to the store play The soccer players expect boil Alexis painted some disappoint It is helpful Justin got a Amy’s dream is to studying in England to study Eric chose learn German in high school to learn I hate go to crowded places going[to go] I’m tired of listen to her stories listening The man which she loves is from Italy who[that] I dropped my cell phone who I bought yesterday which[that] leaving Complete the sentences Would you mind Correct the underlined words to follow me another time? your teacher’s advice to buy to play boiled disappointing some drinks well in the game eggs for Easter score on his exam Match to complete the sentences Surfing the Internet • • who always listens to me You should avoid • • to chat with her friends Olivia has no time • • looking directly at the sun Mike is worried • • is very fun Benjamin is a friend • • that is 100 years old They live in a house • about moving to a big city • Review Test 97 Appendix Present Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: Spelling Rules Base Form Third-person Singular Rule most verbs use find uses finds + –s verbs ending in –ch , –sh , –s , –x catch match push finish miss pass mix fix catches matches pushes finishes misses passes mixes fixes + –es verbs ending in a consonant + –y carry try reply fly carries tries replies flies –y → –ies verbs ending in a vowel + –y say play enjoy buy says plays enjoys buys + –s exceptions have do go has does goes – Adjective Type Base Form Comparative Superlative Rule smart young smarter younger smartest youngest + –er/–est adjectives ending in –e wise nice safe wiser nicer safer wisest nicest safest + –r/–st adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant hot big fat hotter bigger fatter hottest biggest fattest double consonant –er/–est heavy early pretty heavier earlier prettier heaviest earliest prettiest –y → –ier/–iest adjectives with two or more syllables beautiful important expensive more beautiful more important more expensive most beautiful most important most expensive more/most + irregular adjectives good/well bad/badly many/much better worse more best worst most – most adjectives adjectives ending in –y Past Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type 98 Base Form Past Simple Rule most verbs open finish clean stay opened finished cleaned stayed + –ed verbs ending in –e like love hope close live use arrive change liked loved hoped closed lived used arrived changed + –d verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant drop hug stop mop dropped hugged stopped mopped double consonant + –ed verbs ending in a consonant + –y study cry try worry studied cried tried worried –y → –ied Gerunds and Infinitives Verb + Gerund enjoy finish keep mind stop avoid consider Verb + Infinitive want hope plan need expect decide choose ask agree promise Verb + Gerund/Infinitive like love start begin hate continue Appendix 99 Appendix List of Irregular Verbs 100 Base form Past simple Present participle Base form Past simple Present participle be was/were been let let let become became become lose lost lost begin began begun make made made break broke broken meet met met build built built pay paid paid buy bought bought put put put catch caught caught read read read come came come ride rode ridden cut cut cut rise rose risen did done run ran run draw drew drawn say said said drink drank drunk see saw seen drive drove driven sell sold sold eat ate eaten send sent sent feel felt felt sing sang sung find found found sit sat sat fly flew flown sleep slept slept forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken get got gotten spend spent spent give gave given stand stood stood go went gone swim swam swum have had had take took taken hear heard heard teach taught taught hide hid hidden tell told told hit hit hit think thought thought keep kept kept wake woke woken know knew known wear wore worn leave left left win won won lie lay lain write wrote written