Most of the money run the Government comes from taxes ofall sort – on personal and corporate income, on sales of goods,on imports and on inheritances. The ultimate source of all taxmoney is the same – peopleThe primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise revenueto finance government expenditure, but taxes can also haveother purposes. Indirect excise duties, for example, can bedesigned to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol,and so on. Governments can also encourage capitalinvestment by permitting various methods of accelerateddepreciation accounting that allow companies to deduct moreof the cost of investments from their profits, and consequentlyreduce their tax bills.
Trang 1Group 7
Trang 2Vocabulary
• Tax (n) [taeks] : a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the
government on workers' income and business profits or added to the cost of some
goods, services, and transactions – thuế
• Impose (v) /im'pouz/ : to establish or apply as compulsory
• Taxation (n) /tæk'seiʃn/ : the act or principle of levying taxes or the condition of being taxed
• Tax evasion : the illegal nonpayment or underpayment of tax
• Inheritance (n) /in'heritəns/ : a thing that is inherited
• Dissuade (v) /di'sweid/ : persuade (someone) not to take a particular course of action
• Deduct (v) /di'dʌkt/ : subtract or take away (an amount or part) from a total.
• Progressive tax (n) : income tax that takes a larger percentage of a larger income and a smaller percentage of a smaller income
• Tax liability (n) : debt to a government incurred by a tax payer as accrued or
asessed taxes
• Tax bill (n) : money owed for taxes
• Tax shelter (n) : A financial arrangement, such as the use of special depletion
allwances, that reduces taxes on current earnings
• Tax inspector (n) : an official responsible for assessing and collecting income tax and some other taxes
• Regressive tax (n): taxation that takes a larger percentage of a lower income and
a smaller percentage of a higher income
Trang 3VOCABULARY EXERCISES
it against profits
higher for people with less money
4 spending money to buy thugs, rather than saving it
6 a tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit,
unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions
7 non-financial benefits or advantages of a job
8 a way to delay the payment of tax on a later time
9 an adjective describing expenditures that can be taken away from taxable income or profits
Trang 4VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1 The tax people pay on their wages and salaries is called
A capital transfer tax B income taxC wealth tax
2 A tax on wages and salaries or on company profits is a/an
A direct tax B indirect tax C value-added tax
3 A tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes is called a
A progressive tax B regressive tax C wealth tax
4 A tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports, and so on is a/an
A direct tax B indirect tax C value-added tax
5 A tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages, is called a/an
A added-value tax B sales tax C value-added tax
2 Which terms do the following sentences define?
Answer: B (Thuế thu nhập cá nhân)
Answer: A (Thuế trực thu)
Answer: A (Thuế lũy tiến)
Answer: B (Thuế gián thu)
Answer: C (Thuế giá trị gia tăng)
Trang 5VOCABULARY EXERCISES
6 Profits made by selling assets are generally liable to a
A capital gains tax B capital transfer tax C wealth tax
7 Gifts and inheritances over a certain value are often liable to a
A capital gains tax B capital transfer tax C wealth tax
8 The annual tax imposed on people’s fortunes (in some countries) is a/an
A added-value tax B capital transfer tax C wealth tax
9 Making false declarations to the tax authorities is called
A fiscal policy B tax avoidance C tax evasion
10 Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum is called
A creative accounting B tax avoidance C tax evasion
2 Which terms do the following sentences define?
Answer: A (Thuế trên thặng dư vốn)
Answer: B (Thuế chuyển nhượng vốn)
Answer: C ( Thuế tài sản)
Answer: C (Trốn thuế) (illegal)
Answer: B ( Tránh thuế ) (Legal)
Trang 6READING
corporate income, on sales of goods, on imports and on inheritances The ultimate source of all tax money is the same – people
expenditure, but taxes can also have other purposes Indirect excise duties, for example, can
be designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, and so on Governments can also encourage capital investment by permitting various methods of accelerated depreciation accounting that allow companies to deduct more of the cost of investments from their profits, and consequently reduce their tax bills
Trang 7Translate
Most of the money run the Government
comes from taxes of all sort – on personal
and corporate income, on sales of goods,
on imports and on inheritances The ultimate
source of all tax money is the same – people
A The primary function of taxation is, of
course, to raise revenue to finance
government expenditure, but taxes can
also have other purposes Indirect excise
duties, for example, can be designed to
dissuade people from smoking, drinking
alcohol, and so on Governments can also
encourage capital investment by permitting
various methods of accelerated
depreciation accounting that allow
companies to deduct more of the cost of
investments from their profits, and
consequently reduce their tax bills
Phần lớn nguồn thu để chính phủ hoạt động đến từ các loại thuế - thuế thu nhập cá nhân
và doanh nghiệp, thuế doanh thu bán hàng, thuế nhập khẩu và tài sản thừa kế.Người dân
là đối tượng chịu thuế cuối cùng của tất cả các loại thuế trên
Chức năng chủ yếu của thuế tất nhiên là phục vụ cho các hoạt động chi tiêu của chính phủ, tuy nhiên việc đánh thuế vẫn có nhưng mục đích khác Ví dụ thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt gián tiếp có thể được thiết kế để khiến người dân giảm tiêu thụ thuốc lá, rượu bia, vân vân Chính phủ cũng có thể khuyến khích gia tăng vốn đầu tư bằng cách hợp pháp hoá nhiều phương pháp khấu hao nhanh cho phép các công ty khấu trừ nhiều chi phí đầu
tư hơn từ lợi nhuận, và từ đó giảm đi mức thuế phải chịu
Trang 8Translate
Most of the money run the Government
comes from taxes of all sort – on personal
and corporate income, on sales of goods,
on imports and on inheritances The ultimate
source of all tax money is the same – people
A The primary function of taxation is, of
course, to raise revenue to finance
government expenditure, but taxes can
also have other purposes Indirect excise
duties, for example, can be designed to
dissuade people from smoking, drinking
alcohol, and so on Governments can also
encourage capital investment by permitting
various methods of accelerated
depreciation accounting that allow
companies to deduct more of the cost of
investments from their profits, and
consequently reduce their tax bills
1. Taxes can be designed both to
discourage and to encourage spending
T The primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purposes Indirect excise duties, for example, can be designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, and so on.
Trang 9taxes are slightly regressive, because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion
of their income on consumption than the rich
Trang 10Translate
B There is always a lot of debate as to the
fairness of tax system Business profits,
for example, are generally taxed twice:
company pay tax on their profits (corporation
tax in Britain, income tax in the USA), and the
shareholders pay income tax on dividends
Income taxes in most countries are
progressive, and are one of the ways in
which governments can redistribute
wealth The problem with progressive taxes
is that the marginal rate – the tax people
pay on any additional income – is always high,
which is generally disincentive both working
and investing On the other hand, most sales
taxes are slightly regressive, because
poorer people need to spend a larger
proportion of their income on consumption
than the rich
Luôn luôn có rất nhiều tranh cãi về tính công bằng của hệ thống đánh thuế Ví dụ : lợi nhuận kinh doanh thường bị đánh thuế 2 lần: công ty chịu thuế trên lợi nhuận( thuế doanh nghiệp ở Anh, thuế thu nhập ở Mỹ), và các cổ đông chịu thuế trên cổ tức Hầu hết các quốc gia hiện nay thực hiện đánh thuế thu nhập luỹ tiến, và đây cũng là một cách để chính phủ phân phối lại của cải trong xã hội.Vấn đề với thuế thu nhập luỹ tiến đó là thuế suất biên – phần thuế mà người dân phải chịu trên các nguồn thu nhập ngoài khác – luôn luôn rất cao, điều này sẽ kìm hãm sự phát triển của cả sản xuất và đầu tư Mặt khác, hầu hết các loại thuế bán hàng đều là thuế luỹ thoái, bởi vì so với người giàu những người nghèo thường phải giành một tỉ lệ lớn hơn từ thu nhập của họ cho sinh hoạt phí
Trang 11Translate
B There is always a lot of debate as to the
fairness of tax system Business profits,
for example, are generally taxed twice:
company pay tax on their profits (corporation
tax in Britain, income tax in the USA), and the
shareholders pay income tax on dividends
Income taxes in most countries are
progressive, and are one of the ways in
which governments can redistribute
wealth The problem with progressive taxes
is that the marginal rate – the tax people
pay on any additional income – is always high,
which is generally a disincentive to both
working and investing On the other hand,
most sales taxes are slightly regressive, an
because poorer people need to spend a
larger proportion of their income on
consumption than the rich
2 The same amount of money can be taxed more than once
3 Progressive taxes may discourage people from working extra hours
4 Sales taxes are unfair because poor people spend more than the rich
T Business profits, for example, are generally taxed twice: company pay tax on their profits (corporation tax in Britain, income tax in the USA), and the shareholders pay income tax on dividends.
T The problem with progressive taxes is that the marginal rate – the tax people pay on any additional income – is always high, which is generally a disincentive to both working and investing.
F Most sales taxes are slightly regressive, because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich.
Trang 12 To reduce income tax liability, some employers give highly-paid employees lots of ‘perks’ (short of perquisites) instead of taxable money, such as company cars, free health insurance, and subsidized lunches Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are known as loopholes in tax law Life insurance policies, pension plans and other investments by which individuals can postpone the payment of tax, are known as tax shelters Donations to
charities that can be subtracted from the income on which tax, is calculated are described as tax-deductible
Trang 13Translate
C The higher the tax rate, the more people
are tempted to cheat, but there is a
substantial ‘black’ or ‘underground’
economy nearly everywhere In Italy, for
example, self-employed people – whose
income is more difficult to control than that of
company employees – account for more than
half national income Lots of people also
have undeclared part-time evening jobs
(some people call this ‘ moonlighting’) with
small and medium-sized family firms, on
which no one pays any tax or national
insurance At the end of 1996, the Director of
the Italian National Institute of Statistics
calculated the size of the underground
economy, and added 16,7% to Italy’s gross
national product (GNP) figure, and then
claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to
become the world’s fifth largest economy
Thuế suất càng cao thì càng có nhiều người tìm cách trốn thuế, tuy nhiên có một bộ phận lớn của nền kinh tế được gọi là ‘thị trường đen’ hay ‘kinh tế ngầm’ xuất hiện ở khắp mọi nơi Ví dụ như ở Ý, những người tự kinh doanh – sở hữu nguồn thu nhập khó kiểm soát hơn
so với những nhân viên làm thuê – thường sở hữu hơn một nửa thu nhập quốc dân Rất nhiều người cũng làm những công việc bán thời gian vào buổi tối nhưng không hề khai báo (hay còn gọi là công việc ngoài giờ) hay
sở hữu những doanh nghiệp gia đình cỡ vừa
và nhỏ mà không hề đóng bất cứ khoản thuế hay bảo hiểm nào Vào cuối năm 1996, Giám đốc của Viện thống kê quốc gia Ý đã nghiên cứu về quy mô của nền kinh tế ngầm, và cộng thêm 16,7% vào tổng sản lượng quốc gia
(GNP) Italia, từ đó tuyên bố rằng Ý đã vượt qua Anh để trở thành nền kinh tế lớn thứ năm trên thế giới
Trang 14Translate
C The higher the tax rate, the more people
are tempted to cheat, but there is a
substantial ‘black’ or ‘underground’
economy nearly everywhere In Italy, for
example, self-employed people – whose
income is more difficult to control than that of
company employees – account for more than
half national income Lots of people also
have undeclared part-time evening jobs
(some people call this ‘ moonlighting’) with
small and medium-sized family firms, on
which no one pays any tax or national
insurance At the end of 1996, the Director of
the Italian National Institute of Statistics
calculated the size of the underground
economy, and added 16,7% to Italy’s gross
national product (GNP) figure, and then
claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to
become the world’s fifth largest economy
5 The Italian government knows that about one seventh of national income escapes taxation
T At the end of 1996, the Director of the Italian National Institute of Statistics calculated the size of the underground economy, and added 16,7%
to Italy’ gross national product (GNP) figure…
Trang 15Translate
D To reduce income tax liability, some
employers give highly-paid employees lots of
‘perks’ (short of perquisites) instead of
taxable money, such as company cars, free
health insurance, and subsidized lunches
Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are
known as loopholes in tax law Life insurance
policies, pension plans and other investments
by which individuals can postpone the payment
of tax, are known as tax shelters Donations to
charities that can be subtracted from the
income on which tax, is calculated are
described as tax-deductible
Để giảm gánh nặng về thuế thu nhập, một
số công ty trả cho các nhân viên có thu nhập cao bằng các khoản ‘thù lao đặc biệt’ (kiểu như bổng lộc) thay vì trả lương bằng tiền và phải chịu thuế thu nhập, ví dụ như xe hơi công ty, bảo hiểm y tế miễn phí, ăn trưa miễn phí,… Những kiểu trả lương trên được gọi là lách luật thuế một cách hợp pháp Các chính sách bảo hiểm nhân thọ, bảo hiểm hưu trí và một loạt các khoản đầu tư khác được các cá nhân sử dụng để trì hoãn việc nộp thuế được gọi là các chỗ dựa để tránh thuế Các khoản đóng góp cho các quỹ từ thiện được trích ra từ thu nhập bị đánh thuế được tính là các khoản giảm trừ thuế
Trang 16Translate
D To reduce income tax liability, some
employers give highly-paid employees lots of
‘perks’ (short of perquisites) instead of
taxable money, such as company cars, free
health insurance, and subsidized lunches
Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are
known as loopholes in tax law Life insurance
policies, pension plans and other investments
by which individuals can postpone the payment
of tax, are known as tax shelters Donations to
charities that can be subtracted from the
income on which tax, is calculated are
F Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are known as loopholes in tax law.
F Life insurance policies, pension plans and other investments by which individuals can postpone the payment of tax, are known as tax shelters.