Government spending and taxation directly affect the overall performance of the economy. Forexample, if the government increases spending to build a new highway, construction of the highway willcreate jobs. Jobs create income that people spend on purchases, and the economy tends to grow. Theopposite happens when the government increases taxes. Households and businesses have less of theirincome to spend, they purchase fewer goods, and the economy tends to shrink.
Unit 7: Fiscal Policy Group 5: Phạm Hà Linh Nguyễn Thị Hồng Loan Nguyễn Thuý Nga Ngô Thị Hương Quỳnh Cấn Thị Việt Trinh Unit 7: Fiscal Policy 01 Vocabulary 02 Reading 03 Summary 04 Vocabulary New words Spelling Meaning inflation (n) /ɪn'fleɪʃn/ Lạm phát inflationary (adj) /in'fleiʃənəri/ (thuộc) lạm phát; gây lạm phát deficit (n) /'dɛfisit/ /di'fisit/ Thiếu hụt budget deficit /'bʌdʒit 'dɛfisit/ Sự thâm hụt, thiếu hụt ngân sách deficit spending /'dɛfisit 'spendiŋ/ Bội chi Government revenue (n) /'gʌvənmənt Thu nhập phủ judgment (n) /'dʤʌdʤmənt/ 'rɛvinju:/ Cách nhìn nhận, đánh giá Vocabulary New words Spelling Meaning grant (n) /grɑ:nt/ Khoản viện trợ grant (v) /grɑ:nt/ Viện trợ, giúp đỡ expansionary (adj) /ik’spænʃənɛri/ Mở rộng, nới lỏng contractionary (adj) /kən'træk∫nɛri/ Thắt chặt, thu hẹp inevitably (adv) /in'evitəbli/ Một cách tất yếu, hiển nhiên global economy (n) /'gləʊbl Nền kinh tế tồn cầu International Monetary Fund (IMF) /,intə'nỉ∫nəl 'mʌnitəri fʌnd/ i'kɒnəmi/ Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế Reading Government spending and taxation directly affect the overall performance of the economy For example, if the government increases spending to build a new highway, construction of the highway will create jobs Jobs create income that people spend on purchases, and the economy tends to grow The opposite happens when the government increases taxes Households and businesses have less of their income to spend, they purchase fewer goods, and the economy tends to shrink Question: In what way government spending and taxation affect the economy? Give examples Government spending and taxation directly affect the overall performance of the economy For example, if the government increases spending to build a new highway, construction of the highway will create jobs Jobs create income that people spend on purchases, and the economy tends to grow Reading Government spending and taxation directly affect the overall Chi tiêu phủ thuế ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến tổng thể hiệu suất performance of the economy For example, if the government increases kinh tế Ví dụ, phủ tăng chi tiêu để xây dựng đường cao spending to build a new highway, construction of the highway will create tốc mới, việc xây dựng đường cao tốc tạo công ăn việc làm Việc jobs Jobs create income that people spend on purchases, and the làm tạo thu nhập mà người dân dùng để mua sắm, nhờ kinh economy tends to grow The opposite happens when the government tế có xu hướng tăng trưởng Điều ngược lại xảy phủ tăng thuế increases taxes Households and businesses have less of their income Các hộ gia đình doanh nghiệp có thu nhập để chi tiêu, họ mua to spend, they purchase fewer goods, and the economy tends to shrink hàng hơn, kinh tế có xu hướng co lại 2 Reading When the government spends more than it receives, it runs deficit Governments finance deficits by borrowing money Deficit spending – that is , spending funds obtained by borrowing or printing instead of taxation – can be helpful for the economy For example, when unemployment is high, the government can undertake projects that use workers who would otherwise be idle The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into it However, deficit spending also can harm the economy When unemployment is low, a deficit may result in rising prices, or inflation The additional government spending creates more competition for scarce workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply, are the two most important components of a government’s overall economic policy, and the government uses them in an attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment and low inflation Question: what is deficit spending? Is it useful or harmful for the economy? Why? Deficit spending is a situation in which a company, or especially a government, spends more money than it collects for a given period of time, usually a quarter or a year It can be either helpful or harmful for the economy Because: + It is useful when unemployment is high, the government can undertake projects that use workers who would otherwise be idle The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into it + It is harmful When unemployment is low, a deficit may result in rising prices, or inflation The additional government spending creates more competition for scarce workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices 2 Reading When the government spends more than it receives, it runs deficit Governments finance deficits by borrowing money Deficit spending – that is , spending funds obtained by borrowing or printing instead of taxation – can be helpful for the economy For example, when unemployment is high, the government can undertake projects that use workers who would otherwise be idle The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into it However, deficit spending also can harm the economy When unemployment is low, a deficit may result in rising prices, or inflation The additional government spending creates more competition for scarce workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply, are the two most important components of a government’s overall economic policy, and the government uses them in an attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment and low inflation Question: what are the government’s major economic policies mentioned above? There are fiscal policy and monetary policy Question: what are they aimed at? They are aimed at maintaining economic growth, high employment and low inflation 2 Reading When the government spends more than it receives, it runs deficit Governments finance Khi phủ chi nhiều thu, việc dẫn đến thâm hụt Chính phủ nước bù đắp deficits by borrowing money Deficit spending – that is , spending funds obtained by borrowing cho thâm hụt cách vay mượn tiền Bội chi - nghĩa là, quỹ chi tiêu thu cách or printing instead of taxation – can be helpful for the economy For example, when vay mượn in tiền thay đánh thuế - hữu ích cho kinh tế Ví dụ, tỷ lệ thất unemployment is high, the government can undertake projects that use workers who would nghiệp cao, phủ thực dự án có sử dụng nguồn lao động nhàn rỗi Nền otherwise be idle The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into kinh tế sau mở rộng nhiều tiền bơm vào Tuy nhiên, bội chi có it However, deficit spending also can harm the economy When unemployment is low, a deficit thể gây tổn hại cho kinh tế Khi tỷ lệ thất nghiệp thấp, thâm hụt dẫn đến giá tăng may result in rising prices, or inflation The additional government spending creates more cao, hay xảy lạm phát Hậu chi tiêu phủ tạo nhiều cạnh tranh khan competition for scarce workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices lao động nguồn lực điều thổi phồng lương giá Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and Chính sách tài khóa sách liên quan đến thuế chi tiêu cơng Chính sách tài monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply, are the two most important khóa sách tiền tệ, liên quan đến cung tiền, hai thành phần quan trọng components of a government’s overall economic policy, and the government uses them in an sách kinh tế tổng thể phủ, phủ sử dụng chúng nỗ lực để attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment and low inflation trì tăng trưởng kinh tế, tỷ lệ việc làm cao lạm phát thấp 2 Reading Fiscal policy can be either expansionary and contractionary It is expansionary and loose when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased with the aim of stimulating total spending in the economy, known as aggregate demand Expansionary policy might occur, when a government feels its economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high By increasing spending or cutting taxes, the government leaves individuals and businesses with more money to purchase goods or invest in new equipment When individuals or firms increase their purchases, they raise demand, which requires additional production, creating jobs, generating more spending The result is higher employment and a growing economy On the other hand, fiscal policy is contractionary or tight when taxation is increased or public spending is reduced in order to restrict demand and slow down the economy A tight fiscal policy is more likely when inflation is high A contractionary fiscal policy reduces the amount of money in the economy available for purchasing goods, thus decreasing spending, demand, and ultimately, pressure on prices Question: under what circumstances can fiscal policy be expansionary? Why? It is expansionary and loose when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased and when a government feels its economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high Because the government wants to stimulate total spending in the economy Question: under what circumstances can fiscal policy be contractionary? Why? It is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is reduced and inflation is high Because the government wants to restrict demand and slow down the economy 2 Reading Fiscal policy can be either expansionary and contractionary It is expansionary and loose when Chính sách tài khóa nới lỏng thắt chặt Nó mở rộng nới lỏng thuế giảm taxation is reduced or public spending is increased with the aim of stimulating total spending in the chi tiêu cơng tăng lên với mục đích kích thích tổng chi tiêu kinh tế, gọi economy, known as aggregate demand Expansionary policy might occur, when a government feels tổng cầu Chính sách nới lỏng xảy ra, phủ cảm thấy kinh tế tăng trưởng its economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high By increasing spending or không đủ nhanh tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao Bằng cách tăng chi tiêu cắt giảm thuế, cutting taxes, the government leaves individuals and businesses with more money to purchase phủ để cá nhân doanh nghiệp có nhiều tiền để mua sắm đầu tư vào thiết bị goods or invest in new equipment When individuals or firms increase their purchases, they raise Khi cá nhân doanh nghiệp tăng sức mua, họ đẩy cầu tăng, đòi hỏi sản xuất bổ sung, demand, which requires additional production, creating jobs, generating more spending The result tạo việc làm, tạo chi tiêu nhiều Kết tỷ lệ việc làm cao kinh tế tăng is higher employment and a growing economy trưởng On the other hand, fiscal policy is contractionary or tight when taxation is increased or public Mặt khác, sách tài khóa thu hẹp thắt chặt thuế tăng chi tiêu công giảm để hạn spending is reduced in order to restrict demand and slow down the economy A tight fiscal policy is chế lượng cầu làm kinh tế chậm lại Một sách tài khóa thắt chặt có nhiều khả more likely when inflation is high A contractionary fiscal policy reduces the amount of money in the lạm phát mức cao Chính sách tài khóa thắt chặt làm giảm lượng tiền sẵn có kinh economy available for purchasing goods, thus decreasing spending, demand, and ultimately, tế dùng cho việc mua sắm hàng hố, làm giảm chi tiêu, nhu cầu, cuối cùng, gây sức ép pressure on prices đến giá 2 Reading To determine its fiscal policy, a government must make judgments about a number of factors, including the level of economic growth or unemployment likely in the future These factors will affect the amount of revenue raised through taxes and the amount of money required for government programs Once these determinations are made, the government can decide how to raise revenue and how to allocate it Revenue is generated through a combination of different taxes – for example income tax, sales tax, or customs duties – and can be allocated to build new roads, fund government programs, or to pay expenses such as government employees’ salaries Another important decision a government must make regarding fiscal policy is whether or not to run a budget deficit by spending more money than the government raises Deficits can be financed in two ways – borrowing or printing more money If the government borrows money, it will decrease the supply of money available in the economy for lending, and the cost of borrowing money, the interest rate, may rise If the government prints more money, it will increase the supply of money in the economy, without a corresponding increase in available goods; prices – and inflation – are likely to rise Question: what factors should be considered in making decisions on the fiscal policy? A government must make judgment about : - the level of economic growth or unemployment likely in the future Whether or not to run a budget deficit by spending more money than the government raises 2 Reading Để xác định sách tài khóa mình, phủ phải đưa phán đoán số yếu tố, To determine its fiscal policy, a government must make judgments about a number of factors, bao gồm mức độ tăng trưởng kinh tế tỷ lệ thất nghiệp có khả tương lai Những including the level of economic growth or unemployment likely in the future These factors will affect yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến nguồn thu thông qua loại thuế số tiền cần thiết cho the amount of revenue raised through taxes and the amount of money required for government chương trình phủ Một định thực hiện, phủ programs Once these determinations are made, the government can decide how to raise revenue định làm để tăng nguồn thu cách thức để phân bổ Nguồn thu tạo thơng qua and how to allocate it Revenue is generated through a combination of different taxes – for example kết hợp loại thuế khác - ví dụ thuế thu nhập, thuế doanh thu, thuế hải quan - income tax, sales tax, or customs duties – and can be allocated to build new roads, fund phân bổ để xây dựng đường giao thông mới, tài trợ cho chương trình government programs, or to pay expenses such as government employees’ salaries phủ, để tốn chi phí tiền lương cho nhân viên phủ Một định quan trọng khác mà phủ phải thực liên quan đến sách tài khóa có Another important decision a government must make regarding fiscal policy is whether or not to run hay không để thâm hụt ngân sách xảy việc chi tiêu nhiều thu Thiếu hụt tài a budget deficit by spending more money than the government raises Deficits can be financed in trợ/bù đắp hai cách - vay in thêm tiền Nếu phủ vay mượn tiền, làm giảm two ways – borrowing or printing more money If the government borrows money, it will decrease cung tiền có sẵn vay kinh tế, chi phí vay tiền, lãi suất, tăng lên Nếu the supply of money available in the economy for lending, and the cost of borrowing money, the phủ in thêm tiền, làm tăng cung tiền kinh tế, mà khơng có gia tăng interest rate, may rise If the government prints more money, it will increase the supply of money in tương ứng lượng hàng hóa có sẵn; giá - lạm phát - tăng lên the economy, without a corresponding increase in available goods; prices – and inflation – are likely to rise 2 Reading Decisions on fiscal policy are inevitably influenced by political considerations, such as beliefs about the size of the role that governments should play in the economy, or the likely public reaction to a particular course of action Few governments will find it easy to raise taxes or to decrease funding for programs that have strong support from the public, such as social security or defense Fiscal policy decisions can be influenced by other outside factors as well In today’s global economy, a government also needs to consider the fiscal policies of other countries, which may tempt companies to relocate by offering them generous tax programs or other government – controlled benefits Some countries may find their fiscal policy decisions constrained by the requirements of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which often grants aid packages subject to conditions relating to fiscal policy Question: why should the government consider the fiscal policies of the other countries? Because the fiscal policies of other countries may tempt companies to relocate by offering them generous tax programs or other benefits 2 Reading Decisions on fiscal policy are inevitably influenced by political considerations, such Các định sách tài khóa khơng tránh khỏi bị ảnh hưởng cân as beliefs about the size of the role that governments should play in the economy, or nhắc trị, chẳng hạn niềm tin tầm quan trọng vai trò mà phủ the likely public reaction to a particular course of action Few governments will find it nên nắm giữ kinh tế, phản ứng có khả xảy cơng chúng easy to raise taxes or to decrease funding for programs that have strong support tiến trình hành động cụ thể phủ Rất phủ thực thi việc from the public, such as social security or defense Fiscal policy decisions can be tăng thuế giảm tài trợ cho chương trình có ủng hộ mạnh mẽ từ công chúng, influenced by other outside factors as well In today’s global economy, a government also needs to consider the fiscal policies of other countries, which may tempt companies to relocate by offering them generous tax programs or other government – controlled benefits Some countries may find their fiscal policy decisions constrained by the requirements of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which often grants aid packages subject to conditions relating to fiscal policy chẳng hạn an sinh xã hội hay quốc phòng Các định sách tài khóa bị ảnh hưởng yếu tố bên khác Trong kinh tế tồn cầu ngày nay, phủ cần phải xem xét sách tài khóa quốc gia khác, chúng thu hút cơng ty chuyển đến cách cung cấp cho họ chương trình ưu đãi thuế hay số lợi ích phủ khác kiểm soát Một số quốc gia nhận thấy định sách tài khóa họ bị hạn chế yêu cầu Quỹ Tiền tệ quốc tế IMF, thường cấp gói viện trợ có điều kiện liên quan đến sách tài khóa 3 Summary •Firstly, the influence of government spending and taxation to the overall performance of the economy •Secondly, deficits: - It’s run when government spends more than it receives - To finance deficits, government borrows money or prints money - Deficit is either harmful and helpful - Deficit spending: spending funds obtained by borrowing or printing instead of taxation – can be helpful for the economy •Thirdly, concept of fiscal policy: is a government policy related to taxation and public spending; the government uses it in an attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment and low inflation - There are types of fiscal policy: + Expansionary fiscal policy is used when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased + Contractionary fiscal policy is used when taxation is increased or public spending is reduced •Finally, the factors influence Government decisions of fiscal policy: - Inside factor: unemployment rate, inflation rate… - Outside factor: political considerations, requirements of IMF… THANKS FOR PAYING ATTENTION! ... policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and Chính sách tài khóa sách liên quan đến thuế chi tiêu cơng Chính sách tài monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply,... resources and this inflates wages and prices Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply,... resources and this inflates wages and prices Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy and monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply,