Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality

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10GBE Alien CrossTalk Mitigation 060625 Mitigation Techniques To Reduce Alien Crosstalk Noise In 10GBE Channels Using UTP Cabling These mitigation techniques are good installation practices that will benefit both Class E and Class E A performance. Always use the Random Lay mantra; “Random lay in the bundle and tray For Cat 6 cable and Cat 6 A “ © P. Meijer An existing Class E channel using Category 6 components will have its performance improved to a level where it may comfortably carry 10GBE applications by applying where possible a combination of some of the following; At the Floor Distributor Remove cable ties from bundles in the telecommunication room racks, cabinets and pathways. The majority of ANEXT occurs in the first 15 meters from the patch panel or termination modules where the signal strength is greatest. Apply cable bundle fasteners only where necessary to mechanically support the cables and at both sides of a change in vertical direction of the cabling. Use only ‘hook & loop’ type fasteners, at least 12 mm wide, or approved elastic bundle fasteners. Do not use nylon ties or ‘zip ties’. Upgrade patch cords to CopperTen Cat 6 A patch cords. Use longer patch cords to provide more ANEXT noise attenuation, but do not exceed the allowable Channel Insertion Loss. The minimum patch cord length must be 2.1 metres. 3 metre CopperTen patch cords give even better ANEXT mitigation. Place the patch cords in Random Lay so that there is less chance of coupling from parallel runs. Replace existing Category 6 patch panels with polymer Category 6 A staggered-socket patch panels. This increases the separation between outlets and minimises coupling. Where patch panel replacement is not possible, use non-adjacent sockets and non- adjacent channels for the 10GBE. Use patch cord management systems like the ADC Glide Managers that allow room and facility for Random Lay and/or patch cord separation. Change from a cross-connect to an interconnect cabling arrangement. The unused cross-connect panels or modules are re-usable for other circuits or other locations. 10GBE Alien CrossTalk Mitigation 060625 In the Horizontal Cable runs Where metallic or mesh trays are used, the cables should be physically separated and placed in Random Lay to minimise alien crosstalk. Earth all metal and mesh trays with at least 2.5 mm 2 Gn/Yl earth wire connected to protective earth. Do not fasten cables into bundles. Do not fasten any cables onto the tray/mesh except for change of vertical direction >45° or to maintain a fixes separation from a hazardous service. At the consolidation point, replace the Category 6 modules with CopperTen Modules and ensure the cables are in a Random Lay configuration. Reduce the length of the long Permanent Links and Channels. But be aware of possible AFEXT issues. Short run lengths produce high frequency AFEXT noise (unless power back-off is applied in transmitters). So, separate the short runs from the long runs, if possible. Apply the Random Lay principle. If AACR-F noise is a problem the only remedy is to separate the channels over the entire length. Separating only at the beginning of the channel improves the ANEXT, but it does not improve AACR-F. Replace the existing Category 6 cabling with CopperTen cabling. At the TO When the connectors are grouped at the TO, use 2 dual socket faceplates instead of a single triple socket faceplate. If this is not possible, use different protocols like only one 10GBE and two Category 6 outlets in a triple socket faceplate. In MUTO assemblies, ensure there is at least 20 mm separation all round Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality By: OpenStaxCollege No society should expect or desire complete equality of income at a given point in time, for a number of reasons First, most workers receive relatively low earnings in their first few jobs, higher earnings as they reach middle age, and then lower earnings after retirement Thus, a society with people of varying ages will have a certain amount of income inequality Second, people’s preferences and desires differ Some are willing to work long hours to have income for large houses, fast cars and computers, luxury vacations, and the ability to support children and grandchildren These factors all imply that a snapshot of inequality in a given year does not provide an accurate picture of how people’s incomes rise and fall over time Even if some degree of economic inequality is expected at any point in time, how much inequality should there be? There is also the difference between income and wealth, as the following Clear It Up feature explains How you measure wealth versus income inequality? Income is a flow of money received, often measured on a monthly or an annual basis; wealth is the sum of the value of all assets, including money in bank accounts, financial investments, a pension fund, and the value of a home In calculating wealth all debts must be subtracted, such as debt owed on a home mortgage and on credit cards A retired person, for example, may have relatively little income in a given year, other than a pension or Social Security However, if that person has saved and invested over time, the person’s accumulated wealth can be quite substantial The wealth distribution is more unequal than the income distribution, because differences in income can accumulate over time to make even larger differences in wealth However, the degree of inequality in the wealth distribution can be measured with the same tools we use to measure the inequality in the income distribution, like quintile measurements Data on wealth are collected once every three years in the Survey of Consumer Finance 1/8 Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality Even if they cannot answer the question of how much inequality is too much, economists can still play an important role in spelling out policy options and tradeoffs If a society decides to reduce the level of economic inequality, it has three main sets of tools: redistribution from those with high incomes to those with low incomes; trying to assure that a ladder of opportunity is widely available; and a tax on inheritance Redistribution Redistribution means taking income from those with higher incomes and providing income to those with lower incomes Earlier in this chapter, we considered some of the key government policies that provide support for the poor: the welfare program TANF, the earned income tax credit, SNAP, and Medicaid If a reduction in inequality is desired, these programs could receive additional funding The programs are paid for through the federal income tax, which is a progressive tax system designed in such a way that the rich pay a higher percent in income taxes than the poor Data from household income tax returns in 2009 shows that the top 1% of households had an average income of $1,219,700 per year in pre-tax income and paid an average federal tax rate of 28.9% The effective income tax, which is total taxes paid divided by total income (all sources of income such as wages, profits, interest, rental income, and government transfers such as veterans’ benefits), was much lower The effective tax paid by the top 1% of householders was 20.4%, while the bottom two quintiles actually paid negative effective income taxes, because of provisions like the earned income tax credit News stories occasionally report on a high-income person who has managed to pay very little in taxes, but while such individual cases exist, according to the Congressional Budget Office, the typical pattern is that people with higher incomes pay a higher average share of their income in federal income taxes Of course, the fact that some degree of redistribution occurs now through the federal income tax and government antipoverty programs does not settle the questions of how much redistribution is appropriate, and whether more redistribution should occur The Ladder of Opportunity Economic inequality is perhaps most troubling when it is not the result of effort or talent, but instead is determined by the circumstances under which a child grows up One child attends a well-run grade school and high school and heads on to college, while parents help out by supporting education and other interests, paying for college, a first car, and a first house, and offering work connections that lead to internships and jobs Another child attends a poorly run grade school, barely makes it through a lowquality high school, does not go to college, and lacks family and peer support These two children may be ... Impact of Government Policies and Investment Agreements on FDI Inflows to Developing Countries: An Empirical Evidence Rashmi Banga • Abstract The last two decades have witnessed an extensive growth in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to developing countries. This has been accompanied by an increase in competition amongst the developing countries to attract FDI, resulting in a rise in investment incentives offered by the host governments and removal of restrictions on operations of foreign firms in their countries. This has also led to an ever-increasing number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and regional agreements on investments. In this scenario, the question addressed by the study is: How effective are these selective government policies and investment agreements in attracting FDI flows to developing countries and do FDI from developed and developing countries respond similarly to developing host countries’ policies? To answer this, the study examines the impact of fiscal incentives offered, removal of restrictions and signing of bilateral and regional investment agreements with developed and developing countries on FDI inflows to developing countries, after controlling for the effect of economic fundamentals of the host countries. The analysis is first undertaken for aggregate FDI inflows to fifteen developing countries of South, East and South East Asia for the period 1980-81 to 1999-2000. Separate analyses are then undertaken for FDI from developed and developing countries. The results based on random effects model show that fiscal incentives do not have any significant impact on aggregate FDI, but removal of restrictions attracts aggregate FDI. However, FDI from developed and developing countries are attracted to different selective policies. While lowering of restrictions attract FDI from developed countries, fiscal incentives and lower tariffs attract FDI from developing countries. Interestingly, BITs, which emphasize on non-discriminatory treatment of FDI, are found to have a significant impact on aggregate FDI. But it is BITs with developed countries rather than developing countries that are found to have a significant impact on FDI inflows to developing countries. JEL Code: F21 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, selective government policies, Bilateral Investment Treaties, FDI from Developed and developing countries • I thank Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) for funding this study. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Arvind Virmani (ICRIER), Prof. K.L.Krishna (ICRIER) and Prof. B.N.Goldar (ICRIER) for their valuable insights and suggestions. The usual disclaimer nevertheless applies. 1 1. Introduction: The ongoing process of integration of the world economy has led to a significant change in the attitudes of the host countries with respect to inward foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI is no longer regarded with suspicion by the developing countries and controls and restrictions over the entry and operations of foreign firms are now being replaced by selective policies aimed at FDI inflows, like Community Economic Development to Reduce Women’s Poverty and Improve Income By Molly McCracken, with Kate Dykman, Francine Parent and Ivy Lopez Partners: Andrews Street Family Centre Prairie Women’s Health Centre of Excellence SEED Winnipeg Inc. Wolseley Family Place Funded by: The Manitoba Research Alliance on Community Economic Development in the New Economy; the Margaret Laurence Endowment in Women’s Studies; and through in-kind support from the Partners above. We are pleased to acknowledge the financial support of the initiative on the New Economy of the Social Science and Humanities Research Council; via the Manitoba Research Alliance on Community Economic Development in the New Economy. Further information: www.pwhce.ca/youngwomenwork.htm www.manitobaresearchallianceced.ca mollym@mts.net T his p a p er, a shortened version of the research stud y , was p re p ared for submission to the Mondragon University’s Cooperative Research Conference June 28 th , 2005 in Onati, Spain. <www.eteo.mondragon.edu/ocs/index.php> Young Women Work: Community Economic Development Reduce Women’s Poverty and Improve Income 2 Young women work – in their homes, communities, schools, with other youth and in the labour force. Just like generations before them, they are working to improve their lives - and the lives of those around them - through everyday tasks such as helping a friend, caring for children, or finishing a homework assignment. But young women who live in poverty continue to find themselves unable to make our economy or society work for them. Struggling to stay in school, working for low wages, confronting teen pregnancy, and lacking childcare, young women told us that they have many challenges. In the face of a future living in poverty, and possibly raising another generation to do the same, young women told us they want to work to build a better future for themselves and those around them. We spoke to 50 young women in inner-city Winnipeg, Manitoba. Located in the gateway province to Western Canada, Winnipeg’s West Broadway and North End neighbourhoods are characterized by high levels of poverty and low levels of school attendance. Small family centres such as Wolseley Family Place and Andrews Street Family Centre provide basic supports for women living on low incomes: free laundry facilities, childcare, breakfast clubs, health services. These services help people get by day-to-day, but the question remains, how can community groups support people to improve their incomes and quality of life? In Manitoba, a growing group of organizations is focusing on Community Economic Development (CED): economic development that starts with the assets of individuals and the community, and is guided by the community in a long term strategy to reduce poverty. This research was developed with community workers who identified the need for more analysis on how to support young women out of poverty. Young women are living in poverty because they do not benefit equally from the economy. The current “new” economy, with its emphasis on computer literacy, technology and innovation, requires particular levels of education, a familiarity and comfort with computer technology, and supports such as childcare, in order to Young Women Work: Community Economic Development Reduce Women’s Poverty and Improve Income 3 participate. It also discriminates against women in similar ways as the VIỆN NC QUẢN LÝ KINH TẾ TW TRUNG TÂM THÔNG TIN – TƯ LIỆU THÔNG TIN CHUYÊN ĐỀ GIẢM KHOẢNG CÁCH CHÊNH LỆCH THU NHẬP TO REDUCE INCOME GAP IN VIETNAM SỐ 2012 CIEM, Trung tâm Thông tin – Tư liệu VIỆN NC QUẢN LÝ KINH TẾ TW TRUNG TÂM THÔNG TIN – TƯ LIỆU GIẢM KHOẢNG CÁCH CHÊNH LỆCH THU NHẬP TO REDUCE INCOME GAP IN VIETNAM TRUNG TÂM THÔNG TIN – TƯ LIỆU Tel – Fax: 04 – 37338930 E-mail: vnep@mpi.gov.vn Hà Nội, Tháng 6/2012 CIEM, Trung tâm Thông tin – Tư liệu TO REDUCE INCOME GAP IN VIETNAM Income distribution is a phase in the reproduction process, which is also a link in the economic relation system There are two groups of reasons for the disparity in income distribution, as follows: - Income distribution disparity from assets This is a static reason, causing disparity which is beyond individuals’ control and influence Such income is generated from sources including: asset inheritance, differences in consumption and saving behaviours of different individuals which lead to different effects to accumulated assets, and business performance - Income distribution disparity from labor This group includes factors of individuals’ talent, capacity, skills, working conditions and occupational characteristics, those lead to differences in income, particularly, differences in ability, leadership skills, intensity of work, occupation, and the nature of work An economy with large income gap will experience other disparities of opportunity and access to available resources, differences in level and living standard, which leads to many consequences associated to economic development results as well as welfare security and social evils In this context, the role of government is brought into play to make appropriate interventions, in order to ensure social justice and to ensure that achievements of economic growth and development can spread to poorer groups , disadvantaged and other vulnerable groups Although the redistribution of income through government’s interventions does not increase overall wealth of the society, it can help increase social welfare To ensure fairness is to ensure access to basic services that people are entitled to as citizens' rights Therefore, reducing the income gap creates a positive externality for the outcome of economic development - society I.Current status of income disparity in Vietnam Vietnam's economy is now entering a new phase of development After more than two decades of important socio-economic achievements, Vietnam has identified the goal of sustainable development for the national economy in near future Sustainable development is no longer a new concept, which requires the development process focuses on three pillars: economic, social and environmental For Vietnam, sustainable development, at least in terms of income distribution, is a CIEM, Trung tâm Thông tin – Tư liệu really urgent need in the coming period as Vietnam is to maintain the growth rate to escape the vicious cycle trap of low-income countries, and the prerequisite is to reduce disparity and poverty However, in terms of capacity, the possibility for Vietnam’s sustainable development is a big question, given the perspective of rapid economic growth basing on reducing the income gap between individuals and regions across the country The contradic picture of the rich and the poor in Vietnam shows another perspective of economic growth process, and that the income gap in Vietnam is widening This fact is consistent with the assessment of the World Bank that the rich and poor gap in Vietnam is moving away from relatively equal in 2002 to rather difference because the income gap keeps growing among current resident groups This remark is no surprise as according to the Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs, the gap between income levels of different labor groups is widening, especially in large cities Compared to other countries having the same development level (in income per capita) around the world, Vietnam’s income disparity remains at a ECONOMIC GROWTH, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE VERSUS CORRUPTION, AND OTHER DETERMINANTS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS by Alina Slyusarchuk A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Economics National University “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” Master’s Program in Economics 2008 Approved by _ Mr Volodymyr Sidenko (Head of the State Examination Committee) Program Authorized to Offer Degree Master’s Program in Economics, NaUKMA Date _ National University “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” Abstract ECONOMIC GROWTH, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE VERSUS CORRUPTION, AND OTHER DETERMINANTS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS by Alina Slyusarchuk Head of the State Examination Committee: Mr Volodymyr Sidenko, Senior Economist Institute of Economy and Forecasting, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Building on theoretical and empirical evidence we investigate the determinants of income inequality across countries We estimate how strongly economic development, corruption, government expenditure and international trade contribute to income inequality Estimating the influence of economic development we find the evidence of the Kuznets hypothesis Our results suggest that in the long run the international trade affects income inequality In the short run, however, its impact is insignificant We also check whether corruption influences negatively on the efficiency of government social expenditures In our research we apply Fixed Effects, Random Effects and panel data Tobit model with Fixed Effects for two datasets, one of which is taken from previous research and the other is constructed from the World Income Inequality Database Additionally, we argue that due to cultural, historical and political differences the level of income inequality and the links vary across groups of countries Choosing developed countries as our base group, we introduce regional dummies for Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, current members of The Commonwealth of Independent States, Asian region, Middle East and North Africa and Sub Sahara Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER DATA DESCRIPTION .9 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 15 CHAPTER ESTIMATION RESULTS 21 5.1 Dataset 21 5.2 Dataset .26 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS .28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 30 APPENDICES 33 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Number Page Figure A1 Lorenz curve and Gini index 33 Figure A2 Kuznets curve 34 Figure A3 The inverted-U relationship between LnGDP per capita and Gini coefficient 34 Number Page Table Regional averages Dataset 11 Table Regional averages Dataset 14 Table Estimation results Main variables Dataset 22 Table Estimation results of regional differences Dataset 24 Table Estimation results Dataset 27 Table A1 Dataset Number of observations and grouping of countries 35 Table A2 Dataset Descriptive statistics 36 Table A3 Dataset Number of observations and grouping of countries 37 Table A4 Dataset Descriptive statistics 38 Table B1 Dataset Estimation results 39 Table B2 Dataset Estimation results 40 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr Tom Coupe for his support, guidance and prompt comments I am also grateful to EERC research workshop professors Olena Nizalova, Olesya Verchenko and Yuri Yevdokimov for their invaluable assistance My special thanks here to Prof Garbis Iradian, Senior Economist with the IMF’s Middle East and Central Asia Department, for providing the dataset on income inequality, for intence interest to my paper and helpful comments I also wish to extend my heartfelt thanks to Balázs Horváth, IMF Resident Representative in Ukraine, for his ... From this viewpoint, policies to reduce inequality may help economic output by building social support for allowing markets to operate 4/8 Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality The Tradeoff... important to focus on when considering inequality: income inequality or wealth inequality? To reduce income inequality, should the marginal tax rates on the top 1% be increased? Redistribution of income. .. equality might reduce incentives to work and produce output Then describe how a push for economic inequality might not have such effects 7/8 Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality Critical