Development of the Heart

Copyright © 2012 JOHN J BLENKUSH All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system, without the written permission of the author. www.jblenkush.com ISBN: 1469902958 ISBN-13: 978-1469902951 To my wife, NJ, whose “touch” rejuvenates my life-force. A special thank-you to my wife and family, who are forever the wind beneath my wings, for their understanding when I disappear into my fictional world, and for their ongoing continued support. “I feel my heart stand still, as if in waiting to reverse direction.” Julissa Grant Development of the Heart Development of the Heart Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The human heart is the first functional organ to develop It begins beating and pumping blood around day 21 or 22, a mere three weeks after fertilization This emphasizes the critical nature of the heart in distributing blood through the vessels and the vital exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes both to and from the developing baby The critical early development of the heart is reflected by the prominent heart bulge that appears on the anterior surface of the embryo The heart forms from an embryonic tissue called mesoderm around 18 to 19 days after fertilization Mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers that differentiates early in development that collectively gives rise to all subsequent tissues and organs The heart begins to develop near the head of the embryo in a region known as the cardiogenic area Following chemical signals called factors from the underlying endoderm (another of the three primary germ layers), the cardiogenic area begins to form two strands called the cardiogenic cords ([link]) As the cardiogenic cords develop, a lumen rapidly develops within them At this point, they are referred to as endocardial tubes The two tubes migrate together and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube The primitive heart tube quickly forms five distinct regions From head to tail, these include the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus Initially, all venous blood flows into the sinus venosus, and contractions propel the blood from tail to head, or from the sinus venosus to the truncus arteriosus This is a very different pattern from that of an adult 1/4 Development of the Heart Development of the Human Heart This diagram outlines the embryological development of the human heart during the first eight weeks and the subsequent formation of the four heart chambers The five regions of the primitive heart tube develop into recognizable structures in a fully developed heart The truncus arteriosus will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk The bulbus cordis develops into the right ventricle The primitive ventricle forms the left ventricle The primitive atrium becomes the anterior portions of both the right and left atria, and the two auricles The sinus venosus develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus As the primitive heart tube elongates, it begins to fold within the pericardium, eventually forming an S shape, which places the chambers and major vessels into an alignment similar to the adult heart This process occurs between days 23 and 28 The remainder of the heart development pattern includes development of septa and valves, and remodeling of the actual chambers Partitioning of the atria and ventricles by the interatrial septum, interventricular septum, and atrioventricular septum is complete by the end of the fifth week, although the fetal blood shunts remain until birth or shortly after The atrioventricular valves form between weeks five and eight, and the semilunar valves form between weeks five and nine 2/4 Development of the Heart Chapter Review The heart is the first organ to form and become functional, emphasizing the importance of transport of material to and from the developing infant It originates about day 18 or 19 from the mesoderm and begins beating and pumping blood about day 21 or 22 It forms from the cardiogenic region near the head and is visible as a prominent heart bulge on the surface of the embryo Originally, it consists of a pair of strands called cardiogenic cords that quickly form a hollow lumen and are referred to as endocardial tubes These then fuse into a single heart tube and differentiate into the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus, starting about day 22 The primitive heart begins to form an S shape within the pericardium between days 23 and 28 The internal septa begin to form about day 28, separating the heart into the atria and ventricles, although the foramen ovale persists until shortly after birth Between weeks five and eight, the atrioventricular valves form The semilunar valves form between weeks five and nine Review Questions The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the brain stomach lungs heart D Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart? ectoderm endoderm mesoderm placenta C The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the primitive heart tubes endocardial tubes cardiogenic region 3/4 Development of the Heart cardiogenic tubes D Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? bulbus cordis primitive ventricle sinus venosus truncus arteriosus A The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure? bulbus cordis ... Phùng Thị Vân Báo cáo thực tập Giảng viên hướng dẫn:Th.S Trần Thị Minh Phương 1 MỤC LỤC A. LỜI MỞ ĐẦU -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 B. NỘI DUNG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 PHẦN I: NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CHUNG ------------------------------------------------- 6 I. KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG VỀ ĐƠN VỊ THỰC TẬP --------------------------------- 7 1. Quá trình hình thành và phát triển của Công ty.------------------------------------ 7 2. Hệ thống tổ chức bộ máy, chức năng nhiệm vụ trong Công ty.----------------- 8 2.1.Cơ cấu tổ chức, sơ đồ của công ty--------------------------------------------- 8 2.2. Chức năng, nhệm vụ của các phòng, ban, bộ phận------------------------- 10 3. Đặc điểm hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh của Công ty. ------------------------- 12 3.1. Lĩnh vực hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh. ----------------------------------- 12 3.2. Đặc điểm về các yếu tố đầu vào. --------------------------------------------- 13 4. Một số kết quả đạt được của Công ty trong mấy năm gần đây và phương hướng nhiệm vụ trong thời gian tới ---------------------------------------------------- 13 4.1. Một số kết quả đạt được ------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.2. Phương hướng nhiệm vụ trong thời gian tới -------------------------------- 15 II. THỰC TRẠNG CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ LAO ĐỘNG (QLLĐ) CỦA CÔNG TY. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1. Tổng quan về bộ máy đảm nhiệm công tác quản trị nhân lưc ------------------- 16 1.1. Quan điểm của nhà quản trị về công tác QLLĐ. --------------------------- 16 1.2. Chức năng, nhiệm vụ của bộ máy làm công tác QLLĐ.------------------- 16 2. Cách thức quản lý và sử dụng nguồn nhân lực tại Công ty. --------------------- 17 2.1. Công tác hoạch định nhân lực. ------------------------------------------------ 17 2.2. Cách thức cập nhật và quản lý hồ sơ nhân sự. ------------------------------ 19 3. Công tác phân tích công việc và hệ thống chức danh công việc của Công ty - 19 4. Tuyển mộ, tuyển chọn và bố trí sử dụng nhân lực của Công ty. ---------------- 20 4.1. Quan điểm, triết lý quản trị nhân sự của Công ty. -------------------------- 20 4.2. Công tác tuyển dụng. ----------------------------------------------------------- 21 4.3. Cơ cấu lao động phân theo trình độ. ----------------------------------------- 22 4.4. Cơ cấu lao động phân theo giới tính. ---------------------------------------- 22 5. Đánh giá thực hiện công việc. ------------------------------------------------------- 22 6. Công tác đào tạo nhân lực. ---------------------------------------------------------- 23 Phùng Thị Vân Báo cáo thực tập Giảng viên hướng dẫn:Th.S Trần Thị Minh Phương 2 7. Thù lao, phúc lợi cho người lao động và công tác tạo động lực.---------------- 24 7.1. Tạo động lực trong lao động. -------------------------------------------------- 24 7.2. Tiền lương, tiền thưởng, phúc lợi cho người lao động. -------------------- 25 7.2.1.Hội đồng thành lập ------------------------------------------------------- 25 7.2.2 Những căn cứ xây dựng trả lương tại công ty. ----------------------- 25 7.2.3.Nguyên tắc trả lương----------------------------------------------------- 25 7.2.4.Nguồn hình thành quỹ tiền lương. ------------------------------------- 26 7.2.5.Thực hiện việc trả lương.------------------------------------------------ 26 7.2.6.Chế đọ phụ cấp lương tại công ty. ------------------------------------- 27 7.2.7.Các hình thức trả lương tại công ty. ----------------------------------- 30 7.2.8.Thời gian trả lương tại công ty.----------------------------------------- 32 7.2.9. Các hình thức và chế độ thưởng --------------------------------------- 32 PHẦN II: CHUYÊN ĐỀ: HOÀN THIỆN CÔNG TÁC TẠO ĐỘNG LỰC VẬT CHẤT, TINH THẦN TẠI CÔNG TY TNHH HỆ THỐNG CÔNG NGHIỆP VIỆT Á. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 37 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE OZONIZER AND OZONATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WATERWORKS IN JAPAN Hiroshi HOSHIKAWA*, Takayuki MORIOKA*, Shigeru HATSUMATA* * Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd., 11-2 Osaki 1-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032、Japan ABSTRACT Advanced water treatment facilities are used widely, mainly to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane generation. Each such facility consists of an ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) process and has made the achievement in wateworks (Sato, 2002). To make these facilities more efficient, a large number of researchers were taken to make the ozonizer more efficient and to enhance treatment technology. The ozonizer was reduced in the discharge gap using oxygen, and thus increasing ozone concentrations to 300 g/Nm 3 . However, to avoid incomplete combustion and ensure safety, ozone concentrations must be within 150 g/Nm 3 (Ishioka, 2002; Mizutani et al.,1999). The present report also demonstrates that ozonation technology is effective in removing taste and odor and in reducing trihalomethane ( Morioka et al., 1993; Morioka, 2001); and that bromate information can be suppressed by keeping concentrations of dissolved ozone to no more than 0.1 mg/L ( Kato et al 2002). To spread and establish ozonation more widely, basic research with demonstrative plants must be conducted with regard to ozonation techniques that are capable of handling raw water from waterworks. KEYWORDS Ozonation; ozonizer; Silent discharge method; Biological activated carbon(BAC); Trihalomethane; Bromate INTRODUCTION Waterworks sources in the largest cities are highly contaminated, and advanced water treatment facilities have been introduced, with favorable results, to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane that cannot be treated with conventional techniques of water purification. Advanced water treatment facilities consist mainly of ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment. Ozone has powerful oxidation capability, and is thus able to treat both of them. However, for highly efficient treatment, it is important to increase ozone generation efficiency and to cause necessary and sufficient oxidation reactions in ozone contact basins. Following the introduction of ozonation, new challenges have appeared such as information of bromate by ozonation and inactivation of cryptosporidium. These must also be solved. The present report addresses these issues, together with techniques to solve those Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 38 - problems, and classifies them into ozonizer (which is the key hardware in advanced water treatment facilities) and ozonation techniques. The report then describes the recent status of each of the issues. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INCREASING OZONE CONCENTRATION Ozone generation Method and scale of use Table 1 summarizes the ozone generation method and their scales of use. Table 1. Processes for ozone generation and their scales of use Item UV irradiation Electrolysis Silent discharge Utility ＜0.1kg/h 〇 〇 〇 Laboratory Pool 0.1～1kg/h 〇 〇 Wastewater Night soil 1kg/h＜ 〇 Drinking water Sewage water Ozone can be produced by ultraviolet irradiation, electrolysis, and silent discharge methods. The appropriate method is selected Development of the Quantitative PCR Method for Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ and Its Application to Activated Sludge Toshikazu Fukushima*, Naoki Uda*, Motoharu Onuki**, Hiroyasu Satoh* and Takashi Mino* * Institute of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan (E-mail: fukushima@mw.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp) ** Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan ABSTRACT To quantify Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in activated sludge, quantitative PCR method was developed utilizing SYBR GREEN I and a specific primer set targeted on the 16S rRNA gene of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’. Following optimization of PCR condition, specificity was evaluated based on the melting curve and the sequencing analysis of the PCR products with DNA extracted from activated sludge. Both the melting curve and the sequencing analysis of the PCR product showed that only the target DNA from Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ was amplified. Standard curves with a series of tenfold dilution of the DNA from 16S rRNA gene fragment of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ gave R 2 values greater than 0.999. The minimum detection limit was 1.0×10 3 copies per reaction. The amount of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in laboratory-scale and full-scale activated sludge samples were quantified both by the quantitative PCR method and by the FISH method. The quantification results by these two methods agreed satisfactorily, with an R 2 value of 0.6871 showing a statistically significant correlation (p<0.001). Thus, we developed a rapid quantification method by using quantitative PCR for the quantification of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in activated sludge. Keywords: Quantitative PCR; SYBR GREEN I; Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’; Activated Sludge INTRODUCTION Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ is currently thought to be the most relevant polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process (Seviour et al., 2003; Mino et al., 1998). Hesselmann et al. (1999) and Crocetti et al. (2000) revealed that the bacteria closely related to Rhodocyclus (a member of the β-Proteobacteria) were progressively enriched and responsible for phosphorus removal in laboratory-scale EBPR reactors fed with acetate by using newly designed oligonucleotide probes. Hesselmann et al. (1999) reported that the bacteria was a coccobacillus and tentatively proposed its name as Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’. In further study, Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ has frequently been found to dominate many laboratory-scale EBPR cultures (Onuki et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2001; Oehmen et al., 2005) and has also been observed in abundance in full-scale wastewater treatment plants by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Wong et al., 2005; Beer et al., 2006). It is therefore important to accurately and easily assess the contribution of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter Development of the Microfinance system in Russia Anna Kaganova National Business Incubation Association Russian Federation anna_kaganova@mail.ru Small business development in Russia  SMEs have been existing for 12 years;  >5.6 millions (including 4.5 millions of individual entrepreneurs);  90 % of the total number of establishments;  44 % of GDP;  45 % of employment. Sources of financing Commercial banks Regional (State) Funds for Support of Small Entrepreneurship Business partners, relatives or other people Microfinancial Institutes • convinient and especially attractive for entrepreneurs • represent a flexible form of a classical banking credit • permit to set up the business without start-up capital and credit history Basic conditions of Microfinance  IInterest rate is approximately 6-8 % per month in the first borrowing month with its further reduction to 3-4 % per month  TTotal first credit sum fluctuates between $ 500 – 1000 USD  TTerm of payment is till 3 months More advantageous for small size borrowers than classical bank loans Main objective of Microfinance creation of a high dynamic and an effective financial system for SMEs for an additional stimulation of goods and services production and distribution, and also for a mutuality of start-up enterprises in the acquisition of getting profits and a capital accumulation experience Main tasks of Microfinance  to stimulate efficiency access to the financial resources;  to create work places;  to grow of tax proceeds;  to create a credit history for the further development of SMEs through the bank sector;  to barrier SMEs for their transition to the shady sector of economics. Why not a bank? • lack of guarantees; • lack of credit history; • necessity in operating with a small sum of money ($ 500 – 1000 USD); • necessity in quick credit operating (for several days – week); • necessity in other forms of support and consulting; • existent distrust to banks. Microfinancing Programs Position, summary (on Jan, 2003)  Average monthly microloans interest credit rate – 6%  Average loan size – $400 USD  Average volume of credit on one client – $650 USD  Average percentage of a loan repayment – 95%  Loans distribution: • trade – 55%, • rendering of personal services – 24%, • farming – 11%.  63% of all loans are given to beginner entrepreneurs  Demand for Microloans is evaluated on $ 4.5 bln USA Total quantity of MFIs in Russia - approx. 300 MFIs Social Effect of MFIs MFIs create new work places MFIs give an opportunity for economic development for a lot of people in different Russian regions MFIs usually work with economically unprotected entrepreneurs in regions and give them opportunities for economic development More than 70% of program’s clients are women Example: “Credits for Small Enterprises” microfinance program  Credit sum is from $30 till $1000 USD  Term for accepting the decision 1 day  Interest rate is 4 % per month  Guarantee conditions are 2 warranties (husband/wife, business partner or relative) [...]... clients using given them loans  Nowadays: Microfinance activity has become more mature The models of successful operation of MFIs have been worked out, leading to the mature creation MFIs Development Perspectives SMEs meet depositors directly attracting resources from financial institutions reinvestments the National Business Incubator Association of Russia Founded in 1997 by 22 Russian business incubators... Our Projects   APEC Cooperation Center – New Channel for the NBIA of Russia International Networking; The ACC foundation initiated in 2002;  Aims at facilitating Russian businesses’ development through international cooperation and promotion, in the APEC region especially;  Building Cooperative Networks .. .Development of the Heart Development of the Human Heart This diagram outlines the embryological development of the human heart during the first eight weeks and the subsequent formation of the. .. places the chambers and major vessels into an alignment similar to the adult heart This process occurs between days 23 and 28 The remainder of the heart development pattern includes development of. .. nine 2/4 Development of the Heart Chapter Review The heart is the first organ to form and become functional, emphasizing the importance of transport of material to and from the developing infant