Development of the Appendicular Skeleton

Phùng Thị Vân Báo cáo thực tập Giảng viên hướng dẫn:Th.S Trần Thị Minh Phương 1 MỤC LỤC A. LỜI MỞ ĐẦU -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 B. NỘI DUNG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 PHẦN I: NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CHUNG ------------------------------------------------- 6 I. KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG VỀ ĐƠN VỊ THỰC TẬP --------------------------------- 7 1. Quá trình hình thành và phát triển của Công ty.------------------------------------ 7 2. Hệ thống tổ chức bộ máy, chức năng nhiệm vụ trong Công ty.----------------- 8 2.1.Cơ cấu tổ chức, sơ đồ của công ty--------------------------------------------- 8 2.2. Chức năng, nhệm vụ của các phòng, ban, bộ phận------------------------- 10 3. Đặc điểm hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh của Công ty. ------------------------- 12 3.1. Lĩnh vực hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh. ----------------------------------- 12 3.2. Đặc điểm về các yếu tố đầu vào. --------------------------------------------- 13 4. Một số kết quả đạt được của Công ty trong mấy năm gần đây và phương hướng nhiệm vụ trong thời gian tới ---------------------------------------------------- 13 4.1. Một số kết quả đạt được ------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.2. Phương hướng nhiệm vụ trong thời gian tới -------------------------------- 15 II. THỰC TRẠNG CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ LAO ĐỘNG (QLLĐ) CỦA CÔNG TY. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1. Tổng quan về bộ máy đảm nhiệm công tác quản trị nhân lưc ------------------- 16 1.1. Quan điểm của nhà quản trị về công tác QLLĐ. --------------------------- 16 1.2. Chức năng, nhiệm vụ của bộ máy làm công tác QLLĐ.------------------- 16 2. Cách thức quản lý và sử dụng nguồn nhân lực tại Công ty. --------------------- 17 2.1. Công tác hoạch định nhân lực. ------------------------------------------------ 17 2.2. Cách thức cập nhật và quản lý hồ sơ nhân sự. ------------------------------ 19 3. Công tác phân tích công việc và hệ thống chức danh công việc của Công ty - 19 4. Tuyển mộ, tuyển chọn và bố trí sử dụng nhân lực của Công ty. ---------------- 20 4.1. Quan điểm, triết lý quản trị nhân sự của Công ty. -------------------------- 20 4.2. Công tác tuyển dụng. ----------------------------------------------------------- 21 4.3. Cơ cấu lao động phân theo trình độ. ----------------------------------------- 22 4.4. Cơ cấu lao động phân theo giới tính. ---------------------------------------- 22 5. Đánh giá thực hiện công việc. ------------------------------------------------------- 22 6. Công tác đào tạo nhân lực. ---------------------------------------------------------- 23 Phùng Thị Vân Báo cáo thực tập Giảng viên hướng dẫn:Th.S Trần Thị Minh Phương 2 7. Thù lao, phúc lợi cho người lao động và công tác tạo động lực.---------------- 24 7.1. Tạo động lực trong lao động. -------------------------------------------------- 24 7.2. Tiền lương, tiền thưởng, phúc lợi cho người lao động. -------------------- 25 7.2.1.Hội đồng thành lập ------------------------------------------------------- 25 7.2.2 Những căn cứ xây dựng trả lương tại công ty. ----------------------- 25 7.2.3.Nguyên tắc trả lương----------------------------------------------------- 25 7.2.4.Nguồn hình thành quỹ tiền lương. ------------------------------------- 26 7.2.5.Thực hiện việc trả lương.------------------------------------------------ 26 7.2.6.Chế đọ phụ cấp lương tại công ty. ------------------------------------- 27 7.2.7.Các hình thức trả lương tại công ty. ----------------------------------- 30 7.2.8.Thời gian trả lương tại công ty.----------------------------------------- 32 7.2.9. Các hình thức và chế độ thưởng --------------------------------------- 32 PHẦN II: CHUYÊN ĐỀ: HOÀN THIỆN CÔNG TÁC TẠO ĐỘNG LỰC VẬT CHẤT, TINH THẦN TẠI CÔNG TY TNHH HỆ THỐNG CÔNG NGHIỆP VIỆT Á. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Development of the Appendicular Skeleton Development of the Appendicular Skeleton Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Embryologically, the appendicular skeleton arises from mesenchyme, a type of embryonic tissue that can differentiate into many types of tissues, including bone or muscle tissue Mesenchyme gives rise to the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as to the pectoral and pelvic girdles Development of the limbs begins near the end of the fourth embryonic week, with the upper limbs appearing first Thereafter, the development of the upper and lower limbs follows similar patterns, with the lower limbs lagging behind the upper limbs by a few days Limb Growth Each upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after ([link]) Embryo at Seven Weeks 1/7 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton Limb buds are visible in an embryo at the end of the seventh week of development (embryo derived from an ectopic pregnancy) (credit: Ed Uthman/flickr) Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge This ridge stimulates the underlying mesenchyme to rapidly proliferate, producing the outgrowth of the developing limb As the limb bud elongates, cells located farther from the apical ectodermal ridge slow their rates of cell division and begin to differentiate In this way, the limb develops along a proximal-to-distal axis During the sixth week of development, the distal ends of the upper and lower limb buds expand and flatten into a paddle shape This region will become the hand or foot The wrist or ankle areas then appear as a constriction that develops at the base of the paddle Shortly after this, a second constriction on the limb bud appears at the future site of the elbow or knee Within the paddle, areas of tissue undergo cell death, producing separations between the growing fingers and toes Also during the sixth week of development, mesenchyme within the limb buds begins to differentiate into hyaline cartilage that will form models of the future limb bones The early outgrowth of the upper and lower limb buds initially has the limbs positioned so that the regions that will become the palm of the hand or the bottom of the foot are facing medially toward the body, with the future thumb or big toe both oriented toward the head During the seventh week of development, the upper limb rotates laterally by 90 degrees, so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly and the thumb points laterally In contrast, the lower limb undergoes a 90-degree medial rotation, thus bringing the big toe to the medial side of the foot Watch this animation to follow the development and growth of the upper and lower limb buds On what days of embryonic development these events occur: (a) first appearance of the upper limb bud (limb ridge); (b) the flattening of the distal limb to form the handplate or footplate; and (c) the beginning of limb rotation? Ossification of Appendicular Bones All of the girdle and limb bones, except for the clavicle, develop by the process of endochondral ossification This process begins as the mesenchyme within the limb bud 2/7 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton differentiates into hyaline cartilage to form cartilage models for future bones By the twelfth week, a primary ossification center will have appeared in the diaphysis (shaft) region of the long bones, initiating the process that converts the cartilage model into bone A secondary ossification center will appear in each epiphysis (expanded end) of these bones at a later time, usually after birth The primary and secondary ossification centers are separated by the epiphyseal plate, a layer of growing hyaline cartilage This plate is located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis It continues to grow and is responsible for the lengthening of the bone The epiphyseal plate is retained for many years, until the bone reaches its final, adult size, at which time the epiphyseal plate disappears and the epiphysis fuses to the diaphysis (Seek additional content on ossification in the chapter on bone tissue.) Small bones, such as the phalanges, will develop only one secondary ossification center and will thus have only a single epiphyseal plate Large bones, such as the femur, will develop several secondary ossification centers, with an epiphyseal plate associated with each secondary center Thus, ossification of the femur begins at the end of the seventh week with the appearance of the primary ossification center in the diaphysis, which rapidly expands to ossify the shaft of the bone prior to birth Secondary ossification centers develop at later times Ossification of the distal end of the femur, to form the condyles and epicondyles, ... Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 37 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE OZONIZER AND OZONATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WATERWORKS IN JAPAN Hiroshi HOSHIKAWA*, Takayuki MORIOKA*, Shigeru HATSUMATA* * Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd., 11-2 Osaki 1-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032、Japan ABSTRACT Advanced water treatment facilities are used widely, mainly to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane generation. Each such facility consists of an ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) process and has made the achievement in wateworks (Sato, 2002). To make these facilities more efficient, a large number of researchers were taken to make the ozonizer more efficient and to enhance treatment technology. The ozonizer was reduced in the discharge gap using oxygen, and thus increasing ozone concentrations to 300 g/Nm 3 . However, to avoid incomplete combustion and ensure safety, ozone concentrations must be within 150 g/Nm 3 (Ishioka, 2002; Mizutani et al.,1999). The present report also demonstrates that ozonation technology is effective in removing taste and odor and in reducing trihalomethane ( Morioka et al., 1993; Morioka, 2001); and that bromate information can be suppressed by keeping concentrations of dissolved ozone to no more than 0.1 mg/L ( Kato et al 2002). To spread and establish ozonation more widely, basic research with demonstrative plants must be conducted with regard to ozonation techniques that are capable of handling raw water from waterworks. KEYWORDS Ozonation; ozonizer; Silent discharge method; Biological activated carbon(BAC); Trihalomethane; Bromate INTRODUCTION Waterworks sources in the largest cities are highly contaminated, and advanced water treatment facilities have been introduced, with favorable results, to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane that cannot be treated with conventional techniques of water purification. Advanced water treatment facilities consist mainly of ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment. Ozone has powerful oxidation capability, and is thus able to treat both of them. However, for highly efficient treatment, it is important to increase ozone generation efficiency and to cause necessary and sufficient oxidation reactions in ozone contact basins. Following the introduction of ozonation, new challenges have appeared such as information of bromate by ozonation and inactivation of cryptosporidium. These must also be solved. The present report addresses these issues, together with techniques to solve those Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 38 - problems, and classifies them into ozonizer (which is the key hardware in advanced water treatment facilities) and ozonation techniques. The report then describes the recent status of each of the issues. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INCREASING OZONE CONCENTRATION Ozone generation Method and scale of use Table 1 summarizes the ozone generation method and their scales of use. Table 1. Processes for ozone generation and their scales of use Item UV irradiation Electrolysis Silent discharge Utility ＜0.1kg/h 〇 〇 〇 Laboratory Pool 0.1～1kg/h 〇 〇 Wastewater Night soil 1kg/h＜ 〇 Drinking water Sewage water Ozone can be produced by ultraviolet irradiation, electrolysis, and silent discharge methods. The appropriate method is selected Development of the Quantitative PCR Method for Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ and Its Application to Activated Sludge Toshikazu Fukushima*, Naoki Uda*, Motoharu Onuki**, Hiroyasu Satoh* and Takashi Mino* * Institute of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan (E-mail: fukushima@mw.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp) ** Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan ABSTRACT To quantify Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in activated sludge, quantitative PCR method was developed utilizing SYBR GREEN I and a specific primer set targeted on the 16S rRNA gene of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’. Following optimization of PCR condition, specificity was evaluated based on the melting curve and the sequencing analysis of the PCR products with DNA extracted from activated sludge. Both the melting curve and the sequencing analysis of the PCR product showed that only the target DNA from Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ was amplified. Standard curves with a series of tenfold dilution of the DNA from 16S rRNA gene fragment of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ gave R 2 values greater than 0.999. The minimum detection limit was 1.0×10 3 copies per reaction. The amount of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in laboratory-scale and full-scale activated sludge samples were quantified both by the quantitative PCR method and by the FISH method. The quantification results by these two methods agreed satisfactorily, with an R 2 value of 0.6871 showing a statistically significant correlation (p<0.001). Thus, we developed a rapid quantification method by using quantitative PCR for the quantification of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ in activated sludge. Keywords: Quantitative PCR; SYBR GREEN I; Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’; Activated Sludge INTRODUCTION Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ is currently thought to be the most relevant polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process (Seviour et al., 2003; Mino et al., 1998). Hesselmann et al. (1999) and Crocetti et al. (2000) revealed that the bacteria closely related to Rhodocyclus (a member of the β-Proteobacteria) were progressively enriched and responsible for phosphorus removal in laboratory-scale EBPR reactors fed with acetate by using newly designed oligonucleotide probes. Hesselmann et al. (1999) reported that the bacteria was a coccobacillus and tentatively proposed its name as Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’. In further study, Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ has frequently been found to dominate many laboratory-scale EBPR cultures (Onuki et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2001; Oehmen et al., 2005) and has also been observed in abundance in full-scale wastewater treatment plants by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Wong et al., 2005; Beer et al., 2006). It is therefore important to accurately and easily assess the contribution of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter Development of the Microfinance system in Russia Anna Kaganova National Business Incubation Association Russian Federation anna_kaganova@mail.ru Small business development in Russia  SMEs have been existing for 12 years;  >5.6 millions (including 4.5 millions of individual entrepreneurs);  90 % of the total number of establishments;  44 % of GDP;  45 % of employment. Sources of financing Commercial banks Regional (State) Funds for Support of Small Entrepreneurship Business partners, relatives or other people Microfinancial Institutes • convinient and especially attractive for entrepreneurs • represent a flexible form of a classical banking credit • permit to set up the business without start-up capital and credit history Basic conditions of Microfinance  IInterest rate is approximately 6-8 % per month in the first borrowing month with its further reduction to 3-4 % per month  TTotal first credit sum fluctuates between $ 500 – 1000 USD  TTerm of payment is till 3 months More advantageous for small size borrowers than classical bank loans Main objective of Microfinance creation of a high dynamic and an effective financial system for SMEs for an additional stimulation of goods and services production and distribution, and also for a mutuality of start-up enterprises in the acquisition of getting profits and a capital accumulation experience Main tasks of Microfinance  to stimulate efficiency access to the financial resources;  to create work places;  to grow of tax proceeds;  to create a credit history for the further development of SMEs through the bank sector;  to barrier SMEs for their transition to the shady sector of economics. Why not a bank? • lack of guarantees; • lack of credit history; • necessity in operating with a small sum of money ($ 500 – 1000 USD); • necessity in quick credit operating (for several days – week); • necessity in other forms of support and consulting; • existent distrust to banks. Microfinancing Programs Position, summary (on Jan, 2003)  Average monthly microloans interest credit rate – 6%  Average loan size – $400 USD  Average volume of credit on one client – $650 USD  Average percentage of a loan repayment – 95%  Loans distribution: • trade – 55%, • rendering of personal services – 24%, • farming – 11%.  63% of all loans are given to beginner entrepreneurs  Demand for Microloans is evaluated on $ 4.5 bln USA Total quantity of MFIs in Russia - approx. 300 MFIs Social Effect of MFIs MFIs create new work places MFIs give an opportunity for economic development for a lot of people in different Russian regions MFIs usually work with economically unprotected entrepreneurs in regions and give them opportunities for economic development More than 70% of program’s clients are women Example: “Credits for Small Enterprises” microfinance program  Credit sum is from $30 till $1000 USD  Term for accepting the decision 1 day  Interest rate is 4 % per month  Guarantee conditions are 2 warranties (husband/wife, business partner or relative) [...]... clients using given them loans  Nowadays: Microfinance activity has become more mature The models of successful operation of MFIs have been worked out, leading to the mature creation MFIs Development Perspectives SMEs meet depositors directly attracting resources from financial institutions reinvestments the National Business Incubator Association of Russia Founded in 1997 by 22 Russian business incubators... Our Projects   APEC Cooperation Center – New Channel for the NBIA of Russia International Networking; The ACC foundation initiated in 2002;  Aims at facilitating Russian businesses’ development through international cooperation and promotion, in the APEC region especially;  Building Cooperative Networks An ecdysteroid-inducible insulin-like growth factor-like peptide regulates adult development of the silkmoth Bombyx mori Naoki Okamoto 1 , Naoki Yamanaka 2, *, Honoo Satake 3 , Hironao Saegusa 1, , Hiroshi Kataoka 2 and Akira Mizoguchi 1 1 Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan 2 Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan 3 Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Osaka, Japan Keywords Bombyx mori; ecdysteroid; fat body; insulin-like growth factors (IGFs); insulin-like peptides Correspondence A. Mizoguchi, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan Fax: +81 52 789 2511 Tel: +81 52 789 5039 E-mail: mizoguch@bio.nagoya-u.jp Present address *Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Mineapolis, MN, USA Department of Pharmacology and Neurobi- ology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan Database The sequence reported in this article has been deposited in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank) under accession numbers AB360450– AB360454 (Received 10 October 2008, revised 11 December 2008, accepted 16 December 2008) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06859.x Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play essential roles in fetal and postnatal growth and development of mammals. They are secreted by a wide variety of tissues, with the liver being the major source of circulating IGFs, and regulate cell growth, differentiation and survival. IGFs share some biologi- cal activities with insulin but are secreted in distinct physiological and developmental contexts, having specific functions. Although recent analyses of invertebrate genomes have revealed the presence of multiple insulin fam- ily peptide genes in each genome, little is known about functional diversifi- cation of the gene products. Here we show that a novel insulin family peptide of the silkmoth Bombyx mori, which was purified and sequenced from the hemolymph, is more like IGFs than like insulin, in contrast to bombyxins, which are previously identified insulin-like peptides in B. mori. Expression analysis reveals that this IGF-like peptide is predominantly produced by the fat body, a functional equivalent of the vertebrate liver and adipocytes, and is massively released during pupa–adult development. Studies using in vitro tissue culture systems show that secretion of the peptide is stimulated by ecdysteroid and that the secreted peptide promotes the growth of adult-specific tissues. These observations suggest that this peptide is a Bombyx counterpart of vertebrate IGFs and that functionally IGF-like peptides may be more ubiquitous in the animal kingdom than previously thought. Our results also suggest that the known effects of ecdysteroid on insect adult development may be in part mediated by IGF-like peptides. Abbreviations 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone; 8K-BLP, 8 kDa bombyxin-like peptide; BIGFLP, Bombyx mori insulin-like growth factor-like peptide; BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; DAPI, 4¢,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DILP, Drosophila insulin-like peptide; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; ILP, insulin-like peptide; qRT-PCR, real-time quantitative RT-PCR. FEBS Journal 276 (2009) 1221–1232 ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 FEBS 1221 Members of the insulin-like peptide (ILP) family are present in a wide variety ... shows the presence of the lesser trochanter epiphyseal plate indicates an approximate age of 10 years How does the development of the clavicle differ from the development of other appendicular skeleton. .. appearing during the fifth week of development However, ossification of the clavicle is not complete until age 25 Disorders of the 3/7 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular System:... Chapter Review The bones of the appendicular skeleton arise from embryonic mesenchyme Limb buds appear at the end of the fourth week The apical ectodermal ridge, located at the end of the limb bud,