Từ khóa () hướng dẫn luyện thi toeic×mệnh đề điều kiện×Ngữ Pháp GRAMMAR thức giả định× Từ khóa kiến thức pháp luật và gia đìnhthực hiện kế hoạch hóa gia đình ở việt namthường thức gia đìnhtài liệu tham khảo: bình đẳng giới trong gia đình ở việt namngữ pháp hình thứcvấn đề gia đình ở châu ákiến thức gia đình
Thức giả định MĐ điều kiện Định Nghĩa Câu Điều Kiện - Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên giả thiết việc, mà việc xảy điều kiện nói đến xảy Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề): o Mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện (còn gọi mệnh đề IF) mệnh đề phụ hay mệnh đề điều kiện o Mệnh đề nêu lên kết mệnh đề Ví dụ: If it rains - I will stay at home Mệnh đề điều kiện mệnh đề (Nếu trời mưa - nhà - Hai mệnh đề câu điều kiện đổi chỗ cho được: mệnh đề đứng trước hai mệnh đề không cần dấu phẩy, ngược lại phải có dấu phẩy Ví dụ: You will pass the exam if you work hard (Bạn vượt qua kỳ thi bạn học tập chăm chỉ.) => If you work hard, you will pass the exam (Nếu bạn học tập chăm chỉ, bạn vượt qua kỳ thi.) - Các loại câu điều kiện: Type Forms Usage If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu mệnh lệnh If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall + Vo Đk xảy hiẹn ỏ tương lai If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should + Vo Đk thật If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + would/ could + have + V3/Ved Đk thật khứ Đk kết If + S + had + V3/Ved, S + would + Vo hợp A - Câu điều kiện loại I Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại Câu điều kiện loại I gọi câu điều kiện có thực Điều kiện xảy tương lai Cấu trúc - Công thức câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (hiện tại), S + will + V (nguyên mẫu) - Nói cách khác, câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh đề IF dùng đơn, mệnh đề dùng tương lai đơn o Chủ ngữ chủ ngữ trùng Bổ ngữ không có, tùy ý nghĩa câu Mệnh đề IF mệnh đề đứng trước hay sau o Trong câu điều kiện loại I, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia đơn, động từ mệnh đề chia tương lai đơn Ví dụ: - If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you (Nếu anh vào vườn tôi, chó cắn anh đó.) If it is sunny, I will go fishing (Nếu trời nắng tốt, câu cá.) Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1: Câu điều kiện loại gọi câu điều kiện có thật Ta sử dụng câu điều kiện loại để đặt điều kiện thực nêu kết xảy B Câu điều kiện loại II Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại 2: - Câu điều kiện loại II gọi câu điều kiện thực - Điều kiện xảy tương lai, điều kiện giả thiết, ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (quá khứ), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu) - Trong câu điều kiện loại II, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia bàng thái cách (Past subjunctive), hình thức chia động từ giống hệt khư đơn, riêng động từ “to be” dùng “were” cho tất Ví dụ: - If I were a bird, I would be very happy (Nếu chim, hạnh phúc.) Were it not for…, S would Vo If it weren’t for her parents, she would never return => Were it not for her parents, she would never return c Với câu đk loại có sử dụng “were”: đảo were lên đầu câu thay cho If If I were you, I would give him a lesson => Were I you, I would give him a lesson 3.3 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: a Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match b Had it not been for N, S would have V3 Had it not been for the bad weather, we would have had a better holiday c Were S to have V3, S would have V3 Were she to have signed the contract, she would have been put into prison NOTE: Thông thường thi gặp đảo từ dạng khó hơn: từ MĐ điều kiện có dùng “had done” sang đảo từ dùng “were” đầu câu Vì qúa trình làm, ta phải biến đổi sang loại đặc biệt (were to have done) sau đảo từ Ví dụ: If she had bought that house, she would have had much money last night => If she were to have bought that house, she would have had much money last night => Were she to have bought that house, she would have had much money last night * If not = Unless c Unless thường dùng câu điều kiện, lúc Unless = If not Ví dụ: a Unless we start at once, we will be late b If we don't start at once we will be late c Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams d If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams Câu điều kiện rút gọn d Là loại câu điều kiện thành phần câu bị lược bỏ người ta hiểu đươc ý nghĩa điều kiện Ta thường gặp mẫu câu rút gọn sau đây: If + adj (It is) a If necessary, you must set off at once (= If it is necessary, you must set off at once.) b If rainy, stop working c If cold, put on enough warm clothes If so, (nếu vậy) d Dùng trường hợp trước phải có câu, người ta dùng “If so” để tránh nhắc lại câu trước i She did not work for us If so, what shall we do? If + V3 (nếu bị) e Ở người ta lược bỏ S “to be” câu bị động i If asked questions, you must say “No” (= If you are asked questions, you must say “No”.) 15 CẤU TRÚC DÙNG NHƯ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Cấu trúc “ Unless”: trừ = “if…not” “When”: “ Suppose” / “Supposing”: giả sử “ Provided that”: miễn “ Providing that”: miễn Ví dụ - If he does not get up early, he will be late for school Unless he gets up early, he will be late for school - If you like reading books, you will learn many useful things in life When you like reading books, you will learn many useful things in life - Suppose he is right, his wife will be wrong - Supposing he hates you, what will you do? - We accepted your job application form provided that you have good qualifications “ Assuming: giả sử - Assuming they have a lot of money, they will invest the capital in business “Without”: = “if…not” - If my friend doesn’t help me, I can not complete my Math homework Without my friend’s help, I can not complete my Math homework “On condition that”: với điều kiện “Câu mệnh lệnh + - She will help you on condition that you are kind to her - If you learn English, you will become a Cách dùng - “ Unless” dùng để thay cho “If + not” mệnh đề phụ - “ When” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Suppose” / “Supposing”: dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Provided that” / “ Providing that” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Assuming” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Without” dùng để thay cho “If + not” mệnh đề phụ Nhưng sau ta dùng cụm từ không dùng mệnh đề - “ on condition that ” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Câu mệnh lệnh + and” dùng để thay cho and” “So long as” = “as long as”: mà, chừng mà 10 “In case”: trường hợp 11 “Even if”: chí, 12 “As if, as though”: thể 13 “But for”: không vì, good English teacher some day Learn English and you will become a good English teacher some day - She will return home and live happily with him so long as he stops drinking wine - In case I forget, please remind me of that - Even if we had been invited to the party , we could not have come because we were very busy - He looked as if he had run 15 miles - She dressed as though it was winter even in the summer - If she hadn’t assisted me, I should not have completed my plans But for her assistance, I should not have completed my plans - If only out teacher comes to see us now - If only he will take my advice, I will be very happy - If only she were at home 14 “If only”: Ước - If only he had worked harder, he could have passed the last matriculation( ky thi tuyen vao dai hoc) 15 “Otherwise”: không - If he is not at home before 11p.m, he will be locked out He must be at home before 11p.m; otherwise he will be locked out - Her director paid her good salary; otherwise she wouldn’t work longer - If her director didn’t pay her good salary, she wouldn’t work longer “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ so long as” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ In case” dùng để thay cho “If ” mệnh đề phụ - “ Even if” dùng mang tính chất nhấn mạnh “if” - Chỉ dùng câu ĐK loại thay cho “if”, V “to be” chia bình thường QK đơn, không dùng hết “were” - “ But for” dùng để thay cho “If+ not” mệnh đề phụ Nhưng sau ta dùng cụm từ không dùng mệnh đề - Dùng với HTĐ TLĐ để diễn tả hy vọng - Dùng với QKĐ để điều ước không xảy tương lai - Dùng với QKHT để diễn tả điều ước ko xảy QK - “ Otherwise” dùng để thay cho “If + not” mệnh đề phụ Tuy nhiên lại đứng trước MĐ chính, MĐ phụ bỏ “if “và “not” - Nếu mệnh đề phụ có V “to be” ta phải thêm vào trước V khuyết thiếu mang nghĩa cho phù hợp với câu MĐ phụ - Trước “otherwise” dấu chấm phẩy ko phải dấu phẩy bình thường REVISION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I- Choose the most suitable tense 1- I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats / will treat / treated me like that, I am / will be / would be extremely angry 2- If you help / helped me with this exercise, I will / would the same for you one day 3- According to the timetable, if the train leaves / left on time, we will / would arrive at 5.30 4- If it is / will be fine tomorrow, we go / will go to the coast 5- If we find / found a taxi, we will get / would get there before the play starts 6- It’s quite simple really If you take / will take / took these tablets every day, then you lose / will lose / lost / would lose weight 7- I don’t like this flat I think I will be / I am / I’d be happier if I lived / live / will live /would live in a house in the country 8- I can’t play football, but I’m sure that if I will / / did, I play / will play / would play a lot better than anyone in this awful team 9- I phone / will phone / phone you tonight, are you / will you be / would you be in? 10- Why didn’t you tell me? – If you told / had told me, I had / would have helpedyou 11- If Bill didn’t stea l/ hadn’t stolen the car, he weren’t / wouldn’t be / hadn’t beenin prison now 12- If Ann weren’t driving / didn’t drive / hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash /wouldn’t crash / wouldn’t have crashed into a tree 13- Let me give some advice If you smoked / would smoke / had smoked less, youdidn’t feel / wouldn’t feel / wouldn’t have felt tired 14- What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall / hadn’t fallen / wouldn’t fall over, he won / would win / would have won the race 15- If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come 16- I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/hadnoticed/would have noticed it 17- We have a suggestion to make How you feel/would you feel if weoffered/would offer/had offered you the job of assistant manager 18- If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week 19- I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town center We’ll have to take a taxi 20- I feel rather cold I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me 21- I wish you tell/had told/told me about the test I haven’t done my revision 22- I’m sorry I missed your birthday party I really wish I come/came/had come/wouldcome 23- I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility 24- Having a lovely time in Brighton, I wish you are/were/had been here Love, Mary 25- A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash 26- If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me 27- If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left 28- I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation 29- It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself 30- Jean thinks that everyone likes her If only she knows/knew what people say behind her back II- Put each verb in bracket into a suitable tense 12345678910111213- It’s a pity you missed the party If you (come)…….you (meet)………… my friend from Hungary If we (have)…… some tools, we (be)……….able to repair the car, but we haven’t had any with us Thank you for your help If you (not help)………me, I (not pass)……….the examination It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy)……….it if I (have)………the money, but I can’t afford it I can’t imagine what I (do)……… with the money if I (win) ……….the football pools or a lottery Mark isn’t a serious athlete If he (train)…………harder, he (be)…….quite a good runner If Claire (listen)………to her mother, she (not marry)……….David in the first place It rained every day in our holiday If we (not take)……… the TV with us, we (not have) anything to Jim is so untidy! If he (buy)………some new clothes, he (not look) so bad I wish I(have)…… the money to buy some new clothes, but I can’t afford it at the moment I wish the government (do)………something about the air pollution in this city I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not forget)……… my umbrella That was a lovely meal, but I wish I (not eat) ……….so much 1415161718- Come on children! It’s time you (be)……… in bed Actually, I’d rather you (not smoke)……… in here Suppose you (see)……… a ghost, what would you do? I’m so annoyed about my car accident If only I (be)………… more careful! I’d rather you (not put)………your coffee on the top of the book III- Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1- I didn’t have an umbrella with me so I got wet I wouldn’t…………………………… 2- I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone Unless……………………………… 3- In the snowy weather we don’t go to school If……………………………………… 4- Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move this table If………………… 5- You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep If you……………………… 6- Make me some coffee, and I’ll give you some sweets If…………………………… 7- If you hadn’t told me about Sue’s hair, I wouldn’t have noticed her Unless……… 8- If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 00 Should………………………… 9- I wouldn’t accept if you asked me to marry you If you were………………………… 10- What would you if there were an earthquake? Supposing…………………… 11- If you the shopping, I’ll cook lunch You………………………………………… 12-What would you if you found some buried treasure? If you were…………… 13- If Paul hadn’t been interested, the project would have been abandoned But for… 14- If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know? If you happen…… 15- I might be late If so, start without me If I…………………………………………… 16- The fire was brought under control thanks to the night watch-man If it hadn’t… 17- Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him If a………………………… 18- If you want my advice, I’d think twice about buying a car like that If I…………… 19- If the painting is finished by Saturday, we’ll pay you extra Finish………………… 20- Getting up early makes me feel hungry If ………………………………………… 21- Please don’t eat in the classroom I’d rather…………………………………… 22- I think we should leave now I think it’s time……………………………… 23- What a pity we ate all the food If only we………………………………………… 24- It’s a shame we don’t have a TV I wish……………………………………………… IV- Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word in the capital 10 11 12 13 14 15 1- If you have any free time, could you give me a ring? 2- We won’t go away if the weather is bad 3- I didn’t have the money, so I didn’t buy a new suit 4- If you hurry up, you won’t be late 5- If they offered you the job, would you accept? 6- If you are in London by any chance, come and see me 7- Without you, I would have given up years ago 8- Please take a seat, and I’ll inquire for you 9- Don’t take this job if you don’t really want it 10- I wasn’t tall enough to reach the shelf 11- If the ship sank, what would you do? 12- If you should notice what’s on at the cinema, let me know 13- If you hadn’t encouraged me, I would have given up 14- I don’t have any money, so I can’t lend you any 15- But for Helen, the play would be a flop SHOULD UNLESS WOULD GOING WERE HAPPEN BEEN WILL UNLESS TALLER WERE HAPPEN BUT IF WERE V- Choose the best option 1- It would have been a much more serious accident……… fast at the time A- had she been driving B- was she driving C- she had driven D- she drove 2- Can I borrow your car for this evening? – Sure, but Nora’s using it right now If she … it back, you are welcome to borrow it A- brought B- would bring C- will bring D- brings 3- I didn’t get home until well after midnight last night Otherwise, I…… your call A- returned B- had returned C- would return D- would have returned 4- If energy………inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different A- is B- will be C- were D- would be 5- We……… the game if we’d had a few more minutes A_ might have won B- won C- had won D- will win 6- I………Alan with me if I had known you and he didn’t get along with each other A_ hadn’t brought B- didn’t bring C- wouldn’t have brought D- won’t bring 7- The lecturer last night didn’t know what he was talking about, but if Dr Mason………, I would have listened carefully A- had been lecturing B- was lecturing C- would lecture D- lectured 8- If you………to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now A- listen B- will listen C- had listened D- listened 9- ………… interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it A- Were I B- Should I C- I was D- If I am 10- If I………the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have A- have B- would have C- had had D- should have 11- I…………you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital A- would have visited B- visited C- had visited D- visit C- I have needed D- I should need 12- ……….more help, I could call my neighbor A- Needed B- Should I need 13- ……… then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years A- Had I known B- Did I know C- If I know D- If I would know 14- I didn’t know you were asleep Otherwise, I………… so much noise when I came in A- didn’t make B- wouldn’t have made c- won’t make D- don’t make 15- When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he………… my mind A- would read D- had read C- reads D- can read 16- If you………., I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn’t want to bother you A- had studied B- studied C- hadn’t been studying D- didn’t study 17- I wish I……… you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself A- can lend B- could lend C- would lend D- will lend 18- “Are you lost?” – “I think so I wish we……… the map with us today.” A- were bringing B- brought C- had brought D- would bring 19- If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I………… in a bank A- work B- will work C- have worked D- would be working 20- What……… today if you hadn’t come here this weekend?” – “I guess I’d be putting on extra hours at my office.” A- did you - can you C- will you be doing D- would you be doing Bài tập 1: Chia động từ ngoặc theo dạng Bring him another if he (not/like) this one She (be) angry if she (hear) this tomorrow Unless you are more careful, you (have) an accident If you (like) , I (get) you a job in this company If grandmother (be) years younger, she (play) some games If he sun (stop) shinning, there (be) no light on earth If I (be) a millionaire, I (live) on Mars Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu theo gợi ý I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now If I………………………………… If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop.But for……………………………………… If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it. If I ……………………………………… I only come if they invite me. Unless……………………… He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam. If he……………………………………………… His sister sent her money, so he continued to study. But for………………………………………… The park is over there, only minutes’ walk. If you walk……………………………… In case it rains, we’ll stay at home If it…………………………… Bài tập 3: Sửa câu sai sau: Should anyone rang, could you take a message? Were the customers not complained, nothing would have been done Was I a bird, I would fly Unless you don’t have a good command of English, you won't be able to work for this company Were they live in Australia now, they would go swimming IV BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu sau dựa vào từ cho sẵn: I'll buy a new hat I'll give it to you => If Today isn't Sunnday The pupils can't go swimming =>If He wasn't here He didn't have a lot of fun =>If My brother will have anough money He will buy a bicycle =>If He didn't have time He didn't read this novel =>If Because she missed the bus, she was late =>If Peter doesn't study hard, so he can't get good marks =>If My sister is absent from her class because she has a terrible headache =>If Windy didn't come, so we cancelled the meeting =>If 10 He was angry, so he didn't say anything =>If Bài tập 2: Chia động từ ngoặc 11 If it had not rained, we (go) _ camping 12 If he (speak) _ more slowly, I could have understood him 13 What _you (do) _ if you were a mokey? 14 If he had listened carefully, he (perform) _well in his examination 15 If I find your book, I (give) _ it to you 16 If you came with us, you (have) _ a good time 17 If I (not/miss) _ the bus, I could have come early 18 If I took a trip this summer, I (go) _ to DatLat 19 If he (not/steal) _ the wallet, he (not/be) _ in prison now 20 If they (invite) _ yesterday, I (be) _ is a good day tomorrow 21 We (go) _ swimming if it (be) _ a good day tomorrow 22 If the weather (be) _ nice last day, I (go) _ for a walk 23 My dog always barks if he (hear) _ anything unusual 24 If he (not/ do) _ come soon, I'm not going to wait 25 If the phone (ring) _, can you answer it? 26 If it rains this evening, I (not/will) _ go out 27 If she (come) _, she will ghe a surprise 28 If we had had enough money, we (buy) _ that house Bài 1: Bài 2: Bài 3: Bring him another if he I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now Rang ring doesn’t like this one If I had eaten lunch, I wouldn’t feel hungry now Were had She will be angry if she If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop Was were hears this tomorrow But for rain, we would have a better crop You don’t have Unless you are more If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it you have careful, you will have an If I were you, I wouldn’t buy it Were they live accident Unless they invite me, I won’t come were they to live If you like, I will get you a He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam job in this company If he had revised all his lessons, he wouldn’t have failed the If grandmother were exam years younger, she would His sister sent her money, so he continued to study play some games But for his sister’s money, he wouldn’t have continued to If the sun stopped study shinning, there would be no The park is over there, only minutes’ walk light on earth If you walk to the park, it will take you minutes If I were a millionaire, I In case it rains, we’ll stay at home would live on Mars If it rains, we’ll stay at home ... trúc câu điều kiện loại If + S + had + P.P (quá khứ phân từ), S + would + have + P.P - Trong câu điều kiện loại III, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia khứ phân từ, động từ mệnh đề chia điều kiện hoàn... la, mua xe đó.)