Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của phân bón và tưới nước đến năng suất lúa và phát thải khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính tại tỉnh thừa thiên huế (tt)

I HC HU TRNG I HC NễNG LM NGUYN C THNH NGHIấN CU NH HNG CA PHN BểN V TI NC N NNG SUT LA V PHT THI KH GY HIU NG NH KNH TI TNH THA THIấN HU LUN AẽN TIN Sẫ NNG NGHIP Chuyón ngaỡnh: Khoa hoỹc cỏy trọửng Maợ sọỳ: 62.62.01.10 NGặèI HặẽNG DN KHOA HOĩC PGS.TS HOAèNG THậ THAẽI HOèA TS L NHặ CặNG HU, 2017 Cụng trỡnh hon thnh ti: Khoa Nụng hc, Trng i hc Nụng Lõm Hu Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS HONG TH THI HềA TS Lấ NH CNG Phn bin 1: Phn bin 2: Phn bin 3: Lun ỏn s c bo v ti hi ng chm lun ỏn cp i hc Hu hp ti: i hc Hu Vo hi h, ngy thỏng .nm 2017 Cú th tỡm hiu lun ỏn ti: Th vin quc gia Vit Nam Th vin Trng i hc Nụng Lõm Hu DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH KHOA HC CễNG B CA LUN N Hong Th Thỏi Hũa, ỡnh Thc, Trn Th nh Tuyt, Nguyn c Thnh, Nguyn Mnh Hựng Nghiờn cu nh hng ca liu lng v dng phõn m n nng sut lỳa trờn t phự sa tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Tp Nụng nghip v Phỏt trin nụng thụn s 13/2015 Nguyn c Thnh, Hong Th Thỏi Hũa, Trn ng Hũa, Lờ Nh Cng nh hng ca ch ti nc n phỏt thi khớ CH 4, N2O gõy hiu ng nh kớnh v nng sut lỳa trờn t phự sa ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Tp Nụng nghip v Phỏt trin nụng thụn s 3+4/2016 Nguyn c Thnh, Hong Th Thỏi Hũa, ỡnh Thc, Phan Th Phng Nhi, H Cụng Hng Nghiờn cu nh hng ca qun lý rm r v ti nc n nng sut lỳa trờn t phự sa ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Tp Khoa hc - i hc Hu T119, S5, 2016 M U t Phõn m cú vai trũ rt quan trng i vi cõy lỳa, nờn vic bún phõn m cho lỳa l rt cn thit, nu bún khụng ỳng cú th lm gim nng sut lỳa t 20 - 50% Nõng cao hiu qu s dng phõn m thụng qua vic xỏc nh liu lng v dng phõn m bún phự hp cú th tng nng sut lỳa v gim phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O Trong cỏc ngun phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh Vit Nam thỡ sn xut nụng nghip l cao nht, chim 43,1% tng lng phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh quc gia, ú trng lỳa nc chim t trng ln nht Ngun gõy phỏt thi ch yu t trng lỳa nc l lm dng s dng phõn vụ c gõy phỏt thi khớ N2O, gi nc thng xuyờn rung gõy phỏt thi khớ CH4 v t ph phm, rm r sau thu hoch gõy phỏt thi khớ CO2 Trong sn xut lỳa, ngi dõn ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu ch chỳ trng bún m, lm cho nng sut lỳa cha t ti a, m cũn gõy phỏt thi cỏc khớ gõy hiu ng nh kớnh sn xut lỳa bn vng, ci thin cỏc bin phỏp qun lý nc v phõn bún, rm r c coi l cỏc thc hnh bn vng, l nhng cụng c c bn c s dng t c nng sut lỳa, go v gim phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh Vỡ vy, chỳng tụi tin hnh ti Nghiờn cu nh hng ca phõn bún v ti nc n nng sut lỳa v phỏt thi khớ gõy hiu ng nh kớnh ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Mc tiờu ca ti - Xỏc nh c liu lng v dng phõn m phự hp cho lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm nhm t nng sut, hiu qu kinh t cao, ci thin tớnh cht t v gim phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O - Xỏc nh c bin phỏp qun lý s dng rm r sau thu hoch v ch ti nc phự hp cho lỳa nhm nõng cao nng sut, hiu qu kinh t, tớnh cht t v gim phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O - Xõy dng c mụ hỡnh sn xut lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu í ngha khoa hc v thc tin 3.1 í ngha khoa hc - L c s khoa hc cho vic xut bin phỏp s dng phõn m, rm r kt hp vi ch ti cho lỳa quy trỡnh canh tỏc lỳa bn vng va m bo c nng sut, va gim phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu - L c s khoa hc xõy dng chin lc gim phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh sn xut nụng nghip ca tnh Tha Thiờn Hu - L ti liu phc v cho hc tp, nghiờn cu v ging dy cỏc trng i hc v vin nghiờn cu v c im dinh dng m ca cõy lỳa, c im s dng nc ca cõy lỳa v mi liờn quan gia sn xut lỳa nc v phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh 3.2 í ngha thc tin - Gúp phn khuyn cỏo v chuyn giao bin phỏp s dng phõn bún (trong ú cú phõn m), qun lý rm r v ti nc cho lỳa theo hng sn xut an ton vi mụi trng sinh thỏi cho vựng trng lỳa ca tnh Tha Thiờn Hu - Gúp phn nõng cao nhn thc ca ngi dõn vic ng phú vi bin i khớ hu sn xut lỳa ca tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Phm vi nghiờn cu ca ti - ti trung nghiờn cu v liu lng v dng phõn m, qun lý s dng rm r sau thu hoch v mt s ch ti nc cho lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH 4, N2O, lm c s cho xõy dng mụ hỡnh sn xut lỳa theo hng bn vng - Cỏc thớ nghim v liu lng v dng phõn m, qun lý s dng rm r v ch ti nc cho lỳa c thc hin trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm ti phng Hng An, th xó Hng Tr, tnh Tha Thiờn Hu hai v hố thu 2014 v ụng xuõn 2014 - 2015 - Mụ hỡnh sn xut lỳa c tin hnh trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm ti phng Hng An, th xó Hng Tr, tnh Tha Thiờn Hu hai v hố thu 2015 v ụng xuõn 2015 - 2016 Nhng úng gúp mi ca lun ỏn - Kt qu nghiờn cu ó xỏc nh c liu lng v dng phõn m bún thớch hp cho lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm nh sau: 80 kg N (dng phõn m urờ) trờn nn 10 tn phõn chung + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg vụi/ha cho nng sut 6,04 - 6,27 tn/ha, hiu sut phõn m 21,3 - 22,5 kg thúc/kg N, VCR 6,1 6,7, ci thin tớnh cht húa hc t v gim phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O - Kt qu nghiờn cu ó xỏc nh c ch ti nc t khụ xen k (-10 cm) l phự hp nht cho cõy lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm; nng sut t 6,21 - 6,45 tn/ha, li nhun t 21,359 - 22,591 triu ng/ha v lng khớ CH4, N2O phỏt thi l thp nht Xỏc nh c bin phỏp cy vựi rm r kt hp vi ch ti t khụ xen k (-10 cm) phự hp cho lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm; nng sut lỳa t 5,84 - 6,17 tn/ha, li nhun t 17,826 n 22,877 triu ng/ha, ci thin tớnh cht húa hc t v gim phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O CHNG TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIấN CU 1.1 C S Lí LUN CA TI 1.1.1 Nhu cu dinh dng ca cõy lỳa 1.1.1.1 Vai trũ ca m i vi cõy lỳa 1.1.1.2 C s khoa hc ca bún phõn m cho cõy lỳa 1.1.1.3 Vai trũ ca phõn hu c v s dng rm r i vi cõy lỳa 1.1.2 Nhu cu nc i vi cõy lỳa 1.1.2.1 Vai trũ ca nc i vi cõy lỳa 1.1.2.2 C s khoa hc ca s dng nc cho cõy lỳa 1.1.3 Hiu ng nh kớnh v nh hng ca nú n sn xut lỳa 1.1.3.1 Khỏi nim v hiu ng nh kớnh 1.1.3.2 Nguyờn nhõn gõy hiu ng nh kớnh 1.1.3.3 Bin i khớ hu v nh hng n sn xut lỳa 1.1.4 Mi quan h gia phõn bún, nc ti vi nng sut lỳa v phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh 1.2 C S THC TIN CA TI 1.2.1 Tỡnh hỡnh sn xut lỳa trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.1.1 Tỡnh hỡnh sn xut lỳa trờn th gii 1.2.1.2 Tỡnh hỡnh sn xut lỳa Vit Nam 1.2.1.3 Tỡnh hỡnh sn xut lỳa Tha Thiờn Hu 1.2.2 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng phõn m v qun lý s dng rm r cho lỳa trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.2.1 Trờn th gii 1.2.2.2 Ti Vit Nam 1.2.2.3 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng phõn m cho lỳa v ph phm t cõy lỳa ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu 1.2.3 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng nc v phng phỏp ti nc cho lỳa trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.3.1 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng nc v phng phỏp ti nc cho lỳa trờn th gii 1.2.3.2 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng nc v phng phỏp ti nc cho lỳa Vit Nam 1.2.3.3 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng nc v phng phỏp ti nc cho lỳa Tha Thiờn Hu 1.2.4 Thc trng phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh sn xut lỳa trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.4.1 Trờn th gii 1.2.4.2 Ti Vit Nam 1.3 CC CễNG TRèNH NGHIấN CU LIấN QUAN N TI 1.3.1 S dng phõn m vi nng sut lỳa v phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.3.1.1 Trờn th gii 1.3.1.2 Ti Vit Nam 1.3.2 S dng phõn bún hu c v qun lý rm r vi nng sut lỳa v phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh 1.3.2.1 Trờn th gii 1.3.2.2 Ti Vit Nam 1.3.3 S dng nc ti vi nng sut lỳa v phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh 1.3.3.1 Trờn th gii 1.3.3.2 Ti Vit Nam CHNG I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 2.1 I TNG NGHIấN CU - t thớ nghim: Cỏc thớ nghim c b trớ trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm (Eutric Fluvisols) chuyờn trng v lỳa nm - Ging lỳa thớ nghim: Ging lỳa c s dng cỏc thớ nghim l ging lỳa Khang Dõn 18 ang c trng ph bin ti a phng - Phõn bún: Thớ nghim s dng cỏc loi phõn bún nh sau: Phõn m: Urờ (46% N), amụn clorua (22% N), canxi nitrat (15% N) Phõn lõn: Lõn supe (16% P2O5) Phõn kali: KCl (60% K2O) Phõn chung: c sn xut ti a phng (C: 25%, N: 0,89%, P2O5: 0,42%, K2O: 0,45%) Vụi bt: vụi nghin t v c, v sũ hn õy l dng vụi bún ang c s dng ph bin ti a phng (50% CaO) - Ph phm cõy lỳa: Tro rm r (C: 3,6%, N: 0,04%, P2O5: 0,58%, K2O: 1,58%) Rm r ti (C: 45,8%,; N: 0,63%, P2O5: 0,42%, K2O: 1,02%) 2.2 A IM V THI GIAN NGHIấN CU - a im nghiờn cu: Cỏc thớ nghim trờn ng rung c tin hnh ti phng Hng An, th xó Hng Tr, tnh Tha Thiờn Hu Phõn tớch cỏc mu t, cõy v phõn bún ti B mụn Nụng húa Th nhng, Khoa Nụng hc, Trng i hc Nụng Lõm, i hc Hu - Thi gian nghiờn cu: Nghiờn cu c thc hin hai v hố thu 2014 v ụng xuõn 2014 - 2015 i vi cỏc thớ nghim 1, v Mụ hỡnh c thc hin hai v hố thu 2015 v ụng xuõn 2015 - 2016 2.3 NI DUNG NGHIấN CU Ni dung 1: Nghiờn cu nh hng ca liu lng v dng phõn m n cõy lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm Ni dung 2: Nghiờn cu nh hng ca ch ti nc, kt hp ca ch ti nc v qun lý s dng rm r n cõy lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm Ni dung 3: Xõy dng mụ hỡnh sn xut lỳa trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm ti tnh Tha Thiờn Hu 2.4 PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 2.4.1 Phng phỏp b trớ thớ nghim 2.4.1.1 Thớ nghim (Ni dung 1): Nghiờn cu nh hng ca liu lng v dng phõn m n cõy lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm Tin hnh thớ nghim hai nhõn t vi liu lng m (N0, N40, N80, N120 tng ng vi 0, 40, 80 v 120 kg N/ha) v dng phõn m (D 1: urờ, D2: amụn clorua, D3: canxi nitrat), trờn nn 10 tn phõn chung + 60 kg P 2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg vụi/ha, thớ nghim c b trớ theo kiu ụ ln - ụ nh (Split - plot) vi ln nhc li Trong ú, liu lng m c b trớ ụ nh v dng m c b trớ ụ ln Din tớch mi ụ nh l 15 m2/ụ thớ nghim v din tớch mi ụ ln l 60 m2, c thc hin v hố thu 2014 v ụng xuõn 2014 - 2015 Quy trỡnh k thut ỏp dng v cỏc ch tiờu theo dừi c ỏp dng theo Quy chun k thut Quc gia v kho nghim giỏ tr canh tỏc v giỏ tr s dng ging lỳa, QCVN 01- 55:2011/ BNN&PTNT 2.4.1.2 Thớ nghim (Ni dung 2): Nghiờn cu nh hng ca ch ti nc n cõy lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm Tin hnh thớ nghim vi cụng thc (1) ti ngp nc thng xuyờn (2) Ti nc t khụ xen k vi mc: (-5 cm, -10 cm, -15 cm) c b trớ theo kiu hon ton ngu nhiờn (RCBD) vi ln nhc li, kớch thc mi ụ thớ nghim 15 m vi 12 ụ thớ nghim, tng din tớch 250 m2, c thc hin v hố thu 2014 v ụng xuõn 2014 - 2015 iu tit nc: Cụng thc ti ngp thng xuyờn: Luụn gi mt nc rung ngp - cm bt u t ngy sau gieo ti 15 ngy trc thu hoch; Cụng thc ti t khụ xen k: khụ rung lỳa mt s giai on nhỏnh r n tr v giai on chớn, vi mc (-5 cm, -10 cm, -15 cm), thi gian cũn li gi m vi mc nc rung - cm Quy trỡnh k thut ỏp dng v cỏc ch tiờu theo dừi c ỏp dng theo Quy chun k thut Quc gia v kho nghim giỏ tr canh tỏc v giỏ tr s dng ging lỳa, QCVN 01- 55:2011/ BNN&PTNT 2.4.1.3 Thớ nghim (Ni dung 2): Nghiờn cu nh hng ca qun lý s dng rm r v ch ti nc n cõy lỳa v phỏt thi khớ CH4 v N2O trờn t phự sa khụng c bi hng nm Thớ nghim gm cụng thc (2 cụng thc s dng rm r, cụng thc v ch ti nc) c b trớ theo kiu ụ ln - ụ nh (split - plot), ln nhc li ú ch ti nc c b trớ ụ ln, qun lý s dng rm r c b trớ ụ of 80 kg N/ha in both manure Experimental nitrogen (urea and ammonium chloride) Theoretical yields are highest in the form of ammonium chloride, followed by urea Table 3.2 Influence of dosage and form of nitrogen on the components of yield and yield of rice in winter - spring season 2014 2015 Productivity Components of productivity (tons/ha) 1000 Recipe Number of Number of seed seeds Theory Paddy panicles/m2 weight fine/panicles (gram) D1N0 336h 82,1e 19,80e 5,47e 4,57h f d bcd d D1N40 357 86,2 20,27 6,24 5,34e D1N80 392cd 92,2bc 20,43ab 7,39b 6,27b a d a D1N120 428 85,5 20,50 7,50a 6,37a h f e e D2N0 328 79,6 19,77 5,17 4,56h D2N40 389d 91,5b 20,17cd 7,19b 5,24f c a abcd D2N80 398 97,7 20,33 7,92a 6,08c b c abc a D2N120 420 89,4 20,37 7,64 6,01d D3N0 326h 76,0g 19,77e 4,90e 4,53h g c d g D3N40 343 89,2 20,13 6,15 5,15g D3N80 360f 92,4b 20,27bcd 6,74c 6,03d D3N120 373e 91,6b 20,27bcd 6,92c 6,02d Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 In the summer - autumn season, the highest net yield was 5,86 6,09 tons/ha at 120 kg N/ha in ammonium and urea nitrogen respectively In the winter - spring season, the lowest net yield was found in the non-fertilized N fertilizers The highest yield was 6,37 tons/ha (120 kg N/ha), followed by 6,27 tons/ha (at 80 kg N/ha application) for urea nitrogen However, there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of 80 - 120 kg N/ha in all three fertilized forms Similarly to the summer - autumn season, there was 10 no statistically significant difference in the spring - winter season yields between 80 and 120 kg N/ha 3.1.2 Effects of dosage and form of nitrogen on economic efficiency Table 3.3 Effects of dosage and form of nitrogen on economic efficiency Recipe D1N0 D1N40 D1N80 D1N120 D2N0 D2N40 D2N80 D2N120 D3N0 D3N40 D3N80 D3N120 Summer - autumn season 2014 Winter- spring season 2014 - 2015 Total Total Total Total Profit Value Profit Value revenue expenditure revenue expenditure (1000 cost (1000 cost (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 vnd/ha) ratio vnd/ha) ratio vnd/ha) vnd/ha) vnd/ha) vnd/ha) 27.560 11.320 16.240 29.705 16.170 13.535 33.280 16.170 6,6 17.110 34.710 17.110 17.600 5,3 39.260 21.280 6,7 17.980 40.755 17.980 22.775 6,1 39.585 20.735 4,6 18.850 41.405 18.850 22.555 4,4 26.650 10.410 16.240 29.640 16.240 13.400 29.835 11.957 1,9 17.878 34.060 17.878 16.182 2,7 37.375 17.859 3,3 19.516 39.520 19.516 20.004 3,0 38.090 16.945 2,3 21.145 39.065 21.145 17.920 1,9 16.240 27.105 16.240 10.865 29.445 13.205 0,7 19.311 29.120 19.311 9.809 33.475 14.164 1,3 1,6 22.370 36.855 22.370 14.485 39.195 16.825 1,6 1,1 25.440 37.115 25.440 11.675 39.130 13.690 1,1 The profit increases with the amount of protein and nitrogen fertilizing, fluctuating 11.320.000 vnd/ha - 21.280.000 vnd/ha (urea nitrogen), 10.410.000 vnd/ha - 17.859.000 vnd/ha (ammonium); 10.865.000 vnd/ha - 4.485.000 vnd/ha (calcium nitrate nitrogen) in the summer - autumn season; In winter - spring season 13.535.000 vnd/ha 22.775.000 vnd/ha (urea fertilizer), 13.205.000 vnd/ha - 20.004.000 vnd/ha (ammonium chloride), 12.685.000 vnd/ha - 16.825.000 vnd/ha (calcium nitrate nitrogen) The amount of fertilizer 80 kg N/ha represents the highest profit on all three forms of protein Urea and ammonium chloride formulas in the treatment formulas have a value cost ratio> (except ammonium chloride with 40 kg N/ha in the Summer-autumn season) The highest yield was 80 11 kg N/ha for urea (value cost ratio = 6,7 in the summer - autumn season and then value cost ratio = 6,1 in the winter - spring season) 3.1.3 Influence of dosage and form of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen productivity Table 3.4 Influence of dosage and form of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen productivity Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Harvest Harvest N dose Recipe yield due Productivity yield due Productivity of (kg/ha) to N of N to N N fertilizer (kg thúc/kg N) fertilizer (kg thúc/kg N) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) D1N0 D1N40 40 880 22,0 770 19,3 D1N80 80 1.800 22,5 1.700 21,3 D1N120 120 1.850 15,4 1.800 15,0 D2N0 D2N40 40 490 12,3 680 17,0 D2N80 80 1.650 20,6 1.520 19,0 D2N120 120 1.760 14,7 1.450 12,1 D3N0 D3N40 40 310 7,8 600 15,0 D3N80 80 1.500 18,8 1.480 18,5 D3N120 120 1.540 12,8 1.470 12,3 In the winter - spring season, the highest nitrogen yield was 21,3 kg of paddy/kg N (urea nitrogen), 19,0 kg of paddy/kg N (ammonium chloride) and 18,5 kg of paddy/Kg N (form of calcium nitrate fertilizer) at an application rate of 80 kg/ha Nitrogen yield was reduced to 120 kg N/ha for all three fertilized forms The results obtained for nitrogenous fertilizer yield in summer - autumn season are similar to those in winter - spring season 3.1.4 Influence of doses and form of nitrogen on the ability to emit CH4, N2O and CO2 The total amount of gaseous emissions in one rice crop of gases is very significant, which is evident at the application rates 12 The higher the amount of fertilizer nitrogen, the greater the amount of gaseous emissions and vice versa In the form of nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium chloride form the lowest amount of gaseous emissions A comparison of total CH4 and N2O emissions shows that emissions during the summer - autumn season are higher than in the winter - spring season Table 3.5 The total amount of CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions in the form of nitrogen fertilizer and fertilizer application in summer autumn season 2014 and winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 Unit: g/m2 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Recipe CH4 N2O CO2 CH4 N2O CO2 j h g i D1N0 21,71 0,25 617,25 10,55 0,34 365,07 c d c f D1N40 63,79 0,59 1.770,57 25,65 0,43 769,39 D1N80 70,67b 0,70c 1.975,35 29,28b 0,60b 910,80 a a a a D1N120 81,38 0,85 2.287,8 32,57 0,74 1.034,77 j h g i D2N0 20,69 0,24 588,77 10,10 0,23 321,04 i g ef h D2N40 24,86 0,41 743,68 12,76 0,33 417,34 D2N80 31,92g 0,56e 964,88 13,89e 0,36g 454,53 e c d c D2N120 49,00 0,69 1.430,62 21,52 0,58 710,84 j h g i D3N0 21,93 0,23 616,79 9,68 0,24 313,52 D3N40 29,13h 0,47f 868,31 11,11fg 0,42f 402,91 f d e e D3N80 42,67 0,60 1.245,55 13,80 0,49 491,02 d b c d D3N120 55,63 0,79 1.626,17 25,62 0,55 804,40 Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 General conclusion 1: The results of the study on the effects of dose and N fertilization on Khang Dan 18 rice yield on alluvial soil were not compensated each year It is very important for the growth, development and productivity of rice, economic efficiency, CH4 and N2O emissions and the nature of the paddy field Experimental formula with 80 kg N fertilizer (urea fertilizer) on 10 tons of manure + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg lime/ha has the highest advantage in the target: 6,04 - 6,27 tons/ha, profit 21.280.000 13 - 22.775.000 vnd/ha, nitrogenous fertilizer productivity 21,3 - 22,5 kg N/kg paddy; value cost ratio 6,1 - 6,7, total emissions of 29,28 70,67 g CH4/m2 and 0,60 - 0,70 g N2O/m2, potential for greenhouse gas emissions 910,80 - 1.975,35 g CO2/m2 3.2 RESEARCH ON IMPACT OF WATER REGISTRATION SYSTEMS ON RICE AND CH4 AND N2O EMISSIONS 3.2.1 Effect of irrigation regime on the components of productivity and productivity Different irrigation regimes affect the components of rice yield and yield However, net yields were significantly different in the summer - autumn season 2014, ranging from 5,95 to 6,21 tons/ha and there was no difference in the winter - spring season 2014 - 2015, 5,92 - 6,45 tons/ha In both seasons, recipe III (wet irrigating alternation -10 cm) had the highest net yield of 6,21 - 6,45 tons/ha Table 3.6 Effect of irrigation regime on the components of productivity and productivity Components of productivity Productivity 1000 (tons/ha) Number of Recipe Number of Number of seed seeds panicles/m2 seeds/panicles weight Theory Paddy fine/panicles (gram) Summer - autumn season 2014 I 505,3b 77,90b 70,9b 19,7a 7,03c 5,95b a a ab a ab II 524,0 87,90 73,9 19,7 7,63 6,15a III 532,0a 86,60a 75,0a 19,6a 7,83a 6,21a IV 513,3b 83,90ab 74,4ab 19,8a 7,57b 6,11ab Winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 b I 496,7 86,67ab 79,7ab 19,1a 7,56a 5,92a II 542,0a 72,67b 67,0c 19,1a 6,91ab 6,07a c a a a III 433,3 94,67 83,3 19,1 6,87b 6,45a IV 496,7b 80,67ab 7,3bc 19,5a 7,08ab 6,12a Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 14 3.2.2 The amount of water to irrigate the rice in different irrigation regimes Table 3.7 Irrigation water for rice in irrigation formulas in summer - autumn season 2014 and winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Total Total % % Recipe water water Watering Water Watering Water allalltimes saving times saving season season (%) (%) 3 (m /ha) (m /ha) 13 4.469 15 I 4.916 3.523 21,2 II 3.770 23,3 2.893 35,3 III 3.067 37,6 2.291 48,7 IV 2.406 51,1 Wet dry irrigation alternatives save cost to producers, ensuring productivity, while raising the use of water for efficient irrigation 3.2.3 Analysis of economic efficiency Table 3.8 Effect of irrigation regime on economic efficiency Unit: 1.000 vnd/ha Winter - spring season Summer - autumn season 2014 2014 - 2015 Recipe Total Total Total Total Profit Profit revenue expenditure revenue expenditure I 38.675 19.500 19.175 38.480 19.500 18.980 II 39.975 19.203 20.772 39.455 19.174 20.281 III 40.365 19.006 21.359 41.925 18.974 22.951 IV 39.715 18.818 20.897 39.780 18.785 20.995 The different irrigation regimes for total revenue and profit, the highest total revenue and profit in recipe III (dry wet irrigation intermittently -10 cm), lowest in recipe I (regular irrigation ) 15 3.2.4 Effect of irrigation regime on CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions Table 3.9 Total CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions in irrigated regimes in the summer - autumn season 2014 and winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 Unit: g/m2 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Recipe CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CH4 N2O a d a b I 26,84 0,19 727,62 11,44 0,20 345,60 II 20,92b 0,37c 633,26 8,53b 0,26a 290,73 b b c a III 20,16 0,48 647,04 5,37 0,26 211,73 b a c a IV 19,13 0,52 633,21 5,34 0,29 219,92 Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 The effect of irrigation regime on the ability to emit CH4 and N2O emissions is obvious The most frequent flooding regimes have the highest CH4 emissions but the lowest N2O emissions in the four irrigation modes General conclusion 2: The results of the study on irrigation regime for rice in the summer - autumn season and winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 show that alternating wet and dry irrigation is best suited for wet rice cultivation in Vietnam The results show that the wet-dry irrigation regime of -10 cm is the most suitable, saving 35,3 - 37,6% of total irrigation water/season, net yield and efficiency The highest economic value is 6,21 - 6,45 tons/ha, profit is 21.359.000 - 22.951.000 vnd/ha, total emissions are 5,37 - 20,16 g CH4/m2 and 0,26 - 0,48 g N2O/m2, the potential for greenhouse gas emissions is 211,73 - 647.04 g CO2/m2 16 3.3 RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT OF USED ROTATION AND WATER REGULATION ON WATER SUPPLY AND CH4 AND N2O EMISSIONS 3.3.1 Effect of straw management and irrigation management on yield and productivity components Table 3.10 Elements of yield and yield components of experimental treatments for straw management and irrigating in summer - autumn season 2014 Productivity Components of productivity (tons/ha) 1000 Recipe Number of Number of seed seeds Theory Paddy panicles/m2 weight fine/panicles (gram) 4,60d T1R1 297a 95,40b 20,26a 5,73a 5,00bcd T1R2 334a 100,47ab 20,47a 6,87a 4,76cd T2R1 287a 106,27ab 21,06a 6,44a 5,02bc T2R2 324a 110,30ab 20,25a 7,24a 5,33ab T3R1 305a 106,70ab 20,22a 6,56a 5,84a T3R2 332a 117,80a 20,14a 7,88a 5,01bc T4R1 312a 100,07ab 20,13a 6,31a 5,32b T4R2 332a 103,25ab 20,66a 7,07a Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 Table 3.11 Elements of yield and yield components of experimental treatments for straw management and irrigating in winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 Components of productivity Recipe Number of panicles/m2 T1R1 T1R2 T2R1 T2R2 T3R1 T3R2 T4R1 T4R2 381g 395ef 398de 413b 406c 427a 394f 403cd Number of seeds fine/panicles 88,40e 91,67bc 90,53d 91,47c 91,87b 92,73a 91,33c 91,73b 1000 seed weight (gram) 20,22d 20,25bc 20,24cd 20,26bc 20,27ab 20,29a 20,26bc 20,27ab Productivity (tons/ha) Theory Paddy 6,81e 7,34d 7,29d 7,65b 7,55bc 8,04a 7,28d 7,49c 5,21e 5,81c 5,43d 5,90b 5,43d 6,17a 5,80c 5,93b Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 17 The use of straw and different irrigation regime influenced the factors of rice yield of KD18 The highest yield was 5,84 tons/ha for summer - autumn season and 6,17 tons/ha for winter - spring season 3.3.2 The amount of water used for irrigation in rice management and irrigation Table 3.12 The amount of water used for irrigation in rice management and irrigation irrigating in summer - autumn season 2014 and in winter - spring season 2014 - 2015 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Total Total % % Recipe water water Watering Water Watering Water allalltimes saving times saving season season (%) (%) 3 (m /ha) (m /ha) T1R1 13 4.114 15 4.572 T1R2 13 4.022 15 4.473 T2R1 3.135 23,8 3.399 25,7 T2R2 3.061 23,9 3.318 25,8 T3R1 2.525 38,6 2.698 41,0 T3R2 2.459 38,9 2.631 41,2 T4R1 1.977 51,9 2.093 54,2 T4R2 1.924 52,2 2.045 54,3 Dry intermittent dry irrigation regime reduces the number of irrigations and irrigated rice crops, but still ensures productivity This is the basis for improving the economic efficiency of rice farmers 18 3.3.3 Economic efficiency of straw management and irrigation management Table 3.13 Economic efficiency of straw and irrigation management in experimental formulas Unit: 1.000 vn/ha Winter - spring season Summer - autumn season 2014 2014 - 2015 Recipe Total Total Total Total Profit Profit revenue expenditure revenue expenditure T1R1 29.900 21.679 8.221 36.400 21.580 14.820 T1R2 32.500 20.679 11.821 40.400 20.820 19.580 T2R1 30.940 21.346 9.594 38.010 21.220 16.790 T2R2 32.630 20.344 12.286 41.300 20.459 20.841 T3R1 34.645 21.139 13.506 38.010 21.006 17.004 T3R2 37.960 20.134 17.826 43.120 20.243 22.877 T4R1 32.565 20.952 11.613 40.600 20.821 19.779 T4R2 34.580 19.948 14.632 38.545 20.060 18.485 Different formulations have different economic effects The drip irrigation of 10 cm and straw plow (T3R2) was the most economical (profit 17.826.000 VND/ha in summer-autumn season and 22.877.000 VND/ha in winter-spring season) The lowest profit was in the regular irrigation and straw ash (T1R1) (8.221.000 VND/ha in the summer-autumn season and 14,820 million VND/ha in the winter-spring season) 3.3.4 Impact of straw and water management on CH 4, N2O and CO2 emissions The total amount of CH4, N2O emissions and the potential for greenhouse gas emissions in the summer-autumn season are higher than in the winter-spring season, in which the straw-to-land formula is higher than the ash formula Straw from burning in the field 19 Table 3.14 Total amount of CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions in experimental treatments for straw management and irrigation in Summer - autumn season 2014 and winter - spring season 2014 2015 Unit: g/m2 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2014 2014 - 2015 Recipe CO CO2 CH4 N2O CH4 N2O c g d f T1R1 56,22 0,26 1.482,98 16,08 0,18 455,64 a f a e T1R2 69,81 0,29 1.831,67 21,47 0,21 599,33 d e e d T2R1 50,65 0,33 1.364,59 14,02 0,25 425,00 T2R2 65,21b 0,34de 1.731,57 14,64e 0,26cd 443,48 T3R1 44,29f 0,36cd 1.214,53 16,22d 0,27bcd 485,96 T3R2 54,31c 0,39c 1.473,97 21,01c 0,28bc 608,69 T4R1 48,19e 0,43b 1.332,89 14,12e 0,29b 439,42 T4R2 64,53b 0,50a 1.762,25 20,08b 0,35a 606,30 Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 General conclusion 3: The results of research on straw management and irrigation management have significant implications for irrigation water savings but ensure productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions Ways of plowing straw and dry wet irrigation intermixing -10 cm on fertilizer tons of manure + 100 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg lime/ha is the most suitable, saving It was 38,9 - 41,2% of total irrigation water, net yield was 5,84 - 6,17 tons/ha, profit was 17.826.000 - 22.877.000 VND/ha, total gas emission was 21,01 - 54,31 g CH4/m2 and 0,28 - 0,39 g N2O/m2, the potential for greenhouse gas emissions is 608,69 1.473,97 g CO2/m2 20 3.4 RESEARCH RESULTS ON THE RICE PRODUCTION MODEL 3.4.1 Productivity and productivity components Table 3.15 Components of yield and yield of rice in the summer autumn season 2015 and winter - spring season 2015 - 2016 Productivity Components of productivity (tons/ha) 1000 Recipe Number of Number of seed seeds Theory Paddy panicles/m2 weight fine/panicles (gram) Summer-autumn season 2015 /C 317b 109,3b 19,2a 6,68b 5,28b MH 330a 121,7a 19,3a 7,79a 6,25a Winter-spring season 2015 - 2016 /C 333b 110,7b 19,4a 7,14b 5,56b MH 346a 119,3a 19,5a 8,03a 6,67a Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 The results of the modeling showed that the theoretical yield and net yield of spring-summer crop were higher than that of summer-autumn season, 80 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg lime/ha + tons Manure + plow straw + wet dry mixed (-10 cm) to the highest yield (6,67 tons/ha in winter-spring season) 3.4.2 The amount of water to irrigate the rice in different irrigation regimes The results of the model of rice production in the summer autumn season 2015 and the winter - spring season 2015 - 2016 have shown that dry wet irrigation regimes can save production costs and at the same time ensure economic efficiency for producers export rice ( export producers) 21 Table 3.16 The amount of water to irrigate rice in summer - autumn season 2015 and winter - spring season 2015 - 2016 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2015 2015 2016 Total Total % % Recipe water water Watering Water Watering Water allalltimes saving times saving season season (%) (%) 3 (m /ha) (m /ha) C 13 4.496 15 5.109 MH 2.901 35,5 3.153 38,3 3.4.3 Analysis of economic efficiency Table 3.17 Economic efficiency of the model in summer - autumn season 2015 and winter - spring season 2015 - 2016 Unit: 1.000 vnd/ha Winter - spring season Summer - autumn season 2015 2015 - 2016 Recipe Total Total Total Total Profit Profit revenue expenditure revenue expenditure /C 34.320 13.415 20.905 36.140 13.415 22.725 MH 40.625 16.480 24.145 43.355 16.480 26.875 The results showed that the profitability of the model compared with the control varied from 5.212.000 VND/ha to 6.154000 VND/ha 3.4.4 Total amount of gaseous emissions in seasons Table 3.18 The total emissions of the model's gas emissions in the summer - autumn season 2015 and winter-spring season 2015 - 2016 Unit: g/m2 Summer - autumn season Winter - spring season 2015 2015 - 2016 Recipe CO CO2 CH4 N2O CH4 N2O a a a a /C 44,05 0,42 1.226,41 22,08 0,33 650,34 b b b b MH 38,92 0,35 1.077,30 19,84 0,29 582,42 Note: Different letters in the same column represent a significant difference of 0,05 22 Comparison of total emissions in summer-autumn and winterspring indicated that CH4 and N2O emissions in summer-autumn season were higher than in winter-spring season and control were higher than models for both types of emissions This suggests that regular irrigating and high nitrogen fertilization are the main contributors to the CH4 and N2O emissions of rice and, in particular, the potential for greenhouse gas emissions General conclusions on the rice production model: The results of the two models of rice production in the summer - autumn season2015 and in the winter - spring season 2015 - 2016 show that the results of the production model are higher than those of the greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency, specifically: the yield is higher than the control 0,97 to 1,11 ton/ha, the profit is higher than the control 5.212.000 to 6.154.000 VND/ha, reducing Emissions of 10,1 - 11,6% for CH4 emissions and 12,1 - 16,7% for N2O emissions 23 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND SUGGESION 4.1 CONCLUSION 1, The research has determined the appropriate dosage and protein form for rice is 80 kg N (urea fertilizer) on 10 tons of manure + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg lime/ha yields from 6,04 - 6,27 tons/ha, The productivity of nitrogenous fertilizer is 21,3 - 22,5 kg N/kg of paddy, the value cost ratio is from 6,1 to 6,7, the potential for greenhouse gas emission is 910,8 - 1.975,35 g CO2/m2, gaseous emission intensity/rice yield 46,7 - 117,0 g CH4/kg paddy and 0,96 1,16 g N2O/kg paddy 2, Dry intermittent dry watering (-10 cm) with the highest net yield and economic efficiency of 6,21 - 6,45 tons/ha, profit 21.359.000 - 22.951.000 VND/ha, potential greenhouse gas emissions 211,73 - 647,04 g CO2/m2, gaseous emission intensity/rice yield 8,3 - 32,5 g CH4/kg paddy and 0,40 - 0,77 g N2O/kg paddy 3, Ways of plowing straw and dry wet irrigation intermittently (-10 cm) on fertilizer tons of manure + 100 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 500 kg lime/ha Consolidated for rice with real yields of 5,84 - 6,17 tons/ha, profit 17.826.000 - 22.877.000 VND/ha, potential greenhouse gas emissions 608,69 - 1.473,97 g CO2/m2, gase emission intensity/rice yield 34,1 - 93,0 g CH4/kg paddy and 0,45 - 0,67 g N2O/kg paddy 4, Successfully built two models of rice production in Huong An Ward, Huong Tra Town, Thua Thien Hue Province with a higher model yield of 0,97 to 1,11 ton/ha, higher profit than control Reduce gas emissions by 10,1 - 11,6% for CH4 and 12,1 - 16,7% for N2O emissions 4.2 SUGGESION 1, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development; Thua Thien Hue Agricultural Extension Center has stepped up the demonstration model for the application of new cultivation techniques from the result of the project to recommend for rice production in alluvial soil not accreted ( without accreting) male 2, Continue to study and evaluate the effects of fertilizer and irrigation on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions on other land categories to make more comprehensive conclusions 24 ... dụng để đạt suất lúa, gạo giảm phát thải khí nhà kính Vì vậy, tiến hành đề tài Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng phân bón tưới nước đến suất lúa phát thải khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế Mục... N2O/m2, tiềm gây phát thải khí nhà kính 910,8 1.975,35 g CO2/m2 14 3.2 NGHIÊN CỨU ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CHẾ ĐỘ TƯỚI NƯỚC ĐẾN CÂY LÚA VÀ PHÁT THẢI KHÍ CH4 VÀ N2O 3.2.1 Ảnh hưởng chế độ tưới nước đến suất yếu... NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ THẢO LUẬN 3.1 KẾT QUẢ NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA LIỀU LƯỢNG VÀ DẠNG PHÂN ĐẠM ĐẾN LÚA VÀ PHÁT THẢI KHÍ CH4 VÀ N2O 3.1.1 Ảnh hưởng liều lượng dạng phân đạm đến yếu tố cấu thành suất