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A New Holographic Model of Spacelike Singulari7es Gary Horowitz UC Santa Barbara Gauge/gravity duality is a powerful tool to try to understand physics near spacelike singulari7es It maps the problem into a problem in ordinary QFT We will focus on cosmological singulari7es We need to construct asympto7cally AdS solu7ons which evolve into (or from) a singularity that extends all the way out to infinity Outline Discuss two examples of cosmological singulari7es in AdS and what is know about the dual CFT descrip7on: 1) Review older work with Hertog (2005) 2) Work in progress with Hertog and Engelhardt First holographic model of a cosmological singularity Hertog and GH, hep-‐th/0406134, hep-‐th/0503071 Consider gravity in AdS4 coupled to a scalar with poten7al V(φ) having m2 = -‐2 One example coming from a trunca7on of N = 8 SUGRA is: p V ( ) = cosh Solu7ons must approach dr ds2 = (r2 + 1)dt2 + + r2 d⌦ r +1 In all asympto7cally AdS solu7ons, the scalar field falls off like If α=0 or β=0, AdS is stable Consider a new boundary condi7on β=kα2 (Hertog and Maeda) This is also invariant under all asympto7c AdS symmetries Claim: For all nonzero k, there are solu7ons that evolve to a big crunch Start by solving the Euclidean field equa7ons with SO(4) symmetry Get ODE’s Pick φ at the origin and integrate out Asympto7cally find Define k by β= kα2 φ decays monotonically: φ ρ Restric7ng to the equator of the three-‐sphere, we get ini7al data for a Lorentzian solu7on The evolu7on of this ini7al data can be obtained by analy7c con7nua7on (Coleman and De Luccia, 1980) The Euclidean origin becomes a Lorentzian lightcone Outside the lightcone everything is smooth and bounded Inside the lightcone the solu7on evolves like an open FRW universe: The field equa7ons imply that the scale factor vanishes in finite 7me, producing a big crunch Big crunch Time symmetric ini7al data Asympto7c AdS Big bang This looks like Schwarzschild AdS, but: (1) Infinity is not complete (2) “Horizon” is just the lightcone of the origin CFT Descrip7on This is the 2+1 theory on a stack of M 2-‐branes (Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis, and Maldacena, 2008) The theory contains eight scalars With β=0 boundary condi7ons, the bulk scalar φ is dual to the dimension one operator Our new boundary condi7on corresponds to adding to the field theory ac7on the term (Wiken; Sever and Shomer): Is the pole at the horizon size physical? Hubeny et al hep-‐th/0306170 found a pole in a 2pt func7on in the theory dual to Schwarzschild AdS corresponding to an almost null bulk geodesic that bounces off the singularity They concluded that it was not physical, and could only be seen by analy7cally con7nuing the 2pt func7on to a second Riemann sheet Differences from the BH case • They were in a thermal state and had QFT arguments that 2pt func7on could not diverge • Our pole corresponds to a null geodesic on the boundary (not bulk) • They had 3 real geodesics which coincided (parameterized by t) and Lreg ≈ t4/3 In our case there are only two and: Lreg = A + B(L0 – Lbdy) ± C(L0 – Lbdy) 3/2 Lbdy L0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 Re c⇥ The geodesic with smallest |c| dominates whenever it exists Re e L ⇥ Lbdy For large Lbdy: Lbdy ≈ c5/2, and Lreg ≈ ln c4 ≈ ln Lbdy8/5, so hOOi ⇡ Lbdy5 reg 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Solu7ons with Re c > 0 are unphysical • For small Lbdy, they do not reproduce the correct flat space limit • For large Lbdy, complex solu7ons with Re c > 0 would predict 2pt func7on grows with distance • Real solu7ons with Re c > 0 predict a pole in the 2pt func7on at c = ½ This corresponds to geodesics becoming null in the bulk The case p1 = 1/3 Now: ds = ( dt2 + t2/3 dx2 + dz ) z It is convenient to parameterize the geodesics by w = t2/3 The solu7ons are 3p X(w) = + cw c r 3w2 + c(w3 1) Z(w) = c As before: Z(1) = 0, so Lbdy = 2 X(1) Now there are only two values of c for each Lbdy: q 6(3 ± + L2bdy ) c= Lbdy Lbdy and they are both real The turning point is w =-‐1/c 60 40 20 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 c Geodesics with c > 0 again do not contribute: 1) They do not give the correct flat space limit for small Lbdy, whereas c ≈ -‐1 does 2) Lreg diverges at c = 33/2 due to a null geodesic in the bulk Only one geodesic contributes for each Lbdy, so a‚er regula7ng the length as before: e L Lbdy Asympto7cally, we can expand about c = 0 and find reg 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 L = ln(Lbdy ) + ln( ) 27 10 So the two point func7on now falls off faster than in flat space: hO(x )O( x )i ⇡ L 0 bdy The solu7ons we have examined for p1 = -‐1/4, 0, 1/3 lead us to conjecture that for general p1: p1 hO(x0 )O( x0 )i ⇡ Lbdy The fall-‐off of the 2pt func7on depends directly on the rate of expansion in that direc7on Possible interpreta7ons • Under RG flow, the dimension of operators can change Holographically, this is seen, e.g., when bulk flows to an IR AdS which is different from the UV AdS Can we get different dimensions in different direc7ons? • Perhaps this is due to par7cle crea7on: Our CFT is on a background with 7me dependent Weyl curvature, so there will be par7cle crea7on This will depend on the expansion rate In isotropic dS, the contrac7ng phase can be smoothly extended across a null surface into an expanding phase + I t, τ = ∞ t, τ = const I In the anisotropic case, the surface t = τ = ∞ is singular Can avoid this by changing pi at late 7me so that they all agree This will only change the bulk solu7on to the future of this late 7me Summary 1. We have constructed a holographic dual of a cosmological singularity which is N=4 SYM on an anisotropic de Siker space7me 2. In some direc7ons the 2pt func7on has a pole at the horizon scale 3. The asympto7c behavior of the 2pt func7on depends on the expansion rate in that direc7on To Do: 1. Check other values of p1 2. Let endpoints of geodesics have different (t, x2, x3) 3. Calculate expecta7on values of Wilson loops (extremal 2-‐surfaces) 4. Calculate entanglement entropy (extremal 3-‐ surfaces) Specula7ve Conclusion Turning our model upside down, we have a CFT on an expanding (anisotropic) de Siker space similar to standard models of infla7on Modes at subhorizon scale are in their ground state and are highly excited at superhorizon scale It appears that signatures of the quantum nature of spacelike singulari7es can be found in the classical long-‐wavelength features predicted by the boundary wave func7on ... get ini7al data for a Lorentzian solu7on The evolu7on of this ini7al data can be obtained by analy7c con7nua7on (Coleman and De Luccia, 1980) The Euclidean origin... 1102.3015) A new holographic model of cosmological singulari7es (Engelhardt, Hertog, GH, to appear) The new model has the advantage that 1) The dual CFT is well... (Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis, and Maldacena, 2008) The theory contains eight scalars With β=0 boundary condi7ons, the bulk scalar φ is dual to the dimension one operator