This page intentionally left blank NEW DIMENSIONS IN PRIVACY LAW This broad-ranging examination of privacy law considers the challenges faced by the law in changing technological, commercial and social environments It encompasses three overlapping areas of analysis: privacy protection under the general law; legislative measures for data protection in digital communications networks; and the influence of transnational agreements and other pressures toward harmonised privacy standards Leading, internationally recognised authors discuss developments across these three areas in the United Kingdom, Europe, the United States, APEC (the forum for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), Australia and New Zealand Chapters draw on doctrinal and historical analysis of case law, theoretical approaches to both freedom of speech and privacy, and the interaction of law and communications technologies, in order to examine present and future challenges to law’s engagement with privacy Andrew T Kenyon is the Director of the Centre for Media and Communications Law at the University of Melbourne, and Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law He researches in comparative media law, across topics in defamation, privacy, journalism, media regulation and copyright These interests come together in his role as editor of the refereed international journal, the Media & Arts Law Review Megan Richardson is the Deputy Director of the Centre for Media and Communications Law at the University of Melbourne, and Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law Her research spans the fields of intellectual property and privacy NEW DIMENSIONS IN PRIVACY LAW INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES Edited by ANDREW T KENYON AND MEGAN RICHARDSON Centre for Media and Communications Law Faculty of Law University of Melbourne cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521860741 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-25654-7 eBook (EBL) 0-511-25654-X eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-86074-1 hardback 0-521-86074-1 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS List of contributors Preface ix page vii New dimensions in privacy: Communications technologies, media practices and law andrew t kenyon and megan richardson Privacy and freedom of speech eric barendt Revisiting the American action for public disclosure of private facts 32 brian c murchison The internet and private life in Europe: Risks and aspirations 60 yves poullet and j marc dinant APEC’s privacy framework sets a new low standard for the Asia-Pacific 91 graham greenleaf Copyright, privacy and digital rights management (DRM) 121 david lindsay and sam ricketson Why there will never be an English common law privacy tort 154 raymond wacks v 11 vi contents The ‘right’ of privacy in England and Strasbourg compared 184 gavin phillipson Privacy and constitutions kenneth j keith 10 229 Celebrity privacy and benefits of simple history megan richardson and lesley hitchens Bibliography 270 Index 286 Index of laws and directives 290 Index of case references 293 250 CONTRIBUTORS Eric Barendt, Goodman Professor of Media Law, Faculty of Laws, University College London, United Kingdom J Marc Dinant, Computer Scientist, Senior Lecturer at the University of Namur, Belgium; Expert to the Article 29 Working Party of the European Commission Graham Greenleaf, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia; Co-Director, Australasian Legal Information Institute Lesley Hitchens, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia Kenneth J Keith, Member of the International Court of Justice; Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand; Professor Emeritus, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Andrew T Kenyon, Director, Centre for Media and Communications Law, and Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia David Lindsay, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Monash University, Australia Brian C Murchison, Charles S Rowe Professor of Law, Washington and Lee University School of Law, Virginia, United States Gavin Phillipson, School of Law, King’s College London, United Kingdom Yves Poullet, Dean, Faculty of Law and Director of the Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit, University of Namur, Belgium Megan Richardson, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia vii viii contributors Sam Ricketson, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia; Barrister, Victoria, Australia Raymond Wacks, Emeritus Professor of Law and Legal Theory, University of Hong Kong 282 bibliography Schwartz, Paul M., ‘Beyond Lessig’s Code for Internet Privacy: Cyberspace, Filters, Privacy Control and Fair Information Practices’ (2000) Wisconsin Law Review 749 Seipel, Peter, ‘Information System Quality as a Legal Concern’ in Gasser, Urs (ed.), Information Quality Regulation: Foundations, Perspectives, Applications (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2004) (ed.), Law and Information Technology: Swedish Views, Swedish Government Official Reports, SOU 2002: 112 Sheppard, Annamay T., ‘Thoughts on Bowers v Hardwick’ (1988) 40 Rutgers Law Journal 521 Sherborne, David and Jethani, Sapna, ‘The Privacy Codes’ in Tugendhat, Michael and Christie, Iain (eds.), The Law of Privacy and the Media (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) and First Cumulative Updating Supplement (2004) Sherman, Brad and Bently, Lionel, The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) Sherman, Brad and Strowel, Alain, Of Authors and Origins (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) Skone James, Francis E., Copinger on the Law of Copyright (6th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1927) Smith, Joseph H and Kerrigan, William (eds.), Pragmatism’s Freud (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986) Smolla, Rodney A., Smolla & Nimmer on Freedom of Speech (3rd edn, New York: Clark Boardman Callaghan, 1996–2005) ‘Accounting for the Slow Growth of American Privacy Law’ (2002) 27 Nova Law Review 289 ‘Information as Contraband: The First Amendment and Liability for Trafficking in Speech’ (2002) 96 Northwestern University Law Review 1099 Tang, Raymond, ‘Personal Data Privacy: The Asian Agenda’, paper at 25th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, Sydney, 10–12 September 2003, available from http://www.pco.org.hk Taylor, Charles, The Ethics of Authenticity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992) de Terwangne, C´ecile, ‘Affaire Lindqvist ou quand la Cour de justice des Communaut´es europ´eennes prend position en mati`ere de protection des donn´ees personnelles’ (2004) 19 Revue du Droit des Technologies de l’Information 67 Thomas, Kendall, ‘Beyond the Privacy Principle’ (1992) 92 Columbia Law Review 1431 Thompson, John B., Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000) Tugendhat, Michael and Christie, Iain (eds.), The Law of Privacy and the Media (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) and First Cumulative Updating Supplement (2004) bibliography 283 Tullock, Gordon, The Economics of Special Privilege and Rent Seeking (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989) Tully, James (ed.), Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) Turkington, Richard, ‘Confidentiality Policy for HIV-Related Information: An Analytic Framework for Sorting Out Hard and Easy Cases’ (1989) 34 Villanova Law Review 871 Turner, Graeme, Ending the Affair: The Decline of Television Current Affairs in Australia (Sydney: University of NSW Press, 2005) Understanding Celebrity (London: Sage, 2004) Turner, Graeme, Bonner, Frances and Marshall, P David, Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2000) United Kingdom, Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (London: HMSO, 1957) United Kingdom, Home Office, Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, Cm 1102 (London: HMSO, 1990) United Kingdom, House of Commons, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Privacy and Media Intrusion, Fifth Report of Session 2002–03, HC 458-I United Kingdom, Ofcom, Ofcom Review of Public Service Television Broadcasting: Phase – Meeting the Digital Challenge (London: Ofcom, 2004) United Nations, Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: New Zealand, CPR/CO/75/NZL, 26 July 2003 Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CCPR/CO/73/UK, CCPR/CO/73/UKOT, December 2001 United States, Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Infrastructure, The Digital Dilemma (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000) United States, Congressional Budget Office, Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Washington, DC: CBO, August 2004) United States, Federal Trade Commission, Prepared Statement of the Federal Trade Commission on ‘Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace’ (May 2000) United States, Information Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights Information Infrastructure Task Force (Washington, DC: United States Department of Congress, 1995) Van Wassenhove, Stanislas, De Leersnyder, Michael and Chuffart, Gael, Nouvelles technologies et impact sur le droit du travail (Kortrijk-Heule: UGA, 2003) 284 bibliography Wacks, Raymond, Law, Morality, and the Private Domain (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000) ‘What has Data Protection to with Privacy?’ (2000) Privacy Law & Policy Reporter 143 ‘Towards a New Legal and Conceptual Framework for the Protection of Internet Privacy’ (1999) Irish Intellectual Property Review ‘Privacy and Press Freedom: Oil on Troubled Waters’ (1999) Media & Arts Law Review 259 ‘Privacy and Media Intrusion: A New Twist’ (1999) Privacy Law & Policy Reporter 48 ‘Media Intrusion: An Expanded Role for the Privacy Commissioner?’ (1999) 29 Hong Kong Law Journal 341 ‘Pursuing Paparazzi: Privacy and Intrusive Photography’ (1998) Hong Kong Law Journal Privacy and Press Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) Personal Information: Privacy and the Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) (ed.), Privacy: Volume I (Aldershot: Dartmouth; New York: New York University Press, 1993) ‘Controlling AIDS: Some Legal Issues’ (1988) 138 New Law Journal 254 and 283 The Protection of Privacy (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1980) ‘The Poverty of “Privacy”’ (1980) 96 Law Quarterly Review 73 Wade, H W R., ‘Horizons of Horizontality’ (2000) 116 Law Quarterly Review 217 Wallace, Amy, The Prodigy (New York: E P Dutton, 1986) Warren, Samuel D and Brandeis, Louis D., ‘The Right to Privacy’ (1890) Harvard Law Review 193 Waters, Nigel, ‘Rethinking Information Privacy – A Third Way in Data Protection?’ (2000) Privacy Law & Policy Reporter 121 Weaver, Russell L., Kenyon, Andrew T., Partlett, David F and Walker, Clive P., The Right to Speak Ill: Defamation, Reputation and Free Speech (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006) Wellek, Rene (ed.), The Attack on Literature and Other Essays (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982) Wermiel, Stephen J., ‘Law and Human Dignity: The Judicial Soul of Justice Brennan’ (1998) William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 223 Westin, Alan, Privacy and Freedom (London: Bodley Head, 1967) White, Antony, ‘Data Protection and the Media’ [2003] European Human Rights Law Review (Privacy Special) 25; volume also published as Cooper, Jonathan (ed.) Privacy (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2003) White, Stephen K., Sustaining Affirmation: The Strengths of Weak Ontology in Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) bibliography 285 Whitman, James Q., ‘The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity versus Liberty’ (2004) 113 Yale Law Journal 1151 Wilson, A N., The Victorians (London: Arrow Books, 2003) Woodmansee, Martha and Jaszi, Peter, The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994) Young, John B (ed.), Privacy (New York: Wiley, 1978) Zammit, Brigitte, ‘Traffic Data Retention under EC Law’ (2005) 11(1) Computer and Telecommunications Law Review 17 Zimmerman, Diane L., ‘Requiem for a Heavyweight: a Farewell to Warren and Brandeis’s Privacy Tort’ (1983) 68 Cornell Law Review 291 INDEX abortion, 44, 176, 246 American Law Institute (ALI), 239, 247 Anderson, D A., 36 anonymity, 79–80, 106 anti-circumvention measures, 129–32 APEC ECSG, 93, 94, 113 APEC Privacy Framework, 91–120 accountability, 103 application, 108–9 due diligence, 104, 112 enforcement, 110 local exceptions, 100 missing principles, 104–7 scope of privacy principles, 99–100 security safeguards, 103, 118 Article 29 Working Party, see EU Data Protection Working Party Australia, 3, 77, 94, 95, 102, 105–7, 114, 127, 139–44, 235, 247 automated decisions, 106 Barendt, E., 4, Beckhams, 225 Belgian Privacy Commission, 73 Belgium, 66 Bloustein, E., 39 Brandeis, see Warren and Brandeis Brennan, W., 41–3 broadcast flag, 148 browser software, 85–6 calling line identification, 81 Campbell, Naomi, 13, 16, 22, 137, 155–6, 166–8, 171–2, 173–4, 177, 181, 184, 202–12, 216–19, 225, 239, 250, 253 Canada, 14, 77, 105, 235 Supreme Court of, 26 Caroline of Monaco, Princess, 7, 18–19, 20, 21, 23, 137, 160–1, 171, 185–6, 187, 202–12, 216, 219, 241, 251, 264 celebrities, 8, 14–15, 20–1, 34, 47, 53, 57, 58, 154, 180–1, 220–2, 250–69 character merchandising, 259 China, 105 choice, online privacy, 102–3, 118 Churchill, W., 20 class actions, 88 clickstream data, 141 Cohen, J., 146, 149 collection limitation, 101–2, 118 common field of activity rule, 257 common law, 12, 126–7 press, 32 traditions of privacy protection, 136 communications, confidentiality of, 24–6, 49 anonymity and telephone communications, 27–9 anonymous election campaign literature, 27 cold calling, 29–30 prisoners’ correspondence, 27 spamming, 29–30 confidence, 158–61, 192–202 breach of, 139, 163–6, 185, 187, 250 equitable remedy, 162 principles of, 162–3 cookies, 64, 65–8 286 index copyright, 121, 254, 259 DRM, 125–34 privacy, 150–3 rights-based, 125–6, 152 utilitarian, market-based approach, 126–7 Crompton, M., 114 data, personal, 65–8, 82, 99, 104, 105, 116 access and correction, 103, 105, 118 complaints procedure, 82–3 data export limitations, see data flows data flows free flow, 108, 111–13, 115 transborder, 75–8, 105, 110–13, 139 data processing consent, 70–3 of minors, 72–3 incompatible processing, 74 legitimacy of, 70–4 proportionality, 74–5 reciprocal benefits, 80–3 data protection, 82 defamation, see torts, libel digital dilemma, 128 Digital Rights Management, 5, 6–7, 121, 148–50 components of, 124–5 definition, 123 privacy, 133, 140–50 dignity, 3, 35, 39–40, 49, 50, 58, 72, 78, 122, 244, 264 Dinant, M., 6, DoubleClick, 87 Douglas, M., 156 Droz, Numa, 128 Electronic Copyright Management Systems, 144 encryption, 79, 124, 129, 131 English law, see United Kingdom EU Data Protection Working Party, 61, 83, 151 European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg Court), 7, 19, 23, 27, 159, 164, 184–228, 244 287 European Court of Justice, 77, 164, 185, 203 European Union, 127, 139, 150–1 false light cases, 16 Faulks, S., 243 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 148 Flew, T., Ford, P., 114 Foucault, M., 146 France, 14 Civil Code, 134 tradition of privacy, 134–6 Franzen J., 231 freedom of speech, 11, 15 balancing privacy and, 16, 18–22 conflict with privacy, 11 dominance of, 169–73 privacy essential to, 4, 11, 23 freedom of the press, 212, 268, see also media Freund, P., 249 German Constitutional Court, 18–19, 28, 135–6, 187, 202, 220 Germany, 14, 135–6 courts, 21, 187, 202, 204, 211, 224 tradition of privacy, 134 Ginsburg, J C., 121, 131 gossip, 11, 36 Greenleaf, G., 6, hardware EU principle that hardware should provide the necessary tools to comply with European data protection rules, 83–5 harm, preventing, 100–1, 117 ‘high offensiveness test’, 193–9 Hill, J L., 52 Hitchens, L., Hong Kong, 105–6 identifiers, 64, 80, 86, 106, 124 collecting and processing, 141–4 information sensitive, 106 288 index interest based approach to privacy, 141–2, 149–50, 177 internet, 60–90 access to a site, 88 anonymity, 79–80 approaches to online privacy, 87–9 class action, 88 consent, 69, 70–3, 88, 102 flow rate, 62 global dimension, 63 interactive nature of, 62, 71 opaque nature, 64 open nature, 63 processing power, 63 Ireland, 244 Kahn, J., 39 Keith, K., Kirby, M., 98 Landes, W., 131–2 law of confidence, 158–61, 164, 167, 169, 197, 227 legal culture, 37 libel, see torts, libel liberty, 4, 26, 38, 39, 44, 52, 55, 170, 182, 242, 243, 245, 246 Lindsay, D., 6, location data, 69 marijuana growing operation, 236 media, 15, 22–3, 237 confidential sources, 24–6 confidentiality, 188 duty to inform, 57 freedom, 212 self-regulation, 174–5 Meiklejohn, A., 41 Mill, J S., 261–8 Mitterand, President, 223 Moreham, N A., 206–7 Morgan, J., 197 Murchison, B., 4, New South Wales Law Reform Commission (NSWLRC), 145 New Zealand, 3, 95, 102, 138, 162, 229–32, 234–8, 247 New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, 235–6, 241 nexus test, 55 notice, 101, 117 OECD Lite, 96, 108 OK! magazine, 156, 160 open justice principle, 240 Parent, W A., 204, 211 passing off, 257–9 personal data, see data, personal personal information, 99, 116, 165–6, 179–80 integrity of, 103, 118 uses of, 102, 118 personal information controller definition, 116 Phillipson, G., photographs, 163, 189–90, 197–9, 202–12 Platform for Privacy Preferences, 72 politicians health, 19 privacy rights, 16 sexual orientation, 20 pornographic material possession of, 26 Posner, R., 131–2, 231 Poullet, Y., 6, Press Complaints Commission (British), 2, 174–5 Privacy, report of the Australian Law Reform Commission, 145 privacy defining, 12, 39–40, 231–2 liberty-based approach to, 44 self-determination, 50–5 value of, 30–1 privacy, concept of, incoherence of, 175–81 privacy disputes, model of, 52 Privacy Enhancing Technology, 153 privacy rights, scope of, 14–16 index private facts definition of, 177 private information, 178 private life, 202–12 property, 252, 258 Prosser, W., 14–16, 138, 239 ‘public disclosure of private facts’, 176–7 public disclosure of true information, 16, 46 public figures, 222–3, see also celebrities, politicians public interest, 173, 219 public register, 106 quality of confidence, 185 Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) chips, 74 Richardson, M., Ricketson, S., 6, rights management information (RMI), 129–32 ‘right to publicity’, 139, 157 rights based approach to privacy, 141–2, 147–8, 149–50, 151–2, 170, 177 Roosevelt, F., 19 Rorty, R., 50–1 Rump, N., 123–4 Sanderson, M A., 222 search and seizure, powers of, 232–7 smart card, 85 Smolla, R A., 36, 37 software, 83–5 Spain, 226 Supreme Court, 38, 46 disclosure torts, 38–9 surveillance, 163, see also Digital Rights Management electronic, 144–8 photographic, 163, 210 289 Sweden, 67, 81 Switzerland, 143 Taiwan, 105 Tang, R., 98 Taylor, C., 51–2 terminal equipment, 143 third party between data controllers and data subjects, 89–90 users’ right to full control, 85 terrorism, 237 torts libel, 17–18, 22, 35, 37–8, 50, 56 dignity, 40–4 privacy, 154–83, 184, 227, 238, 241 public disclosure torts, 35–40 intimate associates, 52–4, 56 legitimate public concern, 56 pre-existing public controversy, 56 traffic data, 69 United Kingdom, 2, 7, 12, 66, 81, 126–7, 136–7, 154–83, 235, 239–40 United States, 1–2, 14, 32, 91, 95, 114, 127, 170–1, 175, 176–7, 236–7, 240, 242 culture, 36 role of the jury, Wacks, R., 7, Warren and Brandeis, 1, 4, 138, 175, 231, 238 Westin, A., 170 Whitman, J., 135, 139 Wilson, A N., 267 Wolfenden report, 242–3, 244 Yahoo, 76 Zeta-Jones, C., 156 INDEX OF LAWS AND DIRECTIVES International Convention against Torture, 236 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 14, 133, 230, 243 OECD Guidelines, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108, 110–11, 139, 247 TRIPS Agreement, 129 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 230 WIPO Internet Treaties, 129–30 European Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Unsolicited Commercial Communications or ‘Spam’, 61 Council of Europe Convention 108, 84 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, 84–6 Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC of 24 October 1995, 60, 68–70, 74, 78, 139, 141–4, 151 article 2(a), 65 article 4, 75 article 5, 71 article 6, 69 article 7(f), 71 articles 25ff, 75 recital 10, 136 Draft Framework Decision on the Retention of Data Processed and Stored in Connection with the Provision of Publicly Available Electronic Communications Services or Data on Public Communications Networks for the Purpose of Prevention, Investigation, Detection and Prosecution of Crime and Criminal Offences including Terrorism, 61 European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR, 1, 11, 14, 155, 156, 184 Article 8, 21, 24, 27, 133, 157–61, 185, 187–9, 200, 204, 207–8, 211–12 Article 10, 21, 24, 27, 167, 212, 221–4 European Union Directive on the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector, 28 Guidelines for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Collection and Processing of Personal Data on Information Highways, 79 290 index of laws and directives 291 Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002/58/EC, 60, 68–70, 85, 142 Article 5.3, 81 Article 6, 69 Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the Electronic Communications Sector (Directive 2002/58/EC), 60, 69, 80 Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the Electronic Telecommunications Sector (Directive 1997/66EC), 61 Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of such Data, (Directive 95/46/EC), 60, 67, 91, 94, 111, 136 Australia Privacy Act 1988, 95, 112, 139, 141–4 Belgium Belgian Law of December, 66 Article 3bis, 76 Belgian Penal Code Article, 314(2), 70 Canada Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 26 Germany Basic Law (Germany) Article 2, 28, 135 Article 5, 28 New Zealand Bill of Rights, 230, 235, 241 s 21, 234–6 Security Intelligence Act 1969, 235 Sweden Personal Data Act 1998, 67 UK Act of Anne, 126 Data Protection Act 1998, 66, 155, 167, 173–4, 186 Human Rights Act (1998), 12, 137, 155, 156, 157–61, 167, 168, 181, 208, 239 292 index of laws and directives Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003, 143 recital 24, 143 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (UK), 24 US Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 73 First Amendment, 26, 29, 36, 38, 40–1, 46, 48, 50, 138, 170–1, 240 Fourteenth Amendment, 240, 243–5 Fourth Amendment, 146, 236 Restatement (Second) of Torts, 54 Safe Harbour Principles, 77 Asia APEC Privacy Framework, 6, 91–20 criticism of, 97 drafting process, 93–7 PART IV, 109–10 text of, 116–20 APEC Privacy Principles (Version I), 94 Consultation Draft, 96 Seoul Declaration for the APII, 93 Singapore Declaration, 93 INDEX OF CASE REFERENCES Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats, 13, 19, 165, 176, 178, 193, 195, 198, 207, 239 Chappell v TCN Channel, 18 Pacific Dunlop v Hogan, 257, 258, 259 Radio Corporation v Henderson, 258, 259 Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment, 131 Toonen v Australia, 243 Austria Herczegfalvy v Austria, 27 Canada Aubry v Editions Vice-Versa Inc., 210 R v Sharpe, 26 Cook Islands Clarke v Karika, 230 Saipa’ia Olomalu v Attorney-General, 230 Estonia Tammer v Estonia, 217, 226 Finland Z v Finland, 207 293 294 index of case references France Plon (Soci´et´e) v France, 223, 225, 226, 242 Yahoo!, Inc v La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et LAntisemitisme, 76 Germany Census case, 1356 Lăuth case, 18 Niemietz v Germany, 31 Von Hannover v Germany, 7, 19, 23, 137, 160–1, 171, 185–6, 187, 202–12, 216, 219, 241, 251, 264 Iceland Thorgeirson v Iceland, 224 New Zealand Choudry v Attorney-General, 235–6 Hosking v Runting, 8, 14, 138, 162, 165, 180, 205, 229, 238, 240, 250–1, 264 Quilter v Attorney-General, 245 P v D, 196 R v Grayson and Taylor, 230 R v Hines, 248 R v Liddell, 230 R v Shaheed, 236 Re Victim X, 241 Television New Zealand Ltd v R., 230 Spain Campmany Y Diez de Revenga v Spain, 226 Sweden Leander v Sweden, 27 Lindqvist, 77 UK A v B plc, 12, 20, 23, 162, 164, 165, 166, 172, 173, 187, 191, 239 Abernethy v Hutchinson, 252 Argyll v Duke of Argyll, 159 Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers (No 2), 160, 162, 167 index of case references 295 Campbell v MGN Ltd, 13, 16, 22, 137, 155–6, 166–8, 171–2, 173–4, 181, 184, 202–12, 216–19, 225, 239, 253 Carey v Population Services International, 246 Clark v Freeman, 257–8 Coco v A N Clark, 201 Coe v Mirror Group Newspapers, 225 Creation Records Ltd v Rex Features Ltd, 162 D v L, 219 Douglas v Hello! Ltd, 7, 12, 155, 156–60, 162, 171, 175, 190, 192, 200, 208, 215, 250, 259, 265 Erven Warnink BV v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd, 258 Fraser-Woodward Ltd v British Broadcasting Corporation, 239 Gaskin v UK, 27 Goodwin v UK, 25 Hellwell v Chief Constable of Derbyshire, 209 Irvine v Talksport, 258 Kaye v Robertson, 154, 181, 187 McCallum v UK, 27 Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, 181 Millar v Taylor, 126, 238 Mills v News Group Newspapers, 171 Peck v UK, 164–5, 189, 197, 203, 204, 212, 216 PG and JH v UK, 210 Pope v Curl, 255 Prince Albert v Strange, 8, 137, 138, 238, 251 Re S., 215 Scott v Scott, 241 Secretary of State for the Home Department v Wainwright, 181 Shelley Films Ltd v Rex Features Ltd, 162, 190 Silver v UK, 27 Theakston v MGN Ltd, 162, 164, 166, 171, 172 Tonson v Collins, 256 Venables v News Group Newspapers, 162, 171 Wainwright v Home Office, 12, 155, 161, 176, 184, 229 US Abrams v United States, Armstrong v H & C Communications Inc., 58 Association v District Court, 48 Bartnicki v Vopper, 24, 25, 35, 48, 49–50, 58 Beaumont v Brown, 38, 53 Bose Corp v Consumers Union, 42 Bowers v Hardwick, 176 Bowley v Uniontown Police Department, 47 Briscoe v Reader’s Digest Association, Inc., 46 Cohen v Cowles Media Co., 26 296 index of case references CompuServe Inc v Cyber Promotions, 29 Cox Broadcasting Corp v Cohn, 34, 37, 39, 44–6, 240 Cyber Promotions v AOL, 29 Department of Justice v Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press, 45 Diaz v Oakland, 34 Dun & Bradstreet Inc v Greenmoss Builders Inc., 37 Eisenstadt v Baird, 246 Entick v Carrington, 2, 31, 232 Florida Star, The v BJF, 34, 39, 45 Gates v Discovery Communications, Inc., 46 Gertz v Robert Welch Inc., 43 Gilbert v Medical Economics Co., 33, 55 Green v Chicago Tribune Co., 34 Griswold v Connecticut, 149, 176, 246 Hall v Post, 34, 38, 54, 55, 58 Haynes v Alfred A Knopf, Inc., 38 Hill v MCI WorldCom Communications Inc., 53 Howard v Des Moines Register & Tribune Co., 34, 53 Hustler Magazine Inc v Falwell, 42, 58 In re People v Bryant, 47–8 Katz v United States, 146 Kyllo v United States, 237 Lawrence v Texas, 38, 242, 244, 245 Lohrenz v Donnelly, 37 McIntyre v Ohio Election Commission, 27 Mainstream Marketing v Federal Trade Commission, 30 Masses Publishing Co v Patten, 41 Michaels v Internet Entertainment Group Inc., 34 Milkovich v Lorain Journal Co., 42 National Archives and Records Administration v Favish, 45 New York Times v Sullivan, 2, 22, 40–1, 49 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa v Casey, 39, 176, 244 Reid v Pierce County, 45 Roe v Wade, 44, 176, 246 Roper v Simmons, 244 Rosenblatt v Baer, 38 Rosenbloom v Metromedia, 34, 43 St Amant v Thompson, 42 Shulman v Group W Productions Inc., 33, 37, 39 Sidis v F-R Publishing Corporation, 34, 39, 53, 57, 58 Silverman v United States, 236 Sipple v Chronicle Publishing Co., 34 Specht v Netscape Communications Corp., 145 Stanley v Georgia, 26, 176 Talley v California, 27 Time, Inc v Hill, Waldbaum v Fairchild Publications Inc., 37, 56 Wilkes v Wood, 31 ... Melbourne, and Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law Her research spans the fields of intellectual property and privacy NEW DIMENSIONS IN PRIVACY LAW INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES. .. page intentionally left blank NEW DIMENSIONS IN PRIVACY LAW This broad-ranging examination of privacy law considers the challenges faced by the law in changing technological, commercial and social... Bowrey, Law and Internet Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) Warren and Brandeis, ‘The Right to Privacy , above n at 205 new dimensions in privacy law sharing of private personal