Kiểm tra ngữ pháp chapter 1 nouns+determiner+article

Several pensA lot of pensFew pens A few pensCount Nouns: a Take “a/an” or “one” in thesingular b Usually take a final “s/es” in theplural Non-count Nouns: a Do not take “a/an” or “one” i

Chapter 1 : NOUNS , DETERMINERS , ARTICLES … (I) Count noun and non-count nouns DANH TỪ ĐẾM ĐƯỢC VÀ KHÔNG ĐẾM ĐƯỢC

NOUNSDanh từCOUNT NOUNSDanh từ đếm đượcNON-COUNT NOUNSDanh từ không đếm được

moneysugarwater

pensbookhousesDanh từ có thể chia làm hai loại: Danh từ đếm được, có thể thêm S và danh từ khôngđếm được thường không thêm S

Bảng sau cung cấp nhiều chi tiết hơn :

COUNT NOUNSDanh từ đếm được

NON-COUNT NOUNSDanh từ không đếm đượcSINGULAR

A great deal of money

A little moneyMuch moneyLittle moneyPLURAL

Số nhiều

PensTwo pensSome pensMany pens

Several pens

A lot of pensFew pens

A few pensCount Nouns:

(a) Take “a/an” or “one” in thesingular

(b) Usually take a final “s/es” in theplural

Non-count Nouns:

(a) Do not take “a/an” or “one” in thesingular

(b) Do not generally have a plural form

Một số danh từ đếm được có dạng bất qui tắc và không thêm S hoặc ES ở số nhiều.Dưới đây là một số danh từ đếm được bất qui tắc:

Man – men Foot – feet

Woman – women Tooth – teeth

Child – children Mouse – mice

Một số danh từ không đếm được có thể trở thành số nhiều và thêm đuôi S hoặc ES khichúng chỉ nhiều loại khác nhau của một vật cụ thể Trong trường hợp này, chúng cũngcó thể a / an như một dạng số ít

Ex 1:There was a lot of food on the table (general)

Ex 2:Certain foods must be avoided by people who have heart disease.(particular types of food)

Ex 3:I like most fruit (general)

Ex 4 :A fruit I particularly enjoy is the peach (particular fruit)

Danh mục sau có một số danh từ không đếm được (không có a / an hoặc dạng số nhiều)mà bạn cần biết:

Bread* Furniture Machinery Salt*

Cheese* Homework Milk Significance

Coffee* Housework Music Sugar*

Courage Information Pepper* Tea*

Equipment Intelligence Postage Traffic

Evidence Jealousy Pottery Transportation

Enjoyment Jewelry Poverty Violence

Food* Knowledge Progress

* Ghi chú: những danh từ có đánh dấu * cũng có thể được dùng với a / an hoặc S ở số

nhiều như food.

Ex 1:There was a lot of food on the table (general)

Ex 2:Certain foods must be avoided by people who have heart disease.(particular types of food)

Ex 3:I like most fruit (general)

Ex 4 :A fruit I particularly enjoy is the peach (particular fruit)

DETERMINERS

thethis, thatthese, those, few

a, all/eachsome, any, many, a lot of

on, two, three

a great number ofthe number offewer thanmore… thanthethis, that(a) littlemuch, a lot ofSome, any

a large amount ofthe amount ofLess… thanmore… thanCOUNTNOUNSNON-COUNTNOUNS

Từ chỉ định là các từ như a, the, some, any, this, that, these, three, less… than, fewer… than.

Một số từ chỉ định có thể được dùng với danh từ đếm được, một số khác với danh từkhông đếm được, và có một số có thể dùng với cả hai Điều này được biểu thị trongbảng sau (những từ gạch có thể được dùng với cả danh từ đếm được và không đếmđược):

this , that, these,

fewer…than

more…than

COUNTNOUNSthis , that

1 There are less/fewer chairs in this room than in the other room

2 The assistant did not give much/many information

3 After the negotiations, they made little/few changes in their proposal

4 A large amount of/a great number of mosquitos appeared after the rain

5 Light beer has less/fewer calories than regular beer

6 They have a/(nothing) good food in that restaurant

7 The amount of/the number of students taking the TOEFL is increasing

8 The case had to be reconsidered with these/this new evidence

I. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY(THÀNH NGỮ ĐỊNH LƯỢNG)

1. Most được dùng như một tính từ hạn định trong cum danh từ ,đôi khi Most được dùng như một đại từ nếu nó đi kèm với Of :

Ex:Most of you ,Most of the , Most of these…,Most of those….Một số từ khác cũng có nhiệm vụ đôi như “Most” như : One, many,all, some ,none…

1. Much,many :

+Much :đi kèm với danh từ không đếm được;Many đi kèm với danh từ đếm được sốnhiều

+Much, Many thường được dùng trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn

+ Trong câu khẳng định Much ,Many có thể đặt sau Too,So,Very… để chỉ mức độ

rất nhiều,nếu không có Too,So,Very…trong câu khẳng định thì Much có thể thay

bằng a great deal of;Many có thể thay bằng a large number of

● Lưu ý :Much / Many có thể dùng trong câu khẳng định khi nó đi kèm với danh từ làm chủ từ trong câu.

Ex: ………Shakespeare ‘s plays have been performed on stage.(Many)

1. Few ,little :ít

+Few : đi với danh từ đếm được,Little đi với danh từ không đếm được

+A few có nghĩa giống như A little :một vài,một ít

Nhưng A few >few ; A little > little.(Khi xét về số lượng)

Ex 1: I have few friends.( ý nói :tôi quá cô đơn)

Ex 2: I have a few friends (ý nói :tuy ít bạn nhưng không đến nổi quá cô đơn)

Ex 3: I have little money (ý nói :không đủ để mua bất cứ vật gì)

Ex 4: I have a little money (ý nói :tuy ít nhưng cũng đủ để ăn sáng vài bữa)

* EXERCISE 1 Complete these sentences with MUCH,MANY,A LOT OF ( A LOT)

1)We ‘ll have to hurry We haven’t got ……… time

2) Tom drinks……… milk

3)She is a very quiet person She doesn’t say………

4)I put ……… salt in the soup.Perhaps

too………

5)……… people don’t like flying

6)The man was badly injured in the accident.He lost……… blood

7)It ‘s not a very lively town.There isn’t ……… work to do.8) This car is expensive to run It uses……… petrol

9)Don’t disturb me I ‘ve got ……… workto do

10)We didn’t take ……… photographs whenwe were on holiday

* EXERCISE 2:Complete these sentences with little,a little, few, a few:

1. We didn’t have any money but Tom had………

1. He doesn’t speak much English Only ……… words

1. Daisy ‘s Father died……… years ago

1. This town isn’t very well-known and there isn’t much to see ,so ……… tourists come here

1. The cinema was almost empty There were very ……… people there

1. There is a shortage of water because there has been very……… rain recently

1. Hurry ! We ‘ve got……… time

* EXERCISE 3: Complete these sentences with much,many,a great deal of, a large number

of

1)How ……… photographs did you take ?

2) How ………money have you got ?

3)I like reading I ‘ve got ………books

4)George knows ……… about economics

5)They didn’t ask me ………questions

6)It costs ………money to travel round the world

7)They sent ………books to the school library

8)There was ………food at the party but I didn’t

eat………

9)The teacher has corrected ………mistakes in this essay

.* EXERCISE 4:Complete these sentences with most or most of

1)I spent………my spare time gardening last year

2)The public transport system is bad but ………people have a car

1. ……… days I get up late

1. We had a lazy holiday ………the time I lay on the beach

1. I expect ………you are very tired after your long journey

1. ………the shops in the city centre close at 5:30

1. You can change money in ………banks

1. I enjoyed ………the film but I didn’t like the ending

10) The weather was bad when we were on holiday.It rained………the

time

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Chapter 2 : PRONOUNS

Object pronouns Đại từ túc từ

Me Us You You Him/Her/it Them Possessive pronouns Đại từ sở hữu Mine Ours Yours Yours His/Hers/its Theirs

PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns Đại từ quan hệ Who/Whom/Whose Which/That Subject pronouns Đại từ chủ ngữ

You You He/She/It They Possessive adjectives Tính từ sở hữu

My Our Your Your His/Her/Its Their

Reflexive pronouns Đại từ phản thân Myself Ourselves YourselfYourselves Himself/Herself/Itself Themselves

Tiếng Anh có 5 dạng đại từ: Đại từ chủ ngữ, đại từ túc từ, đại từ sở hữu, đạitừ phản thân và đại từ quan hệ Tính từ sở hữu, mặc dù không phải là đại từ,có cùng dạng thức tương tự như đại từ sở hữu và vì như vậy sẽ được gộp vào loạinày.

(I) Subject pronouns ĐẠI TỪ CHỦ NGỮ

He/She/It They

Đại từ chủ ngữ được dùng :

(i) Khi nó làm chủ ngữ của một động từ:

She went to Los Angeles

We, the contestants, were searched

(ii) Sau động từ to be:

(hiện nay dạng trịnh trọng này không được dùng phổ biến, người ta thường dùngdạng thân mật hơn)

It is he in the picture (formal) trịnh trọng

It’s him in the picture (informal) thân mật

It could not have been they under the circumstances (formal) trịnh trọng

It could not have been them under the circumstances (informal) thân mật

(iii) Khi chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề được so sánh:

We are better than they (are) at baseball

You speak louder than I (do)

(iv) Sau as và that

They say that she controls him

He is not as resourceful as she (is)

EXERCISE 1 : Đặt những đại từ chủ ngữ vào chỗ trống của những đôi câu sau :

1) The window is open ………is not shut

2) The policeman is standing in the street ………is a tall man

3) The pencils are in the box ……….are red pencils

4) The girl is at home ……… is cooking

5) The children are in the garden ……….are playing

EXERCISE 2 : Circle the correct pronoun: khoanh tròn đại từ đúng:

1 Mary is heavier than me/I

2 It must be her/she.

3 John and I/me went to the movies

4 Is it true that he/him is here?

5 Who is at the door? It is I/me

6 She is not as fast as he/him

7 He/Him and his father are both very tall

8 It was they/them who told us

(II) Object pronouns Đại từ túc từ

The object pronoun is used:

Đại từ túc từ được dùng:

(i) Khi nó là túc từ trực tiếp của một động từ

She gave him her card

We saw her in class

(ii) Khi túc từ của hai mệnh đề được so sánh

She worries about you more than him

The office staff helped you more than (they helped) me

(iii) Sau giới từ

John studies English with us

It did not sound like a good idea to me

Ghi chú: Nếu giới từ giới thiệu một mệnh đề mới, đại từ chủ ngữ pải được

dùng vì nó chủ ngữ của mệnh đề mới: ex : They are thinking about what he did

EXERCISE 1 : Chọn từ đúng trong dấu ngoặc của những câu sau :

1. I often see ( they / them ) on the bus

2. She lives near ( we / us )

3. I know both of (they /them ) well

4. What is the matter with ( he / him ) today ?

5. There are some letters here for you and ( me / I )

Correct the pronouns in these sentences where necessary:

Sửa các đại từ trong các câu sau nếu cần:

1 Could you please explain this exercise to her?

2 John sat between Helen and I

3 She went with they to the movies

4 He understands her better than him

5 Between you and I, I didn’t like the food

6 What is the matter with she?

7 He told Mary and me about his trip

8 She gets along with him better than me

(III) Possessive adjectives TÍNH TỪ SỞ HỮU

His/Her/Its Their

Tính từ sở hữu được dùng:

(i) để biểu thị sự sở hữu bằng cách bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ

My picture is on the card

He left his books on the table

(ii) để chỉ các bộ phận của cơ thể

He broke his leg yesterday

She raised her hand

(iii) để bổ nghĩa cho một danh động từ

The teacher was irritated at my whispering in class

We were surprised at her going on a trip alone

Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjective:

Điền vào chỗ trống với tính từ sở hữu thích hợp:

1 She loves………… dog

2 The dog wags………… tail when it’s happy

3 The boys are playing with……… toy cars

4 We have several trees in……… garden

5 He was very nice and I appreciated……… calling me

6 I have had……… dinner

7 Her mother is very warm and I loved……… cooking

8 I know Bob He was……… classmate at college

9) Both girls prepare ……… lessons well

10) Mary and I do ………homework together

(IV) Possessive pronouns ĐẠI TỪ SỞ HỮU

His/Hers/Its Theirs

Đại từ sở hữu được dùng:

i. để thay thế một tính từ sở hữu + một danh từ thay vì nói

This book is my book chúng ta nói, That book is mine

Our car is big, and theirs (their car) is small

His score was good but hers (her score) was better

(ii) sau giới từ of, khi nó có nghĩa một trong số

Jamie is a colleague of mine (one of several colleagues)

(iii) sau động từ to be

That essay is mine Is this watch yours?

(iv) để thay thế tính từ thứ hai + danh từ khi so sánh hai đối tượng.

His grades are better than hers (her grades)

Fill in the blanks with a possessive pronoun: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng một đại từ sở hữu:

1 I’ve mislaid my pencil May I borrow……… ?

2 Bob wants you to return that book of………which you borrowed last month 3 We had a test too, but yours was harder than………

4 Is this your coat? Yes, it’s………

5 I was on time for my class but Jane was late for………

6 We’ve already had lunch Have you had……… ?

7 We have got our tickets Do they have……… ?

8 Joanne knows him He’s a neighbor of………

(V) Reflexive pronouns ĐẠI TỪ PHẢN THÂN

Himself/Herself/itself Themselves

Đại từ phản thân được dùng:

(i) làm túc từ của một động từ khi chủ ngữ và túc từ là cùng một người.

She served herself in the cafeteria

He cut himself while shaving

(ii) để nhấn mạnh Nó theo sau động từ chủ ngữ trước một giới từ và có nghĩa chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động một mình.

I looked myself for the missing documents

Nếu không, nó đứng cuối câu

I made this sweater myself

You told me yourself

(iii) sau giới từ by Nó có nghĩa chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động một mình.

She likes to shop by herself

Little Bobby has learned to eat by himself

Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronoun:

Điền vào các chỗ trống bằng đại từ phản thân đúng:

1 The little boy hurt _ when he fell

2 Be careful not to cut with that knife

3 She lives by

4 We enjoyed

5 The children decorated the room

6 I blamed for losing the job

7 The cat defended _ against the big dog

8 They are going to paint the house by _

Complete the dialogues, using the reflexive pronouns :

a) Miss Lien : Did someone help Ba draw that picture ?

Bao : No He did it ………

b) Nga : The repairman can’t fix the washing machine until tomorrow

Mrs Linh : Come on We ‘ll have to try and do it ………

c) Aunt Thanh: What ‘s the matter ,Hoa ?

Hoa : I cut ………

Aunt Thanh: Let me see Oh, it ‘s all right.You didn’t cut ……….badly

d) Lan : Why are you crying ,Nga ?

Nga : I just watched the movie Romeo and Juliet.The boy killed ………andthen the girl killed ……… as well

Lan : Why did they kill ……….?

Nga : It ‘s a long story

e) Mr Nhat : Boys and girls , you ‘ll do this experiment this afternoon

Students : Will you come to help us ?

Mr Nhat : Yes , I will But you have to do it ……… first

(VII) Pronoun/adjective agreement SỰ HOÀ HỢP ĐẠI TỪ/TÍNH TỪ

i) Singular pronoun, singular verb Đại từ số ít, động từ số ít.

Nobody

No onenothing

Động từ số ít và tính từ sở hữu số ít phải được dùng với đại từ bất định:

Everyone has his own viewpoint

Somebody has left his coat on the chair.

Đại từ bất định số ít; tuy nhiên, trong văn nói tiếng Anh thân mật, người ta thườngdùng tính từ sở hữu số nhiều với đại từ bất định:

Everyone has their own viewpoint

Somebody has left their coat on the chair.

Each/every chỉ một số người hoặc vật được xét riêng và theo sau là động từ số ítvà tính từ sở hữu:

Every applicant must send his photograph in.

Each car must have its registration number listed.

ii) Plural possessive adjectives Tính từ sở hữu số nhiều

Both… and

… and …

Tính từ sở hữu số nhiều được dùng cho các từ được nối bởi and và các từ được nối bởi both…and…:

Peter and I are finishing our work.

Both Betty and Joan are cooking for thei r dinner party.

Sự hoà hợp của tính từ sở hữu với chủ ngữ gần nhất

Either… or

Neither… nor

Not only… but also

Khi hai từ được nối bởi either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also…, tính từ hợp vớichủ ngữ gần nhất:

Neither Harry nor his friends are going to THEIR class

Not only the principal but also the teachers have had their pay increased

iii) Collective nouns Danh từ tập hợp

OrganizationGovernmentPublic Danh từ tập hợp là các từ biểu thị một số người, động vật hoặc đồ vật Nhữngdanh từ này có thể số ít hoặc số nhiều tuỳ theo nghĩa muốn diễn đạt, nghĩa làtừng thành viên đang hoạt động như một nhóm hay riêng biệt

The committee is having its annual dinner (as a group như một nhóm)

The committee are going back to their homes (separately riêng biệt)

Các danh từ sau biểu thị các nhóm động vật được xem là số ít:

Flock of birds/sheep

School of fish

Pack of wolves

Herd of cattleSwarm of beesColony of ants The flock of birds is flying to its destination

The pack of wolves attacked its prey

EXERCISE 7 BÀI TẬP 7

Hai đại từ/tính từ được gạch dưới mỗi câu Cho biết từ nào không đúng, A hoặc B:

1 The team has finished its season with another victory for their supporters

AND OTHER MODIFIERS

NOUNNO-ACTION VERB linking verbs

ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE

VERB

ADVERB NOUN

ADJECTIVE

ENOUGHENOUGH

(A/An) ADJ + NOUN

ADV/ADJ

THATSO

adjectivenoun

1) Tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ Tính từ thường đứng trước danh từ mà nóbổ nghĩa

Tính từ không thay đổi cho dù danh từ số ít hay số nhiều:

Khi một số tính từ bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ, tính từ có nghĩa tổng quát đứngtrước và các tính từ chi tiết đứng sau:

Adj

General

AdjSpecific

noun

A nice new carpet

A pretty silk dress

Tính từ chỉ màu sắc, thể cách, và quốc tịch đứng ngay trước danh từ mà chúngmiêu tả ,đương nhiên nếu có tính từ chỉ kích thước thì phải được đứng trước đó :

A big yellow book.

A tall modern building

A large American footballer

EXERCISE 1: BÀI TẬP 1 : Translate into vietnamese :

1. Toà nhà trắng rộng lớn :

2. Ngành công nghiệp điện ảnh Pháp :

3. Cô bạn gái người Anh xinh đẹp của anh tôi:

4. Một cô gái trong chiếc đầm màu xám xậm :

5. Bức hình của ngôi nhà cô ấy : _

6. Ba cuốn sách nằm trên bàn (dùng cụm phân từ đặt sau danh từ)

* Participles used as adjectives :

+ Present Participle( V -ing ) ……….> active

Ex 1:This is an interesting book.

Ex 2 : I have just seen a very exciting film.

+ Past Participle ( V 3/ed ) ……….> passive

Ex 1 : I am an interested reader

Ex 2: Everybody was excited by the film last night.

EXERCISE 2: BÀI TẬP 2 :

1/ “ Do you think Margaret will take the job you offered her ? ”

“ I don’t know She seemed _ in it, however ”

a interest b interesting c interested d interstingly

2/ “ The students all went to the circus yesterday ”

“ I heard it was really _ ”

3/ “ I was _ that Jan couldn’t come to the party ”

“ Her boss made her work overtime ”

a disappointing b disappointedly c disappoint d disappointed4/ “ What a terrible football game ! ”

“ I thought it was _ ”

a delightful b delighting c delight d delighted

5/ “ How…… we are to hear that you got the scholarship ”

“ Thank you It was really a surprise ”

6/ “ Professor Allen’s class is the best I have ever been to ”

“ I think it’s _ ”

a the most boring b the most boringly c the most bored d most bored

7/ “ I can’t believe that Jim is marrying the vice – president’s daughter ”

“ That they would get married is _ ”

a surprised b surprisingly c surprising d surprise

8/ “ This handmade cloth is beautiful ”

“ To see such quality is _ ”

9/ “ How does Jan like her new car ? ”

“ She’s with it ”

a delighted ` b delighting c delight d delightful

10/ “ You look nervous ”

“ This thunder makes me ”

*Để nhấn mạnh, hai tính từ thường được nối bởi and:

A cold and dark night

A practical and cheap bag

2) Tính từ cũng có thể bổ nghĩa cho một số động từ Đây là những độngtừ nối và động từ chỉ giác quan:

Động từ nối (không biểu thị hành động):

be seem appear become grow keep

remain get go prove turn stay

John will be busy

Her brother seemed sad

John got bored

Động từ chỉ giác quan (không hiển thị hành động):

Look sound smell taste feel

She felt happy

It smells good

The cake tastes delicious

* Các tổ hợp đặc biệt:

keep quiet open wide stand still

*Tất cả những động từ chỉ hành động khác được trạng từ bổ nghĩa:

The woman looked carefully in her purse (action)

*EXERCISE 3: BÀI TẬP 3

Choose the correct form in these sentences: Chọn dạng đúng trong các câu sau:

1 This orange tastes (sweet/sweetly)

2 He spoke to me (plain/plainly)

3 The woman appeared (weak/weakly) after her surgery

4 The baby would not stay (quiet/quietly) all night

5 He looks so (honest/honestly) that no one suspected him

6 The store is (close/closely) to the post office

7 We will be leaving (short/shortly)

8 The weather never turns (cold/coldly) this time of the year

(II) Adverbs: Trạng từ

He walked slowly to the door

He walked to the door slowly

Slowly he walked to the door

(iii) được thành lập bằng cách thêm - ly vào tính từ, trừ khi tính từ tận cùng bằng y và có hai vần.

Adverb

EasilyLazilyBusily

(iv) cũng có thể bổ nghĩa cho tính từ hoặc trạng từ khác

It was a very hot day

(adj)

She sang very beautifully.

(adv) (adv)

EXERCISE 4: BÀI TẬP 4 :

1/ “ I don’t think John looks well ” – “ He seems ”

a faily tired b fair tired c fair tiredly d fairly tiredly

2/ “ Which do you prefer – the blue China or the white China ? ”

“ The white China is _”

a definite better b better definite c better definitely d definitely better

3/ “ Were you pleased with the translation ? ”

“ Yes The job was _ ”

a amazing satisfactory b amazingly satisfactory

c amazing satisfactorily d satisfactory amazing

4/ “ What was your impression of last night’s lecture ? ”

“ speaking I thought it was rather boring.”

5/ “ How tall is Ralph ? ” - “ He’s than you are ”

a slight tall b slight taller c slightly tall d sightly taller

6/ “ How does Amy like her new school ? ”

“ Fine And she’s doing in her courses ”

a extreme good b extremely well c extremely good d extreme well

7/ “ What a nice fire you have in your fireplace.”

“During the winter I like my house ”

a warmly and comfortably b warm and comfortable

c warm and comfortably d warmly and comfortable

8/ “ This perfume is very expensive ”

“ Yes , but it smells ”

a exceptional good b exceptionally good c exceptionally well d exceptional well

9/ “ Your son seems to be an excellent skier ”

“ They say he’s _ for his age ”

a surprisingly competent b surprising competent

c competently surprising d surprising competently

10/ “ I had a hard time taking notes on the lecture ”

“ I did too The professor speaks _ ”

a exceeding fast b exceedingly fastly

c exceedingly fast d with exceedingly fastness

(v) được dùng để diễn đạt thời gian hoặc tần số

Sometimes Seldom Soon never

Trạng từ chỉ thời gian thường đứng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu:

Tomorrow we are going to the beach

I took the test yesterday

Trạng từ chỉ tần số đứng trước động từ chính trừ động từ to be Trong trường hợpnày, trạng từ theo sau to be:

Joan never eats broccoli.

(v)But Bob is seldom late for work

EXERCISE 5: BÀI TẬP 5:

Đặt trạng từ trong ngoặc vào đúng vị trí:

1 I have been in New York (never).

2 He goes to the movies (sometimes)

3 She is very cheerful (usually)

4 He comes to visit us (rarely)

5 It is windy in Chicago (often)

6 I read the Sunday paper (generally)

7 He was at home studying (yesterday)

8 We are leaving for Detroit (tomorrow morning)

III) Nouns which function as adjectives and hyphenated adjectives:

Danh từ làm chức năng tính từ và tính từ có gạch nối

(i) Nouns functioning as adjectives: Danh từ làm chức năng tính từ

nounnounadjective

Danh từ có thể làm chức năng tính từ khi nó xuất hiện trước một danh từ khác.Danh từ thứ nhất làm chức năng tính từ miêu tả danh từ thứ hai làm chức năngdanh từ

A college teacher = a teacher who teaches in a college

A dinner plate = a plate which is used for dinner

(ii) Hyphenated or compound adjectives: Tính từ có gạch nối hoặc tính từ kép

a ten – minute break

Các tính từ này là sự kết hợp giữa một số và một danh từ, và được dùng để đolường Tổ hợp số + danh từ luôn luôn có gạch nối và luôn luôn số ít:

= a book which has two hundred pages = a class which is two hours long

A forty-year- old man

= a man who is forty years old

EXERCISE 6: Change the underlined phrases in these sentences into two-word combinations:

Đổi các cụm từ gạch dưới trong các câu sau thành tổ hợp hai từ:

Example: a car which has four doors = a four-door car

a person who dances ballet = a ballet dancer

1 a play which has three acts

2 a building which has thirty storeys

3 a telephone call which lasts three minutes

4 a composition which contains five hundred words

5 a teacher who teaches English

6 a store which sells shoes

7 a bill which is worth twenty dollars

8 a student who studies science

EXERCISE 7: Multiple Choice Test

1/ He is

a a three years old boy b a three –year- old boy

c three years boy d three years old boy

2/ I would like to buy _ one – legged table

3/ One should respect _ parents.(British English )

4/ I have a _ building

a two – hundred – room b two hundred rooms

c two hundred a room d two hundred rooms

5/ Lemon tastes

6/ John , how are you today ? I am _ that I can meet you

7/ I never met _ man before

8/ The family never agree about shares of the property

9/ We had a _ dinner and ran to the theatre

10/ I’ve always found Fred to be a _ person

a politely b impolitely c not polite d polite

11/ He is a customer

a regular b regularly c irregular d not regular12/ A _ breeze touched my face

Adj/advenough

Trạng từ Enough theo sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ:

She didn’t read quickly enough

(adv)The bag isn’t big enough

(adj)

*Note : But enough noun

Đứng trước một danh từ:

I have enough coffee

(n)

He doesn’t have enough money to buy the book

(n)

* Một số cấu trúc với Enough

+ Adjective /Adverb +Enough to +V

Ex 1: He is strong enough to carry this table

Ex2 : She studied hard enough to pass the entrance exam into University

+ Adjective /Adverb +Enough for someone + to V

Ex 1: This tea is not strong enough for my father to drink

Ex 2 : My teacher read the lesson slowly enough for us to follow

* Cấu trúc khác với tính từ hoặc trạng từ :

+ Too Adjective /Adverb to V :quá … để

Ex 1: This exercise is too difficult to do

Ex 2 : My mother works too hard to earn money for my study.

+ Too Adjective /Adverb +for someone +to V :quá… cho ai … để

Ex 1 :This milk is too hot for my son to drink

Ex 2 : He read the letter too carefully for my grandfather to listen

EXERCISE 8: BÀI TẬP 8

Choose the correct form in parentheses: Chọn dạng đúng trong ngoặc

1 I don’t have (enough time/time enough) to do it

2 He didn’t run (fast enough/enough fast)

3 Is this coffee (enough strong/strong enough) for you?

4 He is not (old enough/enough old) to get a driver’s license.

5 Do we have (enough drinks/drinks enough) for the party?

6 The director thought the man was not (heavy enough/enough heavy) for the role

7 There were not (enough people/people enough) to form a dance group

8 Are there (chairs enough/enough chairs) in the room?

(V) Modifiers of cause and effect: Từ bổ nghĩa chỉ nguyên nhân và kết quả:

It was such a cold day that we stayed at home

It was so cold that we stayed at home

So là trạng từ được dùng trước trạng từ và tính từ không có danh từ theo sau:

soAdv/adjthat

She spoke so fast that you could not understand her.

* Note : So … that được dùng với many, few, much, và little:

I have so many records that I don’t know which to play.

He made so much noise that we couldn’t sleep.

They had so few classes that they were all full.

We had so little time that we didn’t finish the test.

Such là tính từ và được dùng trước một tính từ và danh tư ø:

suchadj + nounthat

He is such a nice person that everyone likes him

EXERCISE 9: BÀI TẬP 9:

Use “so” or “such” in these sentences: Dùng cho so hoặc such trong các câu sau:

1 The teacher gave us much homework that no one was able to finish it

2 There has been _ little rain that the grass is yellow

3 The movie was good that I decided to see it again

4 The tornado struck with _ force that it tore the trees from the ground

5 The fog was thick that we could hardly see the road

6 It was _ good coffee that I had another cup

7 many people came to the meeting that they had to stand

8 It was an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down.

************************************************************

1. Parallel structure: Cấu trúc đồààng dạng :

BUTORNOR

Verb

a. and, but, or, nor

Liên từ có thể được dùng để kết nối các từ/cụm từ có cùng chức năng ngữ

pháp Các liên từ được dùng theo cách này là and, but, or, và nor Những từ đứng

trước và sau các liên từ này phải có cùng dạng ngữ pháp

He willleave at six and arrive at nine

That dress is beautiful but expensive

(adj) + but + (adj)

He could work as a chemist or an engineer

(n) + or (n)

Exercise 1: Bài tập(Correct the mistakes in parallel stucture in these sentences: )

Sửa lỗi về cấu trúc đồng dạng trong các câu sau:

1. The book contained stories, poetic, and plays

2. She needed some shoes that were inexpensively, hard-wearing, and attractive

3. The paper contained mistakes in grammar, spelling, and stylistic

4. In the mornings, he usually has some coffee, reads the newspaper, and will jog

5. They do not eat pork nor are they eating shellfish

6. Most visitors to London or Paris spend their time visiting the museums and to shop

7. The course was very interesting and practical but costs

8. Check your verbs for tense and agree

b) Not only… but also, as well as, both… and…

Các thành ngữ này đều có nghĩa in addition to (thêm vào)

Dạng ngữ pháp sau not only phải giống như dạng ngữ pháp sau but also Mệnh đề not

only phải đứng trước cụm từ nó liên hệ

Mary is not only beautiful but also intelligent

Dạng ngữ pháp trứớc as well as phải giống như dạng ngữ pháp theo sau nó:

Mary is beautiful as well as intelligent

As well as có thể được dùng trong một câu có hai chủ ngữ khác nhau Trong trường

hợp này, cụm từ có as well as phải được tách bằng hai dấu phẩy và động từ phải

hợp với chủ ngữ chính, chứ không phải là chủ ngữ đứng gần nó nhất

Betty ,as well as her parents, is going out of town.

The nurses, as well as the doctor, are with the patient

Dạng ngữ pháp sau both phải giống như dạng đứng sau and:

Mary is both beautiful and intelligent

EXERCISE 2: BÀI TẬP 2

Fill in the blanks with “not only… but also” or “as well as” or “both…and”:

Điền vào các chỗ trống bằng “not only… but also” hoặc “as well as” hoặc “both…and”:

1. It was cold and wet.

2. The new models are _more economical but also more attractive

3. She ate the hamburger _ the hot dog

4. He has _ the time and the money

5. He not only directed the movie _acted in it

6. The teacher checked the essay for grammar _ form

7. She was _ hungry and tired when she returned from the hike

8. He was an artist but also a scientist

(2) Condition connectors: Từ kết nối chỉ điều kiện:

` Các giới từ này có nghĩa như nhau và được dùng với cấu trúc như nhau:

Despite

in spite of

Chúng có thể đứng ở đầu hoặc giữa câu:

Despite the delay, we arrived on time

We arrived on time despite the delay

In spite of the delay, we arrived on time

We arrived on time in spite of the delay

Although, even though, though

Các liên từ này có cùng nghĩa với despite/in spite of, nhưng cấu trúc ngữ pháp thìkhác:

Although

even though

Though

Despite of

+ Subject + Verb + complement

Even though she had a bad cold, she went to class

Although it was raining, we decided to go out

She passed the test, though she had not studied last night

Despite of it was raining, we decided to go out

EXERCISE 3: BÀI TẬP 3: Choose the correct form from the parentheses: Chọn dạng

đúng trong ngoặc:

1. (Despite/although) the history of the United States is not long, it is interesting

2. (In spite of/even though) it was cloudy, the photos came out fine

3. (Although/in spite of) John is only seventeen, he has entered college

4. People are going to the movies again (although/despite) the high prices

5. (Despite/though) he had a good night’s sleep, he felt tired

6. (In spite of/even though) his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem veryclearly

7. Tuition fees were increased (despite/despite of) many objections from students

8. (Although/in spite of) Mary had lived in New York all her life, she had never visited theStatue of Liberty

(3) Purpose connectors: Từ kết nối chỉ mục đích

So that

So that có cùng nghĩa như in order that, và cả hai đều có cùng cấu trúc ngữ pháp

theo sau; tuy nhiên, in order that không được dùng phổ biến như so that So that theo sau

một mệnh đề chỉ mục đích và bắt đầu một mệnh đề chỉ kết quả với một chủngữ và một động từ

(Purpose clause) so that + subject + verb

He is saving his money so that he can go on vacation

She is studying hard so that she can graduate in June

So that thường có các cấu trúc sau đi kèm:

Present tense _ so that ……can _

…… may _

Past tense so that _ …… could _

I am going to cash the check so that I can/may buy the groceries

They went along the street so that they could/might see the accident

Present tense _ so that ……will _

_

We insulate houses so that they will be warm in Winter and cool in Summer

She put some antiseptic on her burn so that it wouldn’t get infected

So that… will/would diễn đạt ý một việc nào đó được thực hiện để kết quả như

mong muốn sẽ được đạt đến

EXERCISE 4: BÀI TẬP 4(Connect the ideas in the two sentences by using “so that”:)

Nối các ý trong hai câu bằng cách dùng so that:

1. Please turn the T.V down I want to hear what John is saying

2. Mary is going on a diet She wants to fit into her old clothes again

3. Joanne stayed at home last night She wanted to finish her book report

4. He is learning Spanish He wants to make sure he will be able to speak it when he goes toSpain

5. She telephoned him early in the morning She wanted to make sure she caught him before heleft for work

6. Susan always puts suntan lotion on when she stays in the sun She wants to make sure shedoes not burn

7. He waited for an hour He wanted to speak to her

8. Tom took an extra sweater with him He wanted to make sure he was not cold

(4) Cause connectors: Từ kết nối chỉ nguyên nhân

Because, because of và due to đều là từ kết nối chỉ nguyên nhân Because luôn có

chủ ngữ và động từ theo sau:

The flights were canceled because the weather conditions were bad

Or Because the weather conditions were bad, the flights were canceled

Because of không có động từ theo sau Thay vào đó là một danh từ hoặc cụm danh

từ:

The flights were canceled because of bad weather conditions

Because of bad weather conditions, the flights were canceled

Due to có các dạng ngữ pháp giống như because of đi kèm Due to còn được dùng

trong văn viết tiếng Anh trịnh trọng và thường được theo sau bởi the fact that + chủ

ngữ + động từ:

The flights were canceled due to bad weather conditions

The flights were canceled due to the fact that the weather conditions were bad

EXERCISE 5: BÀI TẬP 5(Fill in the blanks with either “because” or “because of”:)

Điền vào chỗ trống bằng because hoặc because of:

1. We arrived late _the bad traffic

2. He could not play in the game his foot injury.

3. She did not buy it the price was too high

4. -it is a national holiday, there will be no class tomorrow

5. We could not sleep last night the noise next door

6. the storm warnings, we did not go out last night

7. They went to the beach it is cooler there

8. She had to study her exam next week

EXERCISE 6 :Complete the sentences Use the correct connectives :

1. Mrs Quyen bought corn , potatoes _ cabbages at the market (and / or )

2. I ‘d love to play volleyball I have to complete an assignment (and / but )

3. Nam got wet _ he forgot his umbrella (so / because )

4. Hoa failed her math test. ,she has to do the test again ( However /Therefore )

5. Do you want Vietnamese tea _ milk tea ? (and / or )

6. It ‘s raining , _I can’t go to the beach (so /however )

7. Ba ‘s hobbies are playing football collecting stamps.(and / or )

8. Na is very tired _ ,she has to finish her homework before she goes to bed.(However /

Therefore )

MORE EXERCISES :

EXERCISE 1 Correct the mistake in each sentence :

1 He likes art, history, and listening to music

EXERCISE 2 : Correct the mistake in each sentence :

1 When they were in Mexico, they saw museums, ruins, and folk dancing

*EXERCISES 3: Join these sentences using the provided word in bracket:

1. He was very busy.He came to see us.(although)

*EXERCISES 4: Rewrite the sentences as directed :

1)Because you work with people constantly ,you must have good judgement and tact

(Use Because of instead of Because)

………

………

2)That pharmacist has killed the child because of his carelessness in filling the prescription.

.(Use Because instead of Because of)

………

3)He stayed at home.He didn’t go to the movies

(Use instead of to combine these sentences)

………

………

4)Mai doesn’t want to watch TV Lan doesn’t want to watch TV either

(Join these with Neither…nor…)

………

………

5)Lin speaks English clearly.She speaks English fluently

(Connect these with Not only…but also)

8)Although the weather was bad,the pilot landed the plane safely

.(Use In spite of instead of Although)

*EXERCISES 5: topic (SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION) :

Rewrite these sentences ,using the words given,keeping the same meaning to the original ones

1/She and I had never seen there before

-Neither she

2 My sister is not very intelligent and I am not intelligent

-Neither my sister

3/ We haven’t got a dishwasher and we haven’t got a micro –oven

-We have got

9/ I came here because I wanted the English course

I came here because of………

10/ They worked very hard in spite of their old age

19/ The flight was delayed because of the bad weather

22) The man was too tired to say a word

ex1: She works in a bank.

ex2: He watches television every night

+ Negative:

 I/we you they + don’t + verb

ex: I don’t work every day

She/he/it + doesn’t + verb

ex1: She doesn’t work every day

ex2: He doesn’t watch television every day

+ Question:

 Do + I/we/you/they + verb ?

ex: Do you work every day?

Yes,I do./ no,I don’t

Where do they work?

Does + she/he/it + verb ?

ex: Does she work in a bank?

Yes,she does./ No,she doesn’t

Where does she work? She works in a bank

b/USE :Chỉ thói quen,sự thật bao giờ cũng đúng, một trạng thái sự việc bền lâu.Ex1: He smokes 20 cigarettes a day

Ex2: We go to the country every weekend

Ex3: We live in Ho Chi Minh city

Ex4: He works for a foreign company

Ex4: She comes from China

Ex5: I speak two languages

Ex6: The sun rises in the East

Ex7: Water boils at 1000 centigrade

c/ Adverbs of time:

EVERY(DAY,NIGHT,WEEK,MONTH,YEAR…),ALWAYS,USUALLY,

OFTEN,SOMETIMES,RARELY,ONCE A WEEK,TWICE A WEEK …

* Quy tắc thêm s/es vào động từ đối với ngôi thứ 3 số ít của thì hiện tại đơn :

1. Quy tắc thông thường là thêm -s vào hình thức cơ bản của động từ : Ex: wants , works ,drives…….

1. Thêm –es vào khi động từ tận cùng bằng các kí tự :O,CH,SH,S,X Ex: goes , teaches , washes , kisses , fixes ……….

3)Đối với động từ là PHỤ ÂM +Y -ies Ex:carry carries ; fly flies ; study studies

*Tuy nhiên , Đối với động từ là NGUYÊNÏ ÂM +Y,ta chỉ thêm _s theo quy luật thông thường.Ex :stays,buys………

II- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS:(THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)

a/FORM:

Subject + am/is/are + present participle(V –ING )

ex: - I am writing a letter now

● They are working at the moment

● She isn’t going home

● Are you learning English? Yes,I’m

● Is Maria reading at the moment? No, she isn’t

● Where are they going? They are going to the zoo

b/USE: Chỉ một sự việc đang diễn ra hoặc một sự việc tạm thời.

Ex1: - I can’t answer the phone I’m having a bath

Ex2 : Peter is a student, but he is working as a waiter during the holiday

Ex3: I’m working hard these days

Ex4: Please don’t take that book Ann is reading it now

Ex5: What’s the smell? Something is burning

ex2: Why are you wearing that funny hat?

* A future arrangement (sự sắp xếp tương lai)

Ex1: What are you doing tonight?

Ex2: I am going to the party at his house

c/ Một sô từ dấu hiệu của thì này là NOW, RIGHT NOW, AT THE

MOMENT…

LOOK, LISTEN, BE QUIET…

ex1: Look! The train is coming

ex2: Listen! They are singing a song

ex3: Be quiet! The baby is sleeping

*QUY TẮC THÊM –ING VÀO ĐỘNG TỪ:

1) Theo quy luật thông thường là thêm _ING vào động từ gốc

Ex: going; doing; reading, playing………

2)Đối với động từ có một âm tiết mà tận cùng là 1 NGUYÊN ÂM+1 PHỤ ÂM ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm _ING.

Ex:swim………….swimming ;sit……….sitting;get……….getting;………

3)Còn động từ tận cùng là 2NGUYÊN ÂM+1PHỤ ÂM thì ta không gấp

đôi phụ âm

Ex :read………reading ; speak………….speaking ;wear……….wearing;…

4) Đối với các động từ tận cùng là –e ta phải bỏ _e rồi mới thêm _ing

Ex:write………writing ; come……….coming;take……… taking…

5) Đối với động từ có 2 âm tiết :phụ âm phải gấp đôi khi dấu trọng

âm(stress)nằm ở âm tiết thứ hai,examlpe :ad’mit…………admitting ;pre’fer………… preferring;…

Nếu trọng âm đặt ở vần đầu thì ta không gấp đôi phụ âm:

Ex:’listen…………listening;’enter….entering…

*NOTE :NHỮNG ĐỘNG TỪ ÍT DÙNG TRONG THÌ TIẾP DIỄN : 1/ Verbs of the mind (động từ về trí tuệ):

know, understand ,think , believe , forget , remember , mean , doubt

2/Verbs of emotion and feeling (động từ về cảm xúc tình cảm ):

Like , love , dislike , prefer , want , care.

3/Verbs of the five senses(động từ chỉ 5 giác quan ):see , smell , taste , hear , touch.

4/Verbs of possession(động từ chỉ sự sở hữu):have ,own, belong to.

5/Other verbs :cost , need , contain (chứa đựng) depend (on)(tuỳ thuộc vào), consist of

(bao gồm), seem=appear (dường như)

2/My brother (work) ………in a shoes store this summer.

3/The student (look up) ………that new word right now

4/It (rain) ………very much in the summer.It (rain)

………now

5/We seldom (eat) ……… before 6.30

6/Be quiet !The baby (sleep) ………

7/Look ! A man (run) ……… after the train.He (want)

………to catch it

8/I (need) ………some money for my text books

9/Excuse me ,I(have) ………to help a customer

10/John (like) ………to go to museums

11/ Mother (cook) ………some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) ………in the morning

12/Listen !I (hear) ………some body knocking at the front door

13/I (see) ………that you (wear) ………your best clothes

14/I (do) ………an exercise on present tense at this moment and I (think) ……… that I (know) ………how to use

it now

15/She sometimes (buy) ………vegetables at this market

III- THE PRESENT PERFECT (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH )

a/FORM:

Subject + have/has + past participle(V_3/ed)

ex: - I’ve studied English for 2 years

- She has worked as a flight attendant

● I haven’t been to Dalat yet

● He hasn’t visited the capital

● Have you done your homework ?

Yes, I have / No, I haven’t

● Has she arrived yet?

Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t

b/USE:có 3 cách dùng cơ bản:

-Chỉ sự việc vừa mới xảy ra (JUST,RECENTLY,LATELY…)

ex1: Have you ever seen a fire?

Yes, I have

ex2: I have seen that film several times

ex1: The taxi has arrived ( It’s outside the house now)

ex2: She has broken her leg ( That why she can’t walk)

ex3: They have just built this house.(The paint is very new)

1. Chỉ sự việc đã xảy ra ở một thời điểm không xác định trong quá

khứ(ALREADY…)

Ex1: I have seen that film

Ex2: They have visited HaNoi several times

1. Chỉ một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ ….kéo dài đến hiện tại …và tương lai(NEVER,EVER,SINCE ,FOR.,NEVER…BEFORE,YET, NOT…YET,SINCE

WHEN,HOW LONG…)

ex2 : We’ve studied English since last year

ex3: She’s been a teacher for 10 years

IV- THE PRESENT PEFECT CONTINUOUS :

a/FORM:

Subject + have/ has + been + present participle(V-ING)

ex: - I have been working

● She has been working.

● I haven’t been working

● She hasn’t been working

● What have you been doing?

● Have you been painting?

Yes, we have/ No, we haven’t

● Has he been crying?

Yes, he has/ No, he hasn’t

b/USE:GIỐNG NHƯ THÌ HTHT ,CHỈ NHẤN MẠNH SỰ LIÊN TỤC.

● Unfinished past: The present perfect continuous is used to express the activity which

began in a past and is still continuing

ex1: I’ve been working for the same company for 12 years

ex2: How long have you been playing football?

* Simple or continuous?

* There is often little or no differences between such these sentences in the simple or the continuous

ex1: I’ve worked for the same company for 12 years

ex2: How long have you played football?

However, if the continuous is possible, English has a preference for using it

- Present result:

The present perfect continuous refers to a past activity and shows the present result of that activity

ex1: She’s been crying (Her eyes are red)

ex2: You’ve been fighting again ( You’ve got cut and bruises on your face)

A: What’s that smell ( I can smell it now)

B: I’ve been cutting the grass

We understand that the activity has recently finished

ex1: Look! It’s been snowing (The ground is all white)

ex2: Look! It’s snowing (Present continuous- It is still snowing)

* Notes:

i/ As with all continuous tenses, the present perfect continuous expresses duration and activity over a period of time Certain verbs by definition do not suggest duration The action is quickly finished

For example: die/ start/ begin/ finish/ stop/ find/ lose/ break

These verbs are usually found in the present perfect simple

ii/ The present perfect simple is interested in the completed action

This is why, if the subject of the verb has a quantity or number ,only the simple is possible

ex1: I’ve eaten five pieces of toast this morning Not: I’ve been eating five pieces of toast this morning

ex2: I’ve been cutting down trees this morning I’ve cut down ten

ex3: She’s been smoking ever since she arived She’s smoked 8 already

But I ‘ve been having a shower ( This is an activity, so it can be expressed in the continuous)

EXERCISE 2 :GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:Present perfect or present perfect continuous:

1/ I (try) ………to learn English for years,but I (not suceed)

EXERCISE3 : GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS :Present tenses

1/ I (be) ………sorry.I (forget) ……… that fellow ‘s name already

2/Jack (look) ………no trouble with my English lesson up to now

3/Michael (work) ………thirty-eight hours a week

4/At present ,that author (write) ………a historical novel

5/The weather generally(get) ………quite hot in July and August

6/How long………you(learn) ……… English?

V- PAST SIMPLE :

a/FORM: S + V-2/ed

Negative: S + didn’t + v

Question: Did + S+ v ?

ex: - I/she worked hard

● I/she told him a good story

● I/she didn’t work hard

● I/she didn’t tell him a good story

● Did you/she work hard?

Did you/she tell him a good story?

* Quy tắc thêm _ED vào động từ hợp quy tắc :

1)Theo quy luật thông thường là thêm _ED vào động từ gốc

Ex: worked ,helped,washed……….

2)Khi động từ là –E ta chỉ cần thêm _D mà thôi

Ex:bake baked ;like liked ; use used 3) Đối với động từ có một âm tiết mà kí tự tận cùng là 1nguyên âm +1phụ âm ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm _ED

Ex: stopped , planned , grabbed ……….

*Nếu tận cùng là 2NGUYÊN ÂM+1PHỤ ÂM thì ta không gấp đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm-ED

Ex: cooked, looked, loaded………

* Nếu phụ âm đó là Y hoặc W thì ta cũng không gấp đôi Ex: played, showed, …………

4) Đối với đông từ có 2 âm tiết :phụ âm phải gấp đôi khi dấu trọng

âm(stress)nằm ở âm tiết thứ hai,examlpe :Pre’fer preferred ;admit admitted ….

Tuy nhiên,khi dấu trọng âm nằm ở âm tiết thứ nhất thì ta không gấp đôi

phụ âm, example:’enter entered ,’visit visited 5) Đối với động từ là PHỤ ÂM+Y ta biến Y -i+ed

ex:carry……… carried ; burry……….burried ;study………… studied…

b/USE:chỉ một hành động xảy ra ở một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ:

Ex1: I saw that film last night

Ex2: He visited me yesterday

Ex3: She went to Cantho 3 days ago

c) Adverbs :LAST(NIGHT/WEEK/MONTH/ YEAR), ( 2 YEARS/3 MONTHS/4 WEEKS )

AGO, YESTERDAY, IN ( SUMMER), (IN 1980); WHEN (I) WAS YOUNG )

EXERCISE 4 :GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:simple past

or Present perfect.

1/We (study) ………a very hard lesson the day before yesterday

2/We(study) ………almost every lesson in this book so far

3/We(watch,never) ……… that television Program

4/We(watch) ………an interesting program on television last night

5/My wife and I(travel) ………by air many times in the past

6/My wife and I(travel) ………to Mexico by air last Summer

7/I (read) ………that novel by Hemingway several times before

8/I (read) ………that novel again during my last vacation

9/I (have) ………a little trouble with my car last week

10/However,I (have) ………no trouble with my car since then

VI- THE PAST CONTINUOUS:

a/FORM:

● Positive: subject + was/ were + present participle

● Negative: subject + wasn’t/weren’t + present participle

● Question: was/were + subjest + present participle ?

ex: + The birds were singing+ He was wearing a uniform+ He wasn’t working

+ They weren’t working+ Where was she going?

+Were they having a bath?

Yes, they were/ No, they weren’t

b/USE:có 3 cách dùng cơ bản

-Chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra ở một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

ex1: What were you doing at 8.00 last night?

I was watching television-Chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (dùng QKTD),thì có một hành động khác xen vào (dùng QK)

ex: While I was having a bath, the telephone rang

The students were working when the teacher walked in

-Chỉ hai hành động đồng thời đang diển ra ở quá khứ

Ex1: While I was reading book,my wife was writing a letter

EXERCISE 5 :GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:simple past

or past continuous:

1/He (work) ………all day yesterday

2/When I(arrive) ………at his house,he (still sleep)

8/When I (go) ………out the sun (shine) ………

9/Just as I (leave) ………for home,a student (stop)

………me in the hall

10/When the student (hear) ………the bell ,they(get) ………up and (leave)

………

VII- THE PAST PERFECT:

a/FORM:

Subject + had + past participle

ex: - By the time I got to airport, the plane had already taken off

● She had learned English before she came here

b/USE:Chỉ một sự việc xảy ra trước một hành động quá khứ hoặc thời điểm quá

khứ khác

Ex1: Before I went to England,I had learned English very hard

Ex2: After we had finished our work, we went out

c) Dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì QKHT:

BY ( YESTERDAY, LAST MONTH(WEEK), LAST NIGHT )

AFTER + S+ HAD +V3/ed, S + V2.

BEFORE +S +V2, S+HAD +V3/ed

2/He (do) ………nothing before he (see) ………

3/He (thank) ………me for what I(do) ………

4/ I (be) ………sorry that I(hurt) ……… him

5/After they (go) ………,they (sit) ………down and

Dr Rice

EXERCISE 7:

GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS: past tenses:

1/When the phone (ring) ………,I(have) ……… a bath.2/You (wear) ………your new hat when I(meet) ………you yesterday

3/When it (rain) ………,she (carry) ………an umbrella.4/The house(be) ……… much smaller than he (think)

………at first

5/While you (play) ………the piano,I (write ) ………a letter

6/Before you (mention) ………him,I (never hear)

………of that author

7/When they (go) ………to see them last night ,they (play) ………cards

They (say)………they(play) ………since six ‘o clock 8/My friend (sing) ………when I (come) ………into the room

9/The little girl (ask) ………what (happen) ………to herice cream

10/He (eat) ………dinner when I(go) ………to see him.

VIII- THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ( CONTINUOUS) :

a/FORM:

Subject + had been + present participle

b/USE:CÓ CÁCH DÙNG GIỐNG NHƯ THÌ QKHT NHƯNG CHỈ NHẤN MẠNH

SỰ LIÊN TỤC CỦA HÀNH ĐỘNG

Ex 1: He had been living in New York before he decided to move to Los Angeles

Ex 2 : Jane had been cleaning her house all morning before the guests arrived

IX- THE SIMPLE FUTURE: Will and Be going to

a/ Will is used to:

+ Express a future prediction (một dự đoán)

ex: - I think it will rain tomorrow

● You’ll feel better after you’ve taken this medicine

+ Express a future intention: ( dự định)

ex: - I will see you next week

● I will bring her a birthday cake

+ Express a promise, a threat, or a decision:

ex: - I’ll bring a book tomorrow (a promise)

● If you do that again, I will punish you.( a threat)

● We’ll go back home at 8.00 (a decision)

● Note: “ Will” expresses an intention or decision made at the moment of speaking, that is, not planned or premediated i(không được định trước)

ex: A: Can I ring you tonight?

B: Yes, I will give you my number It’s 3871425

b/Be Going to: is used to express future intention, plan or decision thought about before the

moment of speaking

ex: We’re going to get married in June

When I grow up, I’m going to be a doctor

● Note:

a/ Using “ will” or “ Be going to” concerns when the decision was made :

ex1: A: We’ve run out of sugar

B: Have we?I didn’t know.I’ll buy some when I go shopping

ex2: A: We’ve run out of sugar

B: I know I’m going to buy some when I go shopping

b/ Notice that going to go and going to come are often shortened

ex1: When are you going home (not when are you going to go home)

ex2: He is coming to see me this afternoon (not he’s going to come to see )

EXERCISES 8 :

I/ Complete these sentences ,using “ Will” or “ Be Going to” and a suitable verbs if

necessary

1. Poor Sue went to hospital yesterday

I ‘m sorry to hear that.I……… some flowers

2)This room is very cold

You are right.I………the heater

3)Are you still going out with Alice ?

Oh,yes We………get married next year

4)Oh dear.I can’t do this homework

Don’t worry.I………you

5)Did you remember to book seats for the theater ?

No,I forgot.I……… now

6)It ‘s John ‘s birthday tomorrow

Is it ?I can’t afford a present but I……… a card

7)How old are you ?

I ‘m 64.I ………retire next year.

8) Why are you buying so much food ?

Because I ………cook for ten people

9) Jack is very angry with you

Is he ?I didn’t realize.I……… ring him and apologize

10) Why are you leaving so early ?

Because the teacher gave us a lot of homework and I ………very carefully

II/ Complete the second line of these dialogues :

1. I ‘ve got a terrible headache

I ‘ll get you an aspirin

2)I haven’t got any money at all

I ‘ll……… 3)John and Ann have just had a baby

Have they ?I

‘ll……… 4) What ‘s Jeremy ‘s phone number ?

Just a minute I’ll

………

5)I ‘ve lost my dog

Don’t worry I

‘ll………

III/ Answer the questions about your next holiday :

1. I ‘m going on holiday next week

Lucky you Have a good time

I ‘ll send you a postcard

X- THE FUTURE PERFECT:

Subject + will have + V3/ed

a/.FORM:

b/USE:

The future perfect is used to express a future action which will be finished before an other action

or time in the future

ex1: By the time you arrive, I will have finished my work

ex2: By 12.00 we will have arrived there

c/ Some time expressions are often used in the future perfect:

By monday, by that time, by then, in a few hour,

EXERCISES 9 : GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:

Simple Future or Simple Present

1/We ‘ll go out when the train(stop) ………

2/I(stay) ………here until he (answer) ………me

3/Wait until I (catch) ………you

4/I ‘ll be ready before you (count) ………ten

5/John must eat his breakfast before he (go) ………out

6/Miss Helen (help) ………you as soon as she (finish) ………her letter.

7/I (get) ………a new one before tonight

8/She (not come) ………until you (be) ………ready

9/ After the class (be) ………over,ask the teacher about that sentence

10/I (come) ……… and (see) ………you before I(leave)

………for England

EXERCISES 10: GIVE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:

1/I (not see) ………him since last Monday

2/ They had sold all the books when we (get) ………there

3/ I think he (leave ) ………as soon as he (know) ………the news

4/When my friend grows beard ,even his closest friends (not recognize ) ………him

5/I (never read) ………a story that interested me so much as the one I (read) ………last night

6/He (sleep) ……… so he didn’t understand what you said to him

7/I (finish) ………the book before my next birthday

8/Some animals (not eat) ………during the Winter

9/Why didn’t you listen while I (speak ) ………to you?

10/This time next week,we (walk) ………about in HCM City

11/What happened next was what everyone (fear) ………

12/Will you wait a minute while I (look) ………through the text ?

13/Hurry up! The train (come) ………in

14/I (wait ) ………for her at the hotel at midday tomorrow

15/ He said he (do) ………his homework since 7 o’clock

16/They (build) ………a new house in this corner of the street right now

17/How many films ………you (see) ……… this month ?

18/When George (come) ………this afternoon ,he (bring)

………his friends

19/I (speak) ………to you about that matter after the meeting tonight

20/ They (not come) ………home until they (see) ………every thing

21/ Tom was very tired because he (run) ……… for an hour

22/ His health has improved since he (leave) ………India

23/I then saw him more frequently than I (see) ………him now

24/When you (be) ………all this morning ?It ‘s nearly midday now

25/Where are you ? I ‘m upstairs.I (have) ………a bath

B) Gerunds Danh động từ

Writing essays in English requires practice (subject)

My hobby is collecting stamps (subject of complement)

I like skiing (object)

She is afraid of walking alone at night (object of preposition)

i) Danh động từ làm chủ ngữ

Nếu một câu bắt đầu bằng một danh động từ (verb + ing) động từ trong câu phải

ở số ít:

Worrying is not going to help

Walking has become a popular sport recently

ii)Danh động từ sau giới từ

Nếu giới từ có động từ theo sau thì động từ đó luôn luôn ở dạng danh động từ:Before going to school, he stopped by at his friend’s

By listening carefully, he quickly picked up the language

iii) Danh động từ sau một số danh từ + giới từ

Sau đây là một số ví dụ về kết hợp danh từ + giới từ đòi hỏi danh động từ theosau:

Choice of

Possibility of

Excuse forIntention of

Reason for

I do not have the slightest intention of working this weekend

She has no excuse for behaving in that manner

iv) Danh động từ sau một số tính từ + giới từ

Sau đây là một số ví dụ kết hợp tính từ + giới từ đòi hỏi danh động từ theo sau:

Accustomed to

Afraid of

Interested in

Fond ofCried ofGood at

Successful inCapable of

v/ Danh động từ sau một số động từ + giới từ

Sau đây là một số ví dụ về kết hợp động từ + giới từ đòi hỏi danh động từ theosau:

Approve of

Insist on

Succeed in

Worry aboutDepend onThink of

Think aboutCount onRely on

He succeeded in getting the job

I insist on seeing the manager

vi) Danh động từ sau một số đặc ngữ

Sau đây là một số ví dụ về đặc ngữ đòi hỏi danh động từ theo sau:

Look forward to…

We are looking forward to seeing you soon

It’s not worth going there now, It’s too late

vii) Danh động từ sau một số động từ

Sau đây là danh mục các động từ đòi hỏi danh động từ theo sau:

Go onKeep onMention

TolerateSuggestUnderstandDenyPostpone

PreventAdmitDefer (hoãn ,chậmlại)

Imagine