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As we known about forests, when we heard about that we also think about its advantages such as green lungs of the world, provide oxygen, decreased environment pollution and some components that biodiversity about plants, animals, insects…etc, so not many people known about factors which impacts on our green lungs. I remember that I just had a final examination of Forest ecology geographical course, it had a question that : ”where do we find forests, where do we not find forests? why? ”. And now we agree that forests are geographic phenomena. So we come back my final exam so how I answered that question?
Name: Nguyễn Hữu Dũng ID: 1353091031 Class: L13 ESSAY “FOREST ARE GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA” As we known about forests, when we heard about that we also think about its advantages such as green lungs of the world, provide oxygen, decreased environment pollution and some components that biodiversity about plants, animals, insects…etc, so not many people known about factors which impacts on our green lungs I remember that I just had a final examination of Forest ecology geographical course, it had a question that : ”where we find forests, where we not find forests? why? ” And now we agree that forests are geographic phenomena So we come back my final exam so how I answered that question? In a part of my answer, I mentioned about effectiveness of external impacts such as local climate, change in land use and landscape by human activities, natural impacts by reactions from all of other sectors as well….etc, so we can see that all of these sectors related to geographical components Contacting with all of these, we can see forests more specific forests distribution indirectly and indirectly related to geographical and is one of geographic phenomena So in this essay, we focus on factors impacts on forests and sylvan relationship and from these factors, we demonstrate that related to geographical matters Firstly, what is the forest? A forest is a large area dominated by trees Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function Forests covered four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006 (Food and agriculture organization) It has so many type of forests such as Temperate needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed, tropical moist, tropical dry, Sparse trees and parkland, forest plantations…etc so why different between forests type? For example for Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta) In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important In the Southern Hemisphere, most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests And about temperate broadleaf and mixed forests include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the US ,China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rainforests of Japan, Chile and Tasmania And one more example to explain for forest distribution mountains are natural barriers to the movement of wind They are colder than surrounding flatlands because the temperature decreases with elevation As a result, there may be a tropical climate at the bottom of the mountain and snow on top Mountains are wetter on the windward side because of this temperature differential Winds carrying moist air rise when they reach the mountain and cool as they rise higher Cold air cannot hold as much water as warm air, and precipitation is the usual result This is why it rains so much However, the leeward side of the mountain tends to be drier because the wind loses all of its moisture on the windward side, and the air compresses and warms as it works its way down the mountain Secondly, we mentioned about forests distribution caused by topographical changed and change in coordinates in which those forests belongs to Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles, tropical forestsnear the equator and temperate forests at mid-latitudes Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition So in this part, we will explain why changing in coordinates and topographic lead to forest types changed As we known, about change in coordinates from longitudes and latitudes lead to be local climate change at it, so from the changing in locations affects to forest types And all of climate factors lead to its changing such as in temperature, rainfall, moisture, …etc for example which we mentioned before on last part about forest type (needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed) So about change in topographic by elevation For example, on a mountain has changed in vegetation from changing height from top to foot of mountain At highest location with moss, lichens; higher is coniferous forest and at lower is broadleaf forests So beside impacts on forest types of changing height, so change in soil types and soil nutrient also impacts on forests much It is not only mountainous, with the different of elevation lead to be different on soil types cause by weathered Also from the top to foot of mountain Weathered process from physical and chemical reaction It changed soil types lead to be changed in forest type and vegetation types Further more, when we go up per 100 meters, the temperature decreased by 0.6° also in rainfall and humidity by decreased temperature less of moisture and the same with precipitation Thirdly, about change in natural disasters earthquakes, Tsunami, volcanoes, wildfire, droughts, flooding , etc…a huge of forests loss cause by natural disasters each year Contact to my answer in final examination which I mentioned before, about my answer in first part I mentioned about forest is a object of geographical researched on About map information was build up and extracted in a system, Conventionally, spatial data models have been designed according to object- or field-based conceptualizations of reality Conceptualization of complex geographic phenomena that have both object- and field-like properties, such as wildfire and precipitation, has not yet been incorporated into GIS data models To this end, a new conceptual framework is proposed in this research for organizing data about such complex geographic phenomena in a GIS as a hierarchy of events, processes, and states In this framework, discrete objects are used to show how events and processes progress in space and time, and fields are used to model how states of geographic themes vary in a space-time frame GIS and remote sensing is a application of it So in the map, more specific in geographical objects, Forest was is most important For almost of indicators including forests, agriculture, species distribution (animals and plants), population, economical,…etc So in view of these geographical objects appeared in maps Likewise, with other geographical objects reacted on forest such as population, hydrological, agriculture, economical,….etc for example, population areas affects to forest distribution by change in land use and landscape by human activities, industrial, deforestation by agriculture, exploitation,…etc All things considered, forest is one of objects belong to geographical matters By the changing temperature, rainfall, moisture as well as weather conditions, natural conditions, and weathered affects on soil structures following the height also lead to changing forest types, vegetations from height, elevation, from change in coordinates, means that location following the country to country, lead to change in climate, also effects on forest types Its application on maps in geographic and geographical matters related that GIS and remote sensing In sort of words that further more by another geographical objects which I mentioned before that population, hydrological, economical…etc, almost of geographical objects of its relationship reacted to forest changing So we can prove that “ forests are geographic phenomena ” REFERENCES AND MATERIALS Website: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ https://scholar.google.com.vn/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest http://www.jstor.org/stable/4484527 http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/forests/brief/forest-and-environment https://answers.yahoo.com/question/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geological_phenomena http://link.springer.com/article/ http://link.springer.com/chapter/10 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Worboys2/publication/ Books and materials: (1) Vogt, Kristina A, ed (2007) "Global Societies and Forest Legacies Creating Today's Forest Landscapes" Forests and Society: Sustainability and Life Cycles of Forests in Human Landscapes CABI pp 30– 59 ISBN 9781845930981 (2) Bishop, Joshua T., ed (1999) Valuing Forests A Review of Methods and Applications in Developing Countries London: Environmental Economics Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (3) Bishop, Joshua T., ed (1999) et al geological phenomena in sustainable management of forestry REDD plus JICA organization (4) Scholes, R.J.; Archer, S.R (1997) "Tree-Grass Interactions in Savannas" (PDF) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 517–544 (5) Ratajczak, Zakary; Nippert, Jesse B.; Collins, Scott L (2012) "Woody encroachment decreases diversity across North American grasslands and savannas" (PDF) Ecology 93 (4): 697–703 (6) "Forest definition and extent" (PDF) United Nations Environment Programme 2010-01-27 Retrieved 2014-11-16 (7) M Yuan Representing complex geographic phenomena with both object- and fieldlike properties Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(2):83–96, 2001