KHOA HOC C6NG NGH£ D I E D T R A CAc Y E U TO HilVH THAIVIH RUIVG IXIGAP IVIAIV TREM IVEIV CAT 5A!\I HO Q V U l l M QUOC GIA CdlXI D A O L A I U CO S O D E X U A T IVIO ROIVG GAY TROrVIG Ki^u T u ^ Dat\ Ph^m Th^ DttngS H o ^ g Van Thoi^ T6MTAT Tong dien tich rung ngap man tai VQG Con Dao gom 32 ha, phan bd tai 12 bai trim tich ven biin thupc hon dao chinb la Hon Con Son, Hon Ba va H6n Bay Canh Thuc vat than g6 RNM tai VQG Con Dao co tong cong 46 loai, co 28 loai ngfip man thuc su va 18 loai tham gia vko RNM Rung ngap man a Con Dao chiu anh buong ciia nhom nhSn td hinh thanh, nhung cac yeu to tac dpng chinh la: (1) Ylu to dia hinh dia mao duoc che cbSn cac vinh; (2) dac dilm cua thi nin la da, cat iSn manh vun san ho la nhung bai tram tich ven biin thoai thoai, co hb biin nong va tinh ch^t ca ly boa ciia dat diu la gioi ban tdi thieu de cay rung phat triln duoc; (3) ddng hai luu la nh^n to chinh mang lai su phong phu va da dang cdc loai thuc vat; (4) thuy trilu ngSp th5[p, sdng biin va man nuoc biin nSm pham vi thich ling cua nhilu loai cliy RNM Ngoai dilu kien hSu n6ng am, bi€n dO dao dOng nhi^t thip va lucmg mua nhilu cung la cac yeu td thuSn Igi tao dilu kien cho cay RNM sinh truong va phat triln Cdc loai uu the co triln vong duoc de xu^t mo rpng gSy bao gom loai: Duoc doi, Dung, DSng, Duoc lai, Da Voi va Sii Do Tir khda: Vudii Qudc gia Con dao, rung ngap man, yi'u tdhinh thanh, thSnin da cat va vun san ho, loai uu thSco triSn vong I DAT VAN BE gia Cdn Dao cd he sinh thai dien hinh cua vung bien nhiet ddi vdi hon 1.300 loai sinh vat da duoc thdng ke va dinh danh Vudn Qudc gia Cdn Dao la mot quan dao nam tren viing bien phia Ddng Nam cua nude ta, gom 14 Trong nhimg nam qua, Vudn Qudc gia Con Dao hon dao cd quy mo dien tu nhien 19.990,7 ha, bao gom: 5.990,7 rimg nui ciia 14 dao thupc quan dao da nd luc phdi hpp vdi cac to chiic khoa hoc, bao ton Con Dao va 14.000 mat bien Vudn Quoc gia Con de nghien ciiu cac he sinh thai rung, cac he sinh thai Dao cd tinh da dang sinh hoc cao vdi nhieu he sinh bien va san ho Nhung rieng ve nghien ciiu he sinh tiiai dac trung va nhieu loai sinh vat quy, hiem, d$c thai rung ngap man va cac he sinh thai ven bd bien hiiu Cd kieu rung chinh phan bd tai day la kieu chua dupe thuc hien mpt each day du Gan day, cac rung kin thuong xanh mua am nhiet ddi va kieu rimg nha khoa hpc da phat hien b day cd mpt kieu rimg kin nua rung la mua am nhiet ddi Cd cac he sinh thai ngap man nguyen sinh phan bd tren nen dat cat iSn chinh: he sinh thai rung tren vung doi mii thap; he soi va manh vun san ho, dd cd nhiing loai thuc sinh thai rung tren doi cat va bai cat khd, ban ven vat quy hi^m cd sach Viet Nam Kieu rung bien; he sinh thai RNM va he sinh thai rung ngap ngap man chua thay dupe de cap cac tai phen Nhimg he sinh thai duoc phan bd k^ tuc lieu nghien ciiu vi rung ngap man da dupe cong bo b tren mot khong gian nho hep tai Con Dao Day Viet Nam Khac vdi cac RNM khac or Viet Nam la mot net doc dao, co y nghia vk m$t tu nhien, diln thudng phan bo tren dien tich nin dat biin lang dpng, the va khoa hoc Tham thuc vat ciia VQG Cdn Dao v^ nhung rimg ngap man nguyen sinh tai Con Dao la CO ban vtn mang nhung dac di^m dac trung v^ cau mpt ki^u dac thii phan bo tren th^ n^n la da, cat ISn tnic tang thii, ngoai mao va canh quan cua h$ sinh manh vun san hd hau nhu chua dupe quan tam thai rung tu nhien nhiet ddi, hai dao Rung ciia Vudn nghien ciiu mpt cdch d^y dii Vi vay, viec dieu tra cac Qudc gia Con Dao co phan thuc vat phong phii y^u td hinh len rung ngap man tren nen dat cat va da dang voi tren 1.077 loai thuc vat bSc cao va 135 san ho tai VQG Con Dao, lam co so de xuat ky tiiuat loai dong vat cd xuong sdng da dupe dinh danh ma rpng gay that su can tiiiet va cd y nghia rat (Nguyen Chi Thanh va ctv, 2004) Bifo Vudn Quoc ldn ddi vdi thuc tien dat hien Phan vien NC KHLN Nam Bp N C N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N N G THON - KY - THANG 3/2012 81 KHOA HOC C u NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN ciiu Muc tieu d^ tM Thu thap nhimg sd lieu va tiiong tin nham xdc dinh cac y^u to hinh tiianh len rimg ng$p man nguyen sinh tren n^n cdt lan soi vd manh vun san hd a hon Bay Canh va hon Bd tiiupc Vudn Quoc gia Cdn Dao, tii lam co sd di xuat nhimg lodi co tri^n vpng de md rpng gay rimg d^ nhiing noi cd di^u kien lap dia tuong tu NOi dung nghien ciiu Dilu tra su phdn bd cOia kilu rimg ngdp mdn nguyen sinh tren nIn cdt ldn soi vd manh vun san hd b hon Bay Canh vd 13 hdn ddo khdc cua VQG Cdn Dao Dieu tra ddnh gid.cdc ddc dilm 1dm sinh hpc ciia kilu rimg ngap mdn tren nIn cdt soi vd vun san hd d hon Bay Canh vd hon Bd - Dl xuat cdc lodi cd triln vpng dl md rOng gdy Phuong phdp thuc hien Thu thdp cdc tdi Ueu vd thong tin lien quan: bao gom ban cdc loai, dieu kien tu nhien, dat dai, che dp ngap trilu, che dp gid, tham thuc vat vd cdc nghien ciiu cd lien quan - Phuong phdp dilu tra thuc dia Khao sdt so bp todn bp 14 hdn ddo vd dilu tra tuyen diln hinh dl xdc dinh phan bo cCia trang thdi rimg ngap mdn tren nIn dat cdt ldn soi vd mdnh vun sanhd 6NG NGH£ tinh ch^t nude vd cdc y^u td ngoai canh tdc dpng « Phuong phdp phdn tich xii ly sd lieu n6 nghiep Sir dyng cdc phin m^m di tinh todn va xu ly sc li^u g6m: Primer VI, Excel vd Maplnfo Xdc djnh lodi chiim uu thi thdng qua chi so quai trpng (IVI%) aia m6i lodi dupe tinh bang cdngtiiiirccuj Mishra (1968): IVI % = (RD% + RF% + RBA%)/3 Xdc djnh td thdnh lodi thdng qua xdc dinh t^ xudt brong ddi (RI),%) Phdn tich hpp phdn chinh PCA (Principal Component Analysis) dl xdc dinh mdi quan he ciia cdc lodi RNM qudn xa - Phdn tich miu dS't va nude: Mau ddt gom 10 chi tiiu 0)0 mdn, pH Al*^ Fe*^ ^0^\ Ca*^^ U^\ N, Pva thdnh phdn ca gidi) Mdu nude gom cdc chitieu:pH, mdn, dO due, Al*^ Fe*l Lua chpn lodi di xudt ma rpng gdy trong: Lira chpn lodi dua tren s6 lieu ddnh gid vl sinh truong, tai sinh, cdc chi tieu cud quan xd thuc vat vl lodi uu th^ (rVI%) vd dua tren sd lieu dilu tra quan sdt vl vat hau ciia cdc lodi H-KETQUAvAniAOLUAN Phdn bd vd thdnh phdn lodi ciia rimg ngSp m ^ tai VQG Cdn Dao a Phan bdcua rimg ngap m$n Kit qua khdo sdt tren todn bO 14 hon dao cho thay su phdn bd ciia rimg igdp man tai Vudn Quoc gia Con Ddo tai 12 khu vuc khdc nhau, cd tong dito - Dilu tra ti mi: Su dung phuong phdp dilu tra tich Id 32 tdp trung a bon dao ldn Id Hon Con diln hinh, dai dien d cdc trang thdi rimg trSn nIn dat Son, Hon Bay Canh vd Hon Bd Dien tich rimg ngSp cdt ldn soi va manh vun san hd or hon Bay Canh vd mdn phdn bd rai rdc b nhilu khu vue, moi khu vuc co Hon Bd vdi tong cong 60 tieu chudn diln hinh di diin tich khong ldn, khu vuc ldn nhat cd dien tich ddnh gid cdc ddc diem lam sinh hpc ciia RNM, dilu vd khu vuc nho nhat co dien tich 0,2 ha, cu the dupe thi hien qua bang kien lap dia, dat dai, dia hinh dia mao, dp ngap trilu, Bdng V| tri phdn bd ciia RNM t100cm Tbc^nh phdn lodi thuc vM tren cdc thi nIn khdc Dc-i -1- cAt + san h6 Cdt + san h6 Set + biin Gi.-i, Bang phi, D^ vdi, Xu 6i, Du6c ddi, Ddng, V?t dii, Gi^,V?tdu v^t tru, Coc Dd vdi, Xu 6i Cdc DAng Dung Dude ddi, Dude Dang, Duoc lai Dung, Bdn,V?t lai.Siidd, DAv6ivdV?tdii Dude d6i vd V?t dii Ddng, Dung, Su do, Sii dd, D.ing, Du6c lai vh Dd Khong Du6c lai voi Qua sd lieu d bang cho thdy: + Voi the nIn la set pha biin d cap mdn it va dp ngap trieu thap thi phan lodi thuc vat kha don gian, chii yeu la: Gia, Vet dii va cdc loai cay tham gia vao RNM chiim uu thi Id Ddng, Su dd Dung, Dd vol Vet d va Dude doi b Mat dp, sue khoe, ngudn gdc vatiiSnVQL cay tai sinh cua cay tai sinh Tdng hgp cdc so lieu sinh truong tdi sinh rim + O cap dp ngap tir 50 - 100 cm, dp mdn dat tir - tai hai khu vuc Hon Bay Canh vd Hon Bd dupe th 4°/oo va dp mdn nude tir 16 25V{)o thi su xudt biin bien d bang cdc lodi cd su da dang ban viing tilp giap vdi nui cao Kit qua tong hgp d bang cho thdy: va viing tilp gidp ngodi - Cdy tdi sinh chi cd 14 lodi xudt hien Mdt ca + Tren dang till nen Id dd, cdt ldn vun san ho d miic dp man cao, dp ngdp trilu ldn thi thdnh phan loai chi cd Su dd Dung, Dang, Dude lai vd Da vol chiim uu thi Ddy cdng chinh Id cdc lodi cd kha ndng chiu dung cao vdi dilu kien khdc nghiet Tdi sinh rimg a Tdtiianhloai cay tai sinh - Khu vuc Hon Bay Canh (Bd Dap - Bai Duong) tdi sinh d khu vuc Hdn Bd la 1.295 cdy/ha vd dBa Canh Id 1.978 cdy/ha Trong dd Ddng, Dung co s lugng cdy tdi sinh cao nhat Id tilp theo den Sii Dd vol Dude doi vd Vet tru Ddy la nhiing lodi co ca; tdi sinh chiim uu thi Cdc lodi: Bdn trdng Vet dii Dude lai cd sd lugng cdy tdi sinh it Cdc lodi khdc nhi Tra 1dm vo, Vudt hiim, Mdm trdng, Xu sung, Ve hainesii, Gd biin, Gid, Xu rumphii Cdc khonj thay xuat hien tdi sinh Tir kit qua dilu tra 40 d tdi sinh, thi tap dodn cdy So lupng cdy tdi sinh cd sue khoe chiem ty 1( tai sinh khu vuc Hon Bay Canh gom cd 11 lodi To tren 90% tong sd cdy tdi sinh Cdy tdi sinh cd nguor thdnh loai cay tdi sinh dugc xdc dinh bdi cdng thiic gdc tii hat/tiTj mam chiim tren 70% vd cdtiienvonj sau: 2,4 Vet dii + 2,4 Dd vdi + 1,3 Ddng -i-1,9 Dude ddi sdng cao + 0,5 Xu di -I- 0,4 Dude lai -i- 0,2 Su + 0,2 Cui biin -iChilu cao cdy tdi sinh cua cdc lodi tap bimg c 0,2 Mam biin -i- 0,2 Gid + 0,2 Bdng phi dp cao < m Cdc loai nhu Dung, Sii do, Ddng va Di Khu vuc Hon Bd ^ a m Qudc) voi cd so lupng cay tai sinh dat chilu cao > m Tir kit qua dilu tra 20 tai sinh khu vuc Hon Bd, chiim ty le cao hon cdc lodi khdc; dilu ndy cho thaj thi tap dodn cay tai sinh d day gom cd lodi To day la cac lodi cay tdi sinh co tilm ndng cd the tham gia vdo tdng cdy kl can ciia rimg loai cdy tai sinh dugc xdc dinh boi cong thu'c Cdn eii vdo sd lieu tdi sinh nhdn tiiay: Cac loai sau: Dang + 1,3 Sii -i-1,9 Dung + 1,1 Dd vol -i- 0,8 cdy neu tren diu cd tilm ndng de tao giong phucvu Vet dii -I- 0,6 Duoe lai -t- 0,5 Duoe doi -i- 0,3 Vet ti\i + cho rimg ciia bao gom cdc phuong phdp: nhan 0,3 Ban trang gidng tir tru mam va bung cay tdi sinh dem Qua cong thiic to thdnh cdc lodi cdy tdi sinh tai hai dia dilm nghiin ciiu cho thay, cay tai sinh 88 rimg true tilp Tuy nhien, cdc bien phdp tao gi6 tren can dupe nghien ciru thii nghiem lai NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 3/^^ KHOA HOC C N G N G H I TT Loai 10 11 Dang Duoc doi Sii Duoc lai Da voi Dung Vet tru Ban trang Vet dii Xu 6i Cui bien Mam 12 bien 13 Gia 14 Bang phi Bang Tong hgp cdc chi tieu tdi sinh rimg tai Hdn Bdy Canh vd Hdn Bd Tai Hon Bay Canh Tai Hon Ba N Tai sinh Cay CoTr Cay Tai sinh Uu N (cay/ha) CTr.mam) khoe vpng khoe (Tr.mam) (cay/ha) tien 753 748 448 728 160 170 170 156 150 88 153 30 30 30 16 15 15 240 245 230 233 33 28 33 15 25 636 635 310 442 160 155 155 0 0 485 485 485 160 160 160 5 15 15 15 23 23 23 23 3 25 3 1.978 CoTr vpng 170 30 245 25 160 485 160 15 Uu tien 11 10 0 14 3 3 13 12 IV KET LUAN V A K e i NGHI l.Kltludn Tdng dien tich rimg ngdp man tai VQG Con Dao gom 32 ha, phdn bd tai 12 bdi tram tich ven biin thupc hon ddo chinh Id Hon Con Son, Hon Bd va Hdn Bdy Canh Thuc vdt tiidn gd RNM tai VQG Con Ddo cd tong cdng 46 lodi, dd cd 28 lodi ngdp man thuc su vd 18 lodi tham gia vdo RNM Rieng d khu vuc Hon Bay Canh vd Hon Bd khd da dang cd 21 lodi thupc 10 hp khdc vdi mat dp dao dpng khoang tii 2.000 din 3.000 cdy/ha Trong dd cdc lodi uu till Id: Ddng, Duoe doi Dung, Dd voi Vet dii, Su vd Duoe lai Rimg ngdp man a Con Dao chiu anh hudng ciia nhdm nhdn td hinh thdnh nhung cdc ylu to tdc dpng chinh Id: (1) Ylu td dia hinh dia mao dupe che chan cdc vinh; (2) ddc diem ciia till nen Id dd, cat ldn manh vun san ho Id nhimg bdi tram tich ven biin ldi thoai, ed ba bien nong vd tinh chat ca ly hda cua dat diu Id gidi ban tdi thilu d l cdy rimg phat tiien dupe; (3) dong hdi luu Id nhdn td chinh mang lai su phong phii vd da dang cdc lodi thuc vdt; (4) tiiuy tiilu ngdp tiidp, sdng bien vd dp mdn nuoc biin ndm ti-ong pham vi thich ling eua nhilu lodi cdy RNM Ngodi dilu kien hdu ndng am, bien dp dao dpng nhiet tiiap vd lugng mua nhilu cung Id cdc ylu to tiiudn igi tao dilu kien cho cay RNM sinh trudng va phdt trien 1.295 To thdnh loai cay tai sinh tap trung chu yeu vao hp Dude, mot so loai khong thay xuat hien cay tai sinh Cac loai cay tai sinh chiim uu the c6 mat dp tai sinh cao Id: Dung, Su dd, Ddng Da voi, Duoc lai, Duoc doi vd Vet dii Mat dp cdy tdi sinh tren ca hai dia diem nghien ciiu khoang tir 1.200 - 1.900 cdy/ha Nguon gdc cdy tdi sinh chu yeu tir tru mam Sire khoe cdy tai sinh vd trien vpng cay tai sinh chiem ty le cao - Cdc lodi uu thi co trien vpng dupe de xuat md rpng gdy bao gom lodi: Duoc doi, Dung Ddng, Duoc lai Da Voi va Su Do Cac lodi diu cd tilm ndng tao gidng de rimg vd cd thi thuc hien bdng phuong phdp Id: (1) Thu hdi tru mam vd rimg true tilp; (2) san xuat cdy giong bii bau; (3) biing cay tdi sinh ti-ong rimg true tilp Kiln nghi Can nghien ciiu tilp dl dua vdo thir nghiem cdc lodi cd triln vpng tren hien trudng nIn dat cdt lan vo sd vd manh vun san ho tai VQG Con Dao nhdm kilm chiing vd hodn thien hon hudng ddn ky thudt rimg cho viing sinh thdi dac thii ndy Kit qua se 1dm ca sd nhdn rpng cac viing biin ddo cd dilu kien tuong tu TAI UEU THAM KHAO Nguyin Chi Thdnh, Le Xuan Ai, Le Xuan Canh, Tran Hgp, Nguyin Ngpc Kieng, Nguyin Dire NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY THANG 3/2012 89 KHOA HOC C N G NGHl Ngdn, 2004 Tai nguyen ddng, thirc vat Vuim ()iidc gia Cdn Dao Nha xuat ban Ndng nghiep, trang 35; trang 233 - 268 Luong van Tai 2007 Nghien cim a\u tnic rimg ngap m^i tir nhien dhdn Bav Canh Vuon Qudc gia Cdn Dao, tinh Ba Ria - Viing Tau Ludn van lot nghiep ky su lam nghiip Dai hgc Ndng 1/ini Ihanb Hd Chi Minh Vict Nam ti-ang 2 - Phdn bd thuc v$t rimg ng$p mdn tai Vudn Qudc gi Cdn DAo, tinh B^ Ria - Vung Tau (Trong cuon phu hdi rimg ngdp mdn img phd vdi biin ddi khi, ^irdng tdi phdt triln bin vung Phan Nguyfe "^'"S- ^K'uyln Thj Kim Cue vd Vu Thuc Hiin bifi] «"^"- ^hd xudt ban Ndng nghiip trang 21 - 331) Wim Ciiesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zierei and Licsbeth Scholten, July 2007 Mangrov Phan Nguyen Hdng 2003 Phinmg ph.ip dieu tia rimg ngap man Nha xuat ban Klioa hgc Ky thuat, trang 27-30 guidebook for Soutiieast Asia FAO and Wetiandi International (page 685 - 722) ^ ^^^^^ y^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ Amalyos C, anc Tran Dinh Hue 2008 Nghien ciiu da dang tiiiic vat tiian gd rimg ngap man till Vmm Qudc gia Cdn Dao, tinh Ba Ria Viing Tau Luan van tdt nghiep thac sy lam hoc Dai hoc Ndng l^^m Hd Chi Minh shigeyuki B., 1997 Handbook of Mangroves ii /,,^^^^,,^, -phe Development of Sustainabk Vien Ngoc Nam va Tran Dinh Hue 2007 Mangroves Management Project Forestry Indonesia and Japan Cooperation Agency (119 pages) Ministry o: International THE STUDY OF GENECOLOGY OF MANGROVE ON THE GROUND OF CORAL SAND IN CON DAO NATIONAL PARK AS THE BASE FOR EXTENDING MANGROVE PLANTATION Kieu Tuan Dat, Pham The Dung, Hoang Van Thoi Summary Total area of mangroves at Con Dao National Park is of 32 encompasses 12 sediment sea-swamps in the coast of three islands, those are Con Son, Hon Ba and Hon Bay Canh There are in the mangroves of Con Dao National Park 46 woody plant species, including 28 true mangrove species and 18 subordinate ones The four edaphic factors exert influences on mangroves of Con Dao Island, amongst which the main are: (1) topographic and landscape factors of tbe gulf, which has protecting impacts on the island; (2) the underlying rocks consist mainly of limestone and sand mixed with broken coral, forming tbe sediment seaswamps with the shallow and slopping bank The soils of the swamps are river-bome clays with the physical properties and chemical composition responding to tbe least requirements for the growing of mangrove vegetation; (3) tbe sea current is the main factor that brings about the abundance with biodiversity; (4) the low tidal amplitude, sea waves and salinity are in the range of tbe tolerance of many tree species of mangrove vegetation In addition to tbe tropical climate, the low amplitude of temperature variation as well as high precipitation is also the favorite conditions for tbe development of mangroves in Con Dao National Park The prominent species proposed for extending the mangrove plantations are: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, hybrid Rhizophora, Ceriops tagal, Aegiceras comiculatum Keywords: Con Dao National Park, mangrove, edaphic factors, promising species Ngudi phan biin: TS Trdn Quang Bao 90 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 3/2012 ... Ddo tai 12 khu vuc khdc nhau, cd tong dito - Dilu tra ti mi: Su dung phuong phdp dilu tra tich Id 32 tdp trung a bon dao ldn Id Hon Con diln hinh, dai dien d cdc trang thdi rimg trSn nIn dat Son,... Thue vdt rimg ngap mdn tai Vuon Quoc gia vd tdc dpng neotectonic, dd yeu to dia mao Con Ddo cd tong cOng 46 lodi, dd cd 28 lodi cdy dupe coi Id quan trpng nhat hinh thdnh nen RNM RNM ngap mdn thuc... ciiu thi RNM hinh thdnh vd ton tai ghi nhdn tren cdc tuyen dilu tra vd cdc dupe phu thudc vdo nhdm nhdn td chinh Id: su kho dim dien hinh cho thay: ban, ndng lupng sdng, thiiy trilu, tram tich,