Y kien trao doi SS 45 nam 2013 DA DANG HOA CAC HINH THtTC D A O TAO vA LOAI HINH TRirCJNG LdP - MOT HIEN THU'C SINH DQNG CUA XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC Of THANH PHO HO CHI MINH (1996 - 2010) NGUYEN GIA KIEM' TOM TAT Thdnh Ho Chi Minh (TPHCM) la thi co so ddn nhap cu dong ddn ^^" sugia tdng ddn sd nhanh Vi vdy, viec ddp Ong nhu cdu hgc tap cho nhdn ddn la nhiem vu nang ne ddi v&i ngdnh gido due (GD) TPHCM Irong dieu kien ngdn sdch ddnh cho GD che V&i viec da dgng hda cdc logi hinh trucmg l&p thuc hien xd hgi hda (XHH) G ngdnh GD Thdnh (TP) dd gidi quyet dugc mdu thudn giira nhiem vu GD vd khd ndn ngdn sdch ddp img nhu cdu hgc tap ngdy cdng cao cua nhdn ddn Thdnh Tir khda: cac logi hinh ddo tao, xa hpi hoa gido due ABSTRACT Diversifying training types and schools - the reality of socializing the education system in Ho Chi Minh City (1996-2010) Ho Chi Minh city is one of the cities in the country with a large number oj immigrants, leading to fast population growth Therefore, it is a challenging task for H Chi Minh City department of education to meet the need for education of the people whil the budget for education is still limiled By socializing the education system throu^ diversifying training types and schools, the department has managed to solve the problem meeting the increasing need for education of the people Keywords: training types, socializing the education system Dat van de Sau ddt nude thdng nhit, nam 1975, Nha nude da cdng lap hda cac trudng hpc d miln Nam, GD dupe xem la nganh phuc loi xa hpi, nhan dan dugc quyin hudng thy GD Nha nude cung cdp Sy dap iing vl nhu ciu hpc tap cho nhan dan tiiy thudc vao kha nang ngan sach ciia Nhd nude, ma ngan sdch danh cho GD igi khdng thupc thir ty uu tien (khodng 5% tdng chi ngdn sach) [2] nhu cdu hpc tap cua nhan ddn Igi phat trien cdng cao Viec phat triln GD khdng thudn Ipi thilu kinh 'ThS, Truiitig Cao(JingGiaolh6ngVSnlaiTPHCM 148 phi hoat ddng, trudng ldp khdng dil cho sd lupng hpc sinh (HS), sinh vien (SV) ngdy cang tdng, chuang trinh ddo tao theo Idi mdn chua cap nhat theo yeu cau phat trien mdi Cuoi nhimg nam 70 thi ki XX, CD nude nha phdi ddi dien vdi nhilu thach tiiirc, khd khan nghiem trpng Tir kinh nghiem phdt triln GD thdi ki ching MT, Ddng va Nha nude da van dpng toiui xa hpi ciing chia se khd khdn vdi ngdnh GD, thyc hien cai each giao due theo tmh thin Nghj quyit 14/NQ-TW ngdy Il-l1979 cua Bd Chinh trj vl cai cdch h8 thdng GD, xay dyng vd phat triln dpi ngi GV ciing cdc bien phap dl ddm bao Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM thuc hien nhiem vu Chu truotig xa hgi hda giao di^c Ngdy 19-3-1981, Hpi ddng Chinh phii Quyet dinh 124/CP vh viec thdnh lap Hdi ddng GD cac cap vdi chuc ndng va nhiem vu co ban la: " dpng vien, td chuc, phdi hop, sii dung hpp li cac luc luong xd hdi va huy ddng dung kha nang cua dia phuong de phat trien su nghiep GD cua dia phuong" Tuy nhien, co chd bao cdp da lam cho GD van bi don ddc cdc hoat ddng ciia nganh Dudng ldi ddi mdi tu Dai hpi VI cua Dang da thay ddi tu va hanh dpng phuong each quan li va dieu hanh dat nude, nen kinh te thi trudng (theo djnh hudng xa hpi chii nghia) dupe thira nhdn, ph^m vi bao cap ciia Nha nude ddn thu hep de nhudng chd cho nhan dan cung tham gia vao cac hoat dpng xa hpi Ve ITnh vuc GD, chii truong XHH GD nhdm dua GD trd ve dung ban chat xa hdi cua nd, v^n dpng todn xd hdi chdm lo cho GD va xem GD la qudc sach hang ddu Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh day manh cdng tac xa hoi hda giao due TPHCM trude day la thii cua chinh th8 Viet Nam Cdng hda (Sai Gdn), nai tap trung cac trudng dai hpc, vien nghien cuu, cdc co quan ddu ndo cua chinh quy^n miln Nam, cd dan sd ddng nhdt so vdi cae tinh d mien Nam Trude 30-4-1975, tinh trang chidn tranh nSn dan chung tap trung vao khu vuc npi sinh sdng, khu vuc ngoai bd trdng nhiSu, chii yeu la canh tdc ndng nghiep, vi vdy ca sd h? tang rat han che Hda binh, dan eu tu chd tap trung chuydn Nguyen Gia Kiem sang phan tan, them lupng ddn nhap cu ddn TP lap nghiep nhieu, ddn ddn qua trinh dd thi hda tu phat diln nhanh Thanh phdn eu dan TP cung da dang, ngodi ddn tdc Kinh Id chu dao, cdn cd cu dan gdc Hoa (khoang gan mdt trieu ngudi sdng tap trung d cac quan: 5, 6, 11 va Tan Binh) va 23 dan tdc khac cung chiem ti le kha eao [7] Nhung vdn de ddi hdi ngdnh GD TP phdi cd ke hoach phdt trien ca ve quy md va phuang phap giang day de dap iing nhu cau hpc tap cua nhan dan, nhu eau ngudn nhan luc cua TP Theo sd lieu thdng ke, ed !4 sd dan TP dang di hpc Neu chi tinh sd ngudi di hpc dd tudi dudi 22 thi ti le huy ddng la 58%, chiem ti trpng 16% he thdng GD qudc dan tren dia ban TP [9] Tu 1975 dgn 1986, xd hdi dd cd nhieu ddng gdp cho GD Giai doan 19861993, cdc bien phap v^n ddng XHH GD chu yeu tap trung ddng gdp ngudn luc cho he cdng ldp tri hoat ddng hoan canh ngdn sach khd khan, chua phai la giai phap giiip nganh GD phat trien dn dinh va lau dai Nganh GD TP vdn edn nhieu khd khan edn phai giai quyet, dd Id: co sd vat chdt trudng ldp xudng cdp, 50% trudng ldp d dang cdp 3, cap [9], trang thiit bi phuc vu giang day vua thieu vua lac hau, sd lupng HS tang nhanh; tiin dp phd cap GD d vimg sdu, viing xa edn han chi; viee day nghi chua duac quan tdm diing muc de dap iing eho nhu eau cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Xa hdi cang phat trien thi nhu cau sinh hoat vd hudng thu cudc sdng cang eao, eho nen, thu nhap ciia nha giao mac dii dd 149 V kien trao doi dupe cdi thien nhung vin lac hdu so vdi su phdt triln kinh tl - xa hpi Ndm hoc 1996-1997 vdn cdn 1485 GV, CNV tiidi bd viec vdi nhieu li khdc nhau, dd cd 33% hoan canh khd khan [7] Nam 1993, Nghj quyit Trung uong (khda VII) ddi da chi dao cdng tac XHH GD mpt cdch cu the ban, kl din Nghj quyit Trung uong khda VIII (1996) tilp tyc khing dinh thyc hien theo tinh thin Nghj quyet Trung uong (khda VII): "Giii vai tro nong cot cua nhd tru&ng cong ldp di doi v&i da dgng hoa cdc logi hinh GD - ddo tgo, tren ca sa Nha nu&c thong nhdt qudn li, tie ndi dung chuang trinh, quy che hgc, thi cir, vdn bdng, tieu chudn GV, tgo ca hgi cho moi ngu&i CO the li/a chgn cdch hgc phii hgp v&i nhu cdu vd hodn cdnh cua minh Phdt trien cdc truong bdn cong, ddn lap & nhirng nai cd dieu kien, timg bu&c ma cdc tru&ng tu thuc & mot so bdc hgc nhu: mdm non, phd thong trung hgc (cdp 3), trung hgc chuyen nghiep, dgy nghe, dgi hgc M& rgng cdc hinh thirc ddo tgo khdng tap trung, ddo tgo tirxa, timg buoc hien dgi hoa hinh thirc GD " [7] Tiep thu tinh than chi dgo ciia Dang vd Nha nude, Thdnh dy TPHCM dd ban hanh chuangti-inhhanh dpng 05/CTr-TU ve thyc hien chien lupc phdt triln sy nghiep GD - Ddo tgo TP Theo do, ngan sach TP hang nam ddnh hang trdm ti ddng cho xdy dyng co bdn, nhung so vdi chi tieu de din nam 2000 (trong chuang trinh hdnh ddng ciia Thanh uy) thi mirc dp ddp iing cua ngdn sach ban chi Vi dy tinh tit 1997 - 2000, TP cin xay mdi 210 trudng hpc vdi 5500 150 SS 45 nam 2013 phdng hpc, bao gdm; 55 trudng mdm non (MN), 100 trudng tilu hpc (TH), 37 trudng tnmg hpc co sd (THCS), tiudng trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) vd iO trudng trung hpc nghi Do dd, binh qudn mdi nam (1997 - 2000) TP cin xdy 1375 phdng hpc mdi dap iing yeu ciu, ngdn sach ddnh cho GD cfii ddm bao 50-60% yeu cdu [7] Trude tinh hinh ndy, TP dd diy mgnh cdng tdc XHH GD nhdm vgn ddng ngudn lyc cua nhdn ddn Trong giai doan nay, cdng tac XHH GD d TP cd budc phdt trien mdi viec da dgng hda cac hinh thiic ddo tgo va trudng ldp 3.1 Ba dgng hda cdc hinh thiic tail tgo Da dang hda dupe hieu la cac don vj dao tao thudc he cdng lap khai thac co hieu qua ca sd vat chdt va dpi ngii lao dpng cua don vj minh de thyc hi?n cdng tdc ddo tao, nhdm ndng cao chat lupng va phdt trien ve sd lupng de dap iing nhu cdu hpc tap eho nhan dan, dong thdi ciing tgo dieu kien cho cae dan vj dao tao co tich luy de cdi tao co sd vat chat vd tang thu nhap cho GV, CB, CNV Tit dd, cac CO sd ddo tao cdng lap dd td chiic cac chucmg tritih ddo tao khac nhau, ehii ylu la cac nganh nghe ma xa hdi dang can (ngoai ngir, tin hpc, dien - dien tir, di^ Ignh, ke toan ) TPHCM, cdc CO sd dao tao cong Igp dd nhay ben viec thuc hi?n da dgng hda cac hinh thiic dao tao nhdm dap iing nhu ciu hpc tap ciia nhan ddn, nhu cdu lao ddng chuyen mdn cua sdn xuat, mac dil ngdn sdch Nha nude chua thi mo rdng vl quy md Ngodi ra, viec chu dpng Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM da dang hda ode hinh thiie dao tgo, edc don vj ddo tao cd dilu kien phat huy thi mgnh chuyen nganh cua minh 3.1.1 bdc hpc phd thdng, viec da dgng hda cac logi hinh ddo tgo Id cdng tac ddo tgo HS gidi, HS ndng khilu cac trudng chuyen ldp chpn theo chucmg trinh myc tieu md Bd Gido due vd Dao tgo (GD-DT) de [3], md he ban trd cho HS, dgy them ngogi ngO (Anh, Phdp) cho HS cip TH' Ben cgnh dd, mdt sd trudng cdn lien ket vdi cac trudng dai hpc de day ngogi ngii, tin hpc, ke toan, qudn li kinh te, bdi dudng van hda 3.1.2 He thdng cdc trudng nghe da keu gpi diu tu tir cac ngudn ngoai ngdn sdch cua Nhd nude de diu tu them trang thiet bj nhdm md r$ng quy md dao tgo vdi nhilu ngdnh nghi, hinh thurc dao tao khdc (ngdn hgn, ddi bgn, cip tdc), cd vdi ttung tdm day nghi cip TP da phat triln tit 4-5 nghi len 25 nghi khdc [7] 3.1.3 Ddi vdi cdc truimg dgi hpc, cau ding, trung hpe chuyen nghiep d TP, viec da dang hda cac hinh thiic ddo tgo la viec tdn dung CO sd vat chat vd dpi ngii GV cua trudng dl phdt triln them cdc chuyen ngdnh, nghS ddp tgo theo yeu cdu cua xa hdi; da dgng hda cac hinh thuc ddo tgo: ddo tao til xa, ngin hgn, boi dudng chuygn nganh, ndng cap chuySn mdn 3.1.4 Cae tnmg tam gido dye thudng xuySn (TTGDTX), trude day Id cac trudng bd tuc van hda (BTVH), vdi nhi?m vy chinh la xda mii chO: (XMC), phd cgp GD (PCGD) TH vd THCS eho jcac ddi tupng la CB, CNV Nhdm ddp ling nhu cdu hpc tap cho nhdn ddn, cdc TTGDTX dd phdt ttiln cdc tiimg Nguyen Gia Kiem tdm da chile nang: XMC, PCGD, BTVH, dao tgo bdi dudng tai chuc, van hda ngoai gid, dgy tin hpc, ngogi ngir, nghe phd thdng, nghe ngan hgn Ddc biet ve BTVH, nganh GD tiiudng xuyen da cd nhilu tien bd viec dao tao h? phd thdng cho cdc doi tupng Id HS, vl hoan cdnh muu sinh khdng cd dieu kien di hpc d cdc trudng phd thdng, cae ngudi Idn tudi mudn nang cao trinh dp van hda Cdc trung tam da boat ddng nhu cdc truimg phd thdng, trucmg nghe [3] 3.1.5 Du hpc va du hpc tai chd dupe bit diu tir nam 1995, kinh tl Viet Nam da bit ddu khdi sic, nhiing ngudi cd kinh tl khd gid hodc cd than nhan d nude ngoai dd cho di du hpc ty tuc Ddy Id tin hieu ddng mimg vi Nhd nude khdng phdi ddu tu ma igi cd dupe d^i ngQ tri thirc dupe dao tao d nude ngodi Du hpc cd nhilu hinh thiic: Du hpc trao ddi vdn hda: Day Id hinh thilc du hpc cac td chile GD qudc tl tuyIn chpn vd cdp hpc bdng (thuimg Id 50%) Hang ndm cd khoang vdi tram HS d TP dupe tuyen chpn Du hpc tai chd: La hinh thiic lien kit giira td chdc GD Vipt Nam va tiordng hpc nude ngodi HS, SV se dupe hpc chuang trinh cua trudng lien ket vd dupe trudng cip bdng; hodc cdc trudng nude ngodi ldp tgi ViSt Nam, chieu sinh HS, SV Viet Nam, phin giang vien todn bd ngudi nude ngoai, chuang trinh vd bing cip trucmg ben nude ngodi quy djnh Chucmg trinh lien kit dao tgo giiia td chile GD Vipt Nam vd trudng nude ngodi: nita thdi gian ddu SV se dupe ddo 151 SS 45 nam 2013 Y kien trao doi tgo nude, nOra thdi gian sau se sang nude ngoai hpc tiep de tdt nghiep 3.2 Ba dgng hda tru&ng l&p Trong viec thuc Men cdng tac XHH GD, xa hpi tham gia ciing Nha nude cdng tac dao tgo He thdng trudng ngoai cdng lap ddi gdp phin thuc day cho GD phat triln, lam nhe bdt gdnh nang ngan sach cua Nha nude ddnh cho GD 3.2.1 He B tru&ng thong cdng lap Trude ddi mdi GD, quy md GD chi cd he cdng lap Khi ngan sdch danh cho GD ban chi, ducmg phat trien cua GD nude nhd ldm vao khung hoang De gidi quyit vin de'ndy, nam 1988, Qudc hpi cho phep nganh GD thu mpt phdn hpc phi (nhung chi mang tinh tupng tnmg: 3kg ggo/thang vdi HS THCS, 4kg gao/thdng vdi HS THPT vd tiln co sd vat chit 15.000d/ndm vdi mdi HS) Ngudn hpc phi dupe thu chua the giup nganh GD vupt qua khimg hoang Trong hoan canh nay, TPHCM budc diu hgn chi sy bao cap cua Nha nude ITnh vuc ddo tao, tir nam hpc 1989-1990 trd di, Sd GD da cho phep cac trucmg THCS va THPT cdng lap md he B ciing trudng, hpc phi he B thudng gap 3, Ian he A Ddi tuang HS he B Id nhiing HS khdng cd hd khiu thudng tru tgi TP, HS trai tuyen Viec hinh he B duoc xd hdi ddng tinh, todn TP da cd 31.371 HS (chilm 17,6% tdng sd HS THCS va THPT Rieng Quan 10 da danh rieng Trudng Phd thdng Ca sd Dien Hdng dl nhdn HS he B) nam 1988 [7] 3.2.2 Truong bdn cong Trong qua trinh hoat dpng, he B trudng cdng lap chua dap img dupe yeu ciu phdt trien GD cua TP \» sd lupng HS ngdy cdng tang nhan dan cdc noi din TP lao ddng, lap nghiep cang nhilu, ddng thoi phdt sinh mdt sd hgn che (cd su phdn biet HS he A va B ciing mpt trudng, viec quan li thu chi ) Thuc hien chii trucmg da dgng hda trudng Idp, TP da di diu (so vdi cd nude) viec hinh thdnh trudng bdn cdng Tir chu truong cua TP, cdc quan, huyen chpn mot sd trudng cd co sd vat chit xudng cip (ngan sdch Nha nude chua thi cdi tao dupe), d nhiing khu dan cu ddng de cho cac td chiic nghi nghiep, td chiic xd hdi cai tgo co sd vat chdt, hinh trudng ban cdng Nam hpc 1989-1990, Qugn 10 va qudn Tan Binh Id hai don vj di dau viee md trudng ban cdng vdi hai trucmg d cdp phd thdng ca sd la: Trucmg THCS Suang Nguyet Anh (Quan 10), Trudng THCS Tan Binh (qudn Tan Binh) Sau dd, nganh GD da cho chuyen mdt so trucmg cdng lap sang bdn cdng d cap THCS va THPT Giai dogn 2000-2005, sd luong trucmg ban cdng dupe thdng ke nhu sau (xem bdng 1): Bdng Sd luang tru&ng bdn cong a TP Nam 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 Sd trudng 15 30 44 49 2004-2005 54 yNgu6n:,£] Tgp chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Bdng cho thay viec hinh thdnh midng ban cdng dupe nhdn ddn TP ddng tinh nen tir trudng ndm 1989-1990 da tdng len 54 trudng (cd cip THCS vd PTTH) nam hpc 2004-2005 Trudng bdn cdng ddi da phdn ndo dap ung dupe yeu cdu ve chat lupng giang day, nhd ca che tu chu (td chile, tdi chinh, chuong trinh dupe linh boat hon) nen cd dieu kien tgp trung viec nang cao chat lupng dgy vd hpc, ddng thdi giam dp lyc qua tdi HS cho he cdng Idp Ndm 2006, Uy ban nhdn ddn TPHCM ban hdnh Quyit djnh sd 54/2006/QD-UBND (10-4-2006) vl viee chuyin ddi trudng ban cdng sang trudng cdng lap, vdi co chi hogt d^ng tu chii theo N ^ i djnh 43/2006/ND-CP 3.2.3 Tru&ng ddn lap Sd lupng HS ngdy cdng ddng id khd khdn Idn nhat cua nganh GD TP Kinh te TP dgt dupe nhirng tien bd nhat djnh, ngan sdch TP ddnh cho GD eiing tang (thudng til 20% din 25% tdng ngdn sach cua TP) nhung chu yeu dimg dl chi tra luong cho gido vi6n (GV), can bd (CB), cdng nhan vien (CNV) nganh (thudng chilm khoang 80%) [7] Trong Nguyen Gia Kilm dd, de dap img nhu cdu hpc tap cho nhdn dan TP, ngdnh GD phdi phat trien mgng ludi trudng ldp, diu tu trang thilt bj phyc vy cho dgy va hpc (nam hpc 1999-2000, dan sd TP la 5.096.487, binh qudn cd 21,74% ddn sd dang theo hpc d cac trucmg ngdnh GD TP qudn Ii, sd lupng HS tang nhieu d bgc MN vd THPT) (xem bdng 2) Ndm 1997, TP chu truong dgt phd cdp THCS, dd can phdi md rOng quy md trudng Idp Trong hodn canh nay, viec ddi cua cdc trudng phd thdng ngodi cdng Igp thyc sy da giiip ngdnh GD gidi bai toan khd giira hai vin de: kha nang va nhiem vy Vdi chil truong XHH GD, cdc td chiic xa hpi da thdnh lap cae trudng hpc tham gia vdo cdng tdc ddo tgo phd thdng, dgy nghi Tuy nhien, giai doan 19861996, viec da dang hda cac loai hinh trudng Idp, ngodi logi hinh trudng bdn cdng, he B trudng cdng ldp (cd tir nam 1989) thi cdc trudng dan lap chua cd dilu kien phdt triln chua cd hudng ddn ey thi vl da dgng hda cac logi hinh trudng vd tdm li phy huynh HS chua mdn md lim vdi he trudng dan lap Bdng Tmh hinh HS & TP Nam hpc 1996-1997 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 ' MN 153.675 169.440 199.263 270.841 Bang cho thdy sd lupng HS tdng hdng ndm, nhilu nhit Id d bgc hpc MN vd THPT tinh frgng ddn nhgp cu vdo TP Do dd, sy dcri cua cdc trudng ngoai Bac hoc THCS THPT TH 92837 406.559 290.873 423.502 299.571 137.123 411.389 312.278 158.329 472.131 307.738 179.884 Ngudn: [7] cdng ldp la xu thi tit ylu ciia qud trinh ddi mdi GD Tir 1986 din 1996, TP chi cd trucmg phd thdng ngodi cdng ldp Tit nam 1996 h-d di, he thdng cdc trudng 153 SS 45 nam 2013 Y kien trao doi trucmg cdng lap chua the dap img dupe ngoai cdng Igp bit ddu phat ti-iSn manh [9] tren ca sd cac ylu td sau: Sy ddi ciia Tit trucmg dan lap giai doan Nghj quyit Trung uong (khda VII) rdi 1991-1996, den nam hpc 1996-1997 da Nghj quyit Trung uong (khda VIII) cd 10 trudng, nam hpc 1997-1998 cd din khuyin khich cac td chirc ca nhdn dau tu 47 hirdng (tdng them 37 trudng) Tuy vdo viec xay dung trudng TP, he Nhd nude khuyin khich viee lap thdng trucmg edng Igp da qua tdi (nam cdc tnrdng ngoai cdng lap, ifliung he hpc 1997-1998 cd 1.236.467 HS cdc bac thdng trudng cdng lap vdn phai giii vai hpc, tdng 45.701 HS so vdi ndm hpc ti-d chii dgo vdi vite tilp nhgn sd lupng 1996-1997, ri6ng HS THCS va THPT HS phd thdng Vi vay, sd lupng HS cdng tang 14.000 HS; dd, TP chi dau lap va bdn cdng vdn chenh lech nhilu tu them 400 phdng hpc cho cac bac hpc) (xem bdng 3) Ngoai ra, nhu ciu hpc ban tnl vd npi trii ciia HS ciing tang hp thdng Bdng So luang HS cong lap vd ngodi cong lap ndm hgc 1997-1998 So HS nam hpc 1997-1998 THPT THCS 55.723 224.962 47.808 59.794 5.116 5.777 108.647 290.533 Hf truxmg Cdng lap Bdn cdng Dan lap COng Do hpc phi cao vd kien cua xa hpi vdi trudng tu (dan Igp), nen lupng HS ddn lap vin cdn Id sd khiem tdn He thdng trudng dan Igp phdt trien nhanh nhung cimg ed mpt sd trucmg phdi giai the hogt ddng khdng hieu qud (sd lupng HS it khdng dii chi phi hogt dpng) Ngdy 18-4-2005, Chmh phu Nghj quyit sd 05/2005/NQ-CP vl diy manh XHH cac boat dpng GD, y tl, van hda vd thi dye thi thao Trong dd cd kl C6ng % so vdi tong s6) \ 280.685 (70,3%) *! 107.602(27%) 10.893(2,7%) ''y 399.180 Nguon: [7] hoach phdn ludng HS giQa he cdng lap va ngoai cdng lap nhu sau: Nhd tre ngoai cdng lap chilm 80% tdng sd tre; miu giao ngoai cdng Igp chilm 70% bac phd thdng thi chu uuong nam 2010 dgt ti le binh qudn ca nude d bdc TH ngoai cdng lap Id 1%, THCS ngoai cdng lap 3,5% va THPT ngoai cdng lap 40% Bang Ti le HS ngodi cong lap so v&i tdng so HS a TPHCM Nam 2004 - 2005 2006 - 2007 154 Nha tre 49,2% 57,6% Mau gido 37,6% 43,4% TH 2,4% 4,1% THCS 18,0% 12,9% THPT 48,2% 44,3% THCN 29,5%'i 38,4% Ngudn: [9f Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bang the hien sy chenh lech kha ro vl sd lupng HS giiia cac bdc hpc eiia he trucmg cdng lap vd ngoai cdng lap Dilu ndy cd thi li gidi nhu sau: Nhd tre vd mdu giao cua he thdng midng ddn lap vdi co chi thoang (khdng phdn biet thudng tni vd tam tru, thdi gian tilp nhgn tre linh boat ) nen cd sd lupng tre ddng hon cap TH, h^ thong trudng cdng lap phai dam bao tilp nhdn 100% HS dp tudi nSn sd lupng HS ngodi cdng lap chiSm ti le thdp hon Tir 1997-2003, TP phin diu hodn Nguyen Gia Kiem phd cap THCS (vdo nam 2003) nen h$ thdng trudng cdng lap phdi dam bdo tilp nhgn hiu hit cdc HS Prong dp tudi (cdn HS ddn lap chu ylu tit cdc tinh vao TP hpc tap) Ngodi ra, he thdng trucmg ddn lap hdu het cd che dp ban tni vd ndi tnl nen thu hut HS thudc edc gia dinh khdng cd dieu kien dua ddn cip THPT, he thdng trucmg cdng Idp chi tilp nhgn khodng 60% HS da tdt nghiSp THCS vao ldp 10 Ve sd luang trudng ngoai cdng ldp, thdng ke giai dogn 2004-2010 nhu sau (xem bang 5): Bdng Cdc tru&ng ngodi cong lap Nam 2004 - 2005 2005 - 2006 2007 - 2008 2009 - 2010 TH 23 30 35 Bdng cho thdy, sd lupng trudng TH tdng kha nhanh, chd ylu cac trudng c6 ylu td nude ngodi (h| thong trudng qu6c tl), thu hdt bO phdn cu ddn cd thu nh|p cao Tir cd kl hogch phdn lu6ng HS cua Bd Gido dye vd Ddo tao (Quyit djnh sd 05/2005/NQ-CP), cac tiirdng ddn Igp THPT cd dilu kien tilp nhdn HS nen phdt trien diu Trong he thdng trudng ngoai cdng ldp, cd nhirng trudng da khdng djnh dupe hudng phat trien Nhiing ndm gdn day, tiong s6 10 trudng d TP cd ti le dd hi tai 100% thi cd din 2/3 la trucmg ngoai cdng l$p, sd HS tning tuyIn vao dgi hpc, cao (ling cOng rit cao' 3.2.4 Hf thdng tru&ng nghi THCS 4 THPT 32 33 40 60 Nguon: [7j Viet Nam da cd nhiing tien bd nhdt djnh ve mpi mat, nen kinh te ngdy cdng phat triln, qud trinh h$i nhdp qu6c tl cdng sdu, diu tu nude ngodi vdo Viet Nam ngdy cdng nhilu Dilu ndy ddn din CO ciu ngdnh nghi eiing chuyin djch, mdt sd ngdnh nghi truyln thdng mai mdt din (nganh nghi thu cdng don gidn) nhudng chd cho nhiing nganh nghi mdi (thdi trang, tin hpe, qudng cdo, van hdnh thilt hi may ) ddp ilng cho nhu ciu phdt tri6n TPHCM cd mile tdng trudng kmh tl cao ndn nhu ciu vl nguon lao ddng cao, ddi hdi phdi dupe ddp iing luc he tiidng ddo tao nghi cdng ldp chua till thich img kjp Phdt tiiln XHH 155 Y kien trao doi dgy nghi la chu truong kjp thdi dl tao ngudn cung lao dpng cho nhu cdu phat trien; qua dd, he thdng dgy nghe ngoai cdng lap cd dieu kien phdt trien da dang Cac CO sd day nghi, tiudng nghi, cac TTGDTX, cdc trudng tnmg cdp chuyen nghiep, eao dang, dai hpc, cdng ti, xi nghiep cung tham gia cdng tac dgy nghe XHH ddo tgo nghe d TP cd chuyen ddng nhung chua dupe nhu mong mudn ca ve sd lupng trudng nghe, Ian sd lupng hpc vien vd chat luong ddo tao Nam 2005, todn TP cd 281 co sd dgy nghe (chua ke cae eo sd dgy nghe khdng dang ki, cac co sd truyln nghi), cd 14 trudng day nghe ngoai cdng lap, 204 CO sd dgy nghi ngdn ban d TP, nam 2004, tdng ngudn luc tai chinh cho dgy nghe Id 440 ti ddng; dd, sd ngoai ngdn sach la 252 ti ddng (57,2%) Day la tin hieu tich eye cho viec ddo tao nghi ciiaTP [3] 3.2.5 Cdc tru&ng co von ddu tu nuac ngodi 100% TPHCM Id n oi cd nhiieu try sd cua td chile va co quan Dgpai giao nude ngoai; dd, nhu ciu Irudng hpc cho cua ngudi nude ngoai Id cin tiiilt Ban diu chi la mdt sd trudng ddnh cho cae CB nhan vien sil qudn Khi nhdn thiy nhu cau ngdy edng cao, cdc nhd diu tu nude va nude ngodi da diu tu xay dung tiTtdng tit nha tre din dgi hpc de ddp ting nhu ciu hpc tap cho mdt bd phan ngudi nude ngoai d TP (sau nay, cac gia dinh Vipt Nam cd dilu kien kinh te cung cho theo hpc) Logi hinh trudng cd vdn diu tu nude ngodi, ben canh ca sd vat chit tdt 156 SS 45 nam 2013 cdn dem din nhiing phuang phdp GD Men dai cimg vdi phuong thurc quan li trudng ldp hieu qua, tgo dieu kien cho GD nude nha nit ngdn dupe thdi gian hoi nhdp Ket lu^n Viec da dang hda trudng ldp Id xu thi chung GD Men dai? He thong trucmg ngoai cdng lap d bgc phd thdng mang tinh cgnh tranh vdi Nha nude chii khdng phdi nhim chia se nhiem vy vdi he cdng lap Gidm tilp nhan HS bdc THPT vao he cdng Igp la chat them gdnh nang cho ngudi ddn Viec ban che ddu tu md rpng quy md cho ngdnh hpc nhd tre va MN cung da dnh hudng den cudc song ciia mdt bd phan khdng nhd nhan dan lao ddng XHH GD, dd viec da dang hda cdc logi hinh ddo tao vd trudng ldp la yeu ciu tit ylu eua ddi mdi GD, phii hpp vdi xu the phdt tiien GD chung ciia the gidi Xay dyng xa hdi hpc tgp dang tro thdnh tieu chi chung ciia GD hien dai, dd cdc vien cd the vira id thay va cung cd the vira la trd Da dgng hoa cdc hinh thilc ddo tao va trudng Idp budc hit Id dap ilng kjp thdi cho nhu ciu hjc tap ngdy cdng da dgng ciia nhdn dan, tao CO hpi cho ngudi dan dupe tham gia vao cdc hoat ddng GD, ddng thdi ngudi dan ciing dupe quyin lira chpn dja chi ddo tao phil hpp nhit Tuy nhien, cac trudng nen tiiy theo dae dilm ciia minh (chuye| ngdnh ddo tao cua truimg) ma chiSu sinn dl dat hieu qud cao va tao dupe t6n tu6i cho tiTTong, khdng nen chay tiieo loi nhudn dl ddo tgo da nganh nhung kem chat luang Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Gia Kiim ' Nhung tkn nSm 20t) 1-2002, BO GD v4 Dao tao khuyin cSo Idiong nin 16 chiic trirong chuyin ldp chp bJcTHCS [7] 'THPT Nguyin Khuyin, Truong VTnh Ky, Thanh Binh c6 ti 1? HS trung tuyIn cao ding - dai hpcffen80 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bp Chinh trj (1979), Nghi quyit 14/NQ-TW ngdy 11-01-1979 vi cdi cdch gido due Bp Giao dye vd Ddo tgo (2005), Bdo cdo triin khai cong tdc xd hgi hoa ngdnh gido due Ha Npi Bp Gido due vd Dao tao (2007), Bdo cdo tdm tdi tinh hinh giai dogn (2001-2005) , chiin luge phdt trien gido due 2001-2010, Ha Npi Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh vd Xa hpi (2005), Bi dn phdt triin xd hgi hda dgy nghi den ndm 2010, Ha Npi Cue Thing ke TPHCM (1997-2007), Nien gidm thing ke tir 1997 den 2007, Nxb Thdng k8 Ddng Cdng sdn Viit Nam (1993), Vdn kien hgi nghi Idn thd tu Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong khda Vll, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Npi Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam (1997), Vdn kien hgi nghi Idn thir Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong khoa Vlll, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia Ha Npi Sd Gido dye vd Ddo tao TPHCM (1996-2010), Cdc bdo cdo tdng kit ndm hoc 19962010 Sd Giao due va Ddo tgo TPHCM (2001), Phdt triin gido due phd thong Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh den ndm 2010 vd nhirng chi lieu thuc Men ndm 2001-2010 10 Uy ban nhdn dan TPHCM (2002), Hgi thdo ve eg che, chinh sdch vd gidi phdp huy dgng, khai thdc cdc ngudn vdn xd hdi de ddu tu phdt trien co s& hg tdng gido due ddo tgo U Vi^n Khoa hpc Giao due (1999), Xd hgi hda cong tdc gido due, nhgn thiec vd hdnh dgng, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia (Ngiy T6a sogn nhin dugc bii: 17-S-2012: ngiy piiin bi$n dinh gii: 02-7-2012: ngiy chip nh$n ding: 31-10-2012) 15? ... viec da dgng hda cac hinh thiic ddo tgo va trudng ldp 3.1 Ba dgng hda cdc hinh thiic tail tgo Da dang hda dupe hieu la cac don vj dao tao thudc he cdng lap khai thac co hieu qua ca sd vat chdt va. .. Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM da dang hda ode hinh thiie dao tgo, edc don vj ddo tao cd dilu kien phat huy thi mgnh chuyen nganh cua minh 3.1.1 bdc hpc phd thdng, viec da dgng hda cac logi hinh ddo... dien - dien tir, di^ Ignh, ke toan ) TPHCM, cdc CO sd dao tao cong Igp dd nhay ben viec thuc hi?n da dgng hda cac hinh thiic dao tao nhdm dap iing nhu ciu hpc tap ciia nhan ddn, nhu cdu lao ddng