This page intentionally left blank NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD New Delhi · Bangalore · Chennai · Cochin · Guwahati · Hyderabad Jalandhar · Kolkata · Lucknow · Mumbai · Ranchi Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com Copyright © 2006 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN : 978-81-224-2418-8 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com Preface The education system of India has covered a long distance from gurukul system to British Empire During this period it has faced so many social problems and it has tried to save their own traditions and social system for the new generation as we are feeling now and observing their qualities to develop our country, as we want But we should not forget that present tradition system of education has their own qualities due to these qualities and principles it has covered a long distance of his development, now it is a part of the history Here is a question that if we have our own history of education and research than why we are carrying the British education system and research since independence? It is a very mere question and we have to facing a lot of problems almost in every walk of life to find its answer An Indian citizen can simply answer that the field of education and research has also been pol1uted with those significant problems, which are carrying by the Indian Education System and research since 1947 India has got the British system of Education having its own structure and functions in heritage and a concerted effort has been made since, then to utilize that heritage in order to achieve comparable results by democratic means; though we pledged in 1950 on the 26th day of January We, the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute into a sovereign democratic republic and to secure to all citizens; justice-social, economic and political liberty of thoughts, of status and opportunity and to promote among them all, fraternity assuring dignity of the individual and the unity of Nation; in our constituent assembly hereby adopt, exact and give to ourselves this constitution Could we fulfill this pledge to this date? The answer is very big no Neither we could maintain our democratic ideals nor could we achieve justice, fraternity and liberty Even we failed to unite our nation–mentally, and physically, both After analyzing the various factors we come to the conclusion that it is all due to our faulty system of education and their wrong objectives directed by the our old educationist To help our county and society and also to achieve the desired goal of life, we should understand and to create awareness about the research of our social system The goal of life is to get good and effective research based education for which we have need good and effective education system The present volume is a humble effort to present the research problems of social sciences through their past history, as author has perceived (vi) Almost every social research aspect of social sciences and their problems are covered in this book The problems can be solved only if there are a large number of idealistic education and research workers devoted to the cause The author will be highly thankful if you will send your valuable suggestion to up-grade the chapters of this book Y.K Singh Content Chapter–1: Chapter–2: Chapter–3: Chapter–4: Chapter–5: Chapter–6: Chapter–7: Chapter–8: Chapter–9: Chapter–10: Chapter–11: Chapter–12: Chapter–13: Chapter–14: Chapter–15: Chapter–16: Chapter–17: Chapter–18: Chapter–19: Chapter–20: Chapter–21: Preface (v) Perception of Research Assortment of a Problem 20 Appraise of Related Literature 35 Foundation of Hypothesis 54 Research Planning and Sampling 77 Survey Method 99 Historical Method 112 Philosophical Method 122 Experimental Method 134 Case Study Method 147 Genetic Method 161 Design of Experiments 170 Tools of Research 191 Collection of Data 212 Analysis of Data 222 Research Report 243 Action Research 261 Organisation of Statistical Data 271 Measures of Central Tendency 286 Measures of Variability 296 Correlation 304 Bibliography 311 This page intentionally left blank Chapter Perception of Research Research has moved during this century from the periphery to the centre of our social and economic life What is the nature of this force? Why it is getting momentum? Most of us recognize that the progress which has been made in our society has been largely the result of research, we not have an exact definition of the term Most of us have a vague idea of what is involved but our concept of research generally is too much oriented toward experimentation as conducted in the social sciences MEANING OF RESEARCH Research simply seeks the answer of certain questions which have not been answered so far and the answers depend upon human efforts It may be illustrated by taking an example of the moon Some years ago man did not know what exactly the moon is? Was this problem which had no solution? Man could only make some assumptions about it but the man now this time by his efforts, he went to the moon brought the soil of the moon and studied it The man is now able to give concrete answer of the problem what is the moon? But the question arises, “Is the answer of the question in examination also research”? The answer is ‘no’, because the answers of these questions are available They are available in text-books, class-notes etc Research answers only those questions of which the answers are not available in literature i.e., in human knowledge Thus, we can say research seeks the answer only of those questions of which the answers can be given on the basis of available facilities Actually research is simply the process of arriving as dependable solution to a problem through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data Research is the most important process for advancing knowledge for promoting progress and to enable man to relate more effectively to his environment to accomplish his purpose and to resolve his conflicts Although it is not the only way, it is one of the more effective ways of solving scientific problems From the beginning of time man has noted certain irregularities among the phenomena and events of his experiences and has attempted to devise laws and principles which express these regularities These laws and principles are of course not without expectation, any law is valid only under the conditions under which it was derived Even though objects tend to fall, they have been known to rise when other forces are active, but this does not deny the general principle of gravity Research is devoted to find the conditions under which a certain phenomenon occurs and the conditions under which it does not occur in what might appear to be similar circumstances Our culture puts such a premium on science that the terms science and scientific are frequently misused Research is also frequently in contexts where little research in the true sense of the world is actually done A person no longer looks up a word in dictionary or a historical fact in the encyclopaedia he researches it Many agencies claiming to research are engaged in nothing more than fact-findings ... Basis of Objectives of Research On the basis of objectives of research they are of two types: Fundamental research and Action research B On the Basis of Approach of Research On the basis of approach... steps of research are drawn from reflective thinking The following are the six steps of research: Selection of the problem Formulation of hypotheses Perception of Research 11 Design of research. .. examples of cross sectional research C On the Basis of Precision in Research Findings On the basis of precision (accuracy) the researches are: Experimental research and Perception of Research