An Overview of Financial Management Forms of Business Organization Balancing Shareholder Value and Society Interests Intrinsic Values, Stock Prices, and Managerial Incentives Important Business Trends Conflicts Between Managers, Stockholders, and Bondholders Financial Markets and Institutions Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes Analysis of Financial Statements Bonds and Their Valuation The Basics of Capital Budgeting Cash Flow Estimation and Risk Analysis Real Options and Other Topics in Capital Budgeting Time Value of Money Risk and Rates of Return The Cost of Capital Stocks and Their Valuation Mergers and Divestitures Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Leasing, Warrants, and Convertibles Derivatives and Risk Management Financial Planning and Forecasting Multinational Financial Management Working Capital Management
Chapter Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes Key Financial Statements Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Stockholders’ Equity Free Cash Flow Federal Tax System 3-1 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part The Annual Report • • • • Balance sheet – provides a snapshot of a firm’s financial position at one point in time Income statement – summarizes a firm’s revenues and expenses over a given period of time Statement of cash flows – reports the impact of a firm’s activities on cash flows over a given period of time Statement of stockholders’ equity – shows how much of the firm’s earnings were retained, rather than paid out as dividends 3-2 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Overview of D’Leon Inc • Snack food company that underwent major expansion in 2011 • So far, expansion results have been unsatisfactory • Board of Directors has ordered that changes must be made! – Company’s cash position is weak – Suppliers are being paid late – Bank has threatened to cut off credit 3-3 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Balance Sheet: Assets Cash A/R Inventories Total CA Gross FA Less: Dep Net FA Total Assets 2012 7,282 632,160 1,287,360 1,926,802 1,202,950 263,160 939,790 2,866,592 2011 57,600 351,200 715,200 1,124,000 491,000 146,200 344,800 1,468,800 3-4 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Equity Accts payable Notes payable Accruals Total CL Long-term debt Common stock Retained earnings Total Equity Total L & E 2012 524,160 636,808 489,600 1,650,568 723,432 460,000 32,592 492,592 2,866,592 2011 145,600 200,000 136,000 481,600 323,432 460,000 203,768 663,768 1,468,800 3-5 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Income Statement Sales COGS Other expenses Total oper costs excl deprec & amort Depreciation and amortization EBIT Interest expense EBT Taxes Net income 2012 $6,034,000 5,528,000 519,988 2011 $3,432,000 2,864,000 358,672 $6,047,988 116,960 ($ 130,948) 136,012 ($ 266,960) (106,784) ($ 160,176) $3,222,672 18,900 $ 190,428 43,828 $ 146,600 58,640 $ 87,960 3-6 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Other Data 2012 2011 No of shares 100,000 100,000 EPS -$1.602 $0.88 DPS $0.11 $0.22 Stock price $2.25 $8.50 Lease pmts $40,000 $40,000 3-7 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (2012) Balances, 12/31/11 2012 Net income Cash dividends Addition (subtraction) to retained earnings Balances, 12/31/12 Total Common Stock Retained Stockholders’ Shares Amount Earnings Equity 100,000 $460,000 $203,768 $663,768 (160,176) (11,000) 100,000 $460,000 $ 32,592 (171,176) $492,592 3-8 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Statement of Cash Flows (2012) Operating Activities Net income Depreciation and amortization Increase in accounts payable Increase in accruals Increase in accounts receivable Increase in inventories Net cash provided by operating activities ($160,176) 116,960 378,560 353,600 (280,960) (572,160) ($164,176) 3-9 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Statement of Cash Flows (2012) Long-Term Investing Activities Additions to property, plant, & equipment Net cash used in investing activities Financing Activities Increase in notes payable Increase in long-term debt Payment of cash dividends Net cash provided by financing activities Summary Net decrease in cash Cash at beginning of year Cash at end of year ($ 711,950) ($ 711,950) $ 436,808 400,000 (11,000 ) $ 825,808 ($ 50,318) 57,600 $ 7,282 3-10 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Performance Measures for Evaluating Managers • • Accounting statements insufficient for evaluating managers’ performance because they not reflect market values Performance Measures MVA = market value and Difference between book value of a firm’s common equity P0 x Number of shares – Book value EVA = true economic EBIT(1 – T) – Estimate of a business’ Investor-supplied Cost of xa given year profit for capital capital 3-16 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What was D’Leon’s MVA in 2012 and 2011? MVA12 = ($2.25 x 100,000) – $492,592 = -$267,592 MVA11 = ($8.50 x 100,000) – $663,768 = $186,232 Shareholder wealth has been destroyed! 3-17 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What is the relationship between EVA and MVA? • If EVA is positive, then AT operating income > cost of capital needed to produce that income • Positive EVA on annual basis helps to ensure MVA is positive • MVA is applicable to entire firm, while EVA can be calculated on a divisional basis as well 3-18 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Does D’Leon pay its suppliers on time? • • Probably not • If this continues, suppliers may cut off D’Leon’s trade credit A/P increased 260%, over the past year, while sales increased by only 76% 3-19 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Does it appear that D’Leon’s sales price exceeds its cost per unit sold? • NO, the negative after-tax operating income and decline in cash position shows that D’Leon is spending more on its operations than it is taking in 3-20 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What if D’Leon’s sales manager decided to offer 60-day credit terms to customers, rather than 30-day credit terms? • • If competitors match terms, and sales remain constant – A/R would – Cash would If competitors don’t match, and sales double – Short-run: Inventory and fixed assets to meet increased sales A/R , Cash Company may have to seek additional financing – Long-run: Collections increase and the company’s cash position would improve 3-21 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part How did D’Leon finance its expansion? • • D’Leon financed its expansion with external capital D’Leon issued long-term debt which reduced its financial strength and flexibility 3-22 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Would D’Leon have required external capital if they had broken even in 2012 (Net income = 0)? • YES, the company would still have to finance its increase in assets Looking to the Statement of Cash Flows, we see that the firm made an investment of $711,950 in net fixed assets Therefore, they would have needed to raise additional funds 3-23 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What happens if D’Leon depreciates fixed assets over years (as opposed to the current 10 years)? • • • • • No effect on physical assets Fixed assets on the balance sheet would decline Net income would decline Tax payments would decline Cash position would improve 3-24 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Federal Income Tax System • • Individual Taxes Corporate Taxes 3-25 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Corporate and Personal Taxes • Both have a progressive structure (the higher the income, the higher the marginal tax rate) • Corporations – Rates begin at 15% and rise to 35% for corporations with income over $10 million, although corporations with income between $15 million and $18.33 million pay a marginal tax rate of 38% – Also subject to state tax (around 5%) 3-26 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Corporate and Personal Taxes • Individuals – Rates begin at 10% and rise to 35% for individuals with income over $373,650 – May be subject to state tax 3-27 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Tax Treatment of Various Uses and Sources of Funds • Interest paid: tax deductible for corporations (paid out of pre-tax income), but usually not for individuals (interest on home loans being the exception) • Interest earned: usually fully taxable (an exception being interest from a “muni”) • Dividends paid: paid out of after-tax income 3-28 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Tax Treatment of Various Uses and Sources of Funds • Dividends received: most investors pay 15% taxes through 2012 The rate is scheduled to rise after 2012 – Investors in the 10% or 15% tax bracket pay 0% on qualified dividends through 2012 – Dividends are paid out of net income which has already been taxed at the corporate level, this is a form of “double taxation” – A portion of dividends received by corporations is tax excludable, in order to avoid “triple taxation.” 3-29 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part More Tax Issues • • Tax Loss Carry-Back and Carry-Forward – since corporate incomes can fluctuate widely, the Tax Code allows firms to carry losses back to offset profits in previous years or forward to offset profits in the future Capital gains – defined as the profits from the sale of assets not normally transacted in the normal course of business, capital gains for individuals are generally taxed as ordinary income if held for a year or less, and at the capital gains rate if held for more than a year Corporations face somewhat different rules 3-30 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part