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An Overview of Financial Management Forms of Business Organization Balancing Shareholder Value and Society Interests Intrinsic Values, Stock Prices, and Managerial Incentives Important Business Trends Conflicts Between Managers, Stockholders, and Bondholders Financial Markets and Institutions Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes Analysis of Financial Statements Bonds and Their Valuation The Basics of Capital Budgeting Cash Flow Estimation and Risk Analysis Real Options and Other Topics in Capital Budgeting Time Value of Money Risk and Rates of Return The Cost of Capital Stocks and Their Valuation Mergers and Divestitures Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Leasing, Warrants, and Convertibles Derivatives and Risk Management Financial Planning and Forecasting Multinational Financial Management Working Capital Management
Chapter Stocks and Their Valuation Features of Common Stock Determining Common Stock Values Preferred Stock 9-1 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Facts about Common Stock • • • • • Represents ownership Ownership implies control Stockholders elect directors Directors elect management Management’s goal: Maximize the stock price 9-2 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Intrinsic Value and Stock Price • Outside investors, corporate insiders, and analysts use a variety of approaches to estimate a stock’s intrinsic value (P0) • In equilibrium we assume that a stock’s price equals its intrinsic value – Outsiders estimate intrinsic value to help determine which stocks are attractive to buy and/or sell – Stocks with a price below (above) its intrinsic value are undervalued (overvalued) 9-3 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Determinants of Intrinsic Value and Stock Prices Managerial Actions, the Economic Environment, Taxes, and the Political Climate “True” Risk “Perceived” Investor Cash Flows Stock’s Intrinsic Value “Perceived” Risk Stock’s Market Price Market Equilibrium: Intrinsic Value = Stock Price 9-4 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Different Approaches for Estimating the Intrinsic Value of a Common Stock • • • • Discounted dividend model Corporate valuation model P/E multiple approach EVA approach 9-5 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Discounted Dividend Model • Value of a stock is the present value of the future dividends expected to be generated by the stock Pˆ0 = D3 D1 D2 D∞ + + + + (1 + rs ) (1 + rs ) (1 + rs ) (1 + rs )∞ 9-6 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Constant Growth Stock • A stock whose dividends are expected to grow forever at a constant rate, g D1 = D0(1 + g)1 D2 = D0(1 + g)2 Dt = D0(1 + g)t • If g is constant, the discounted dividend formula converges to: ˆP0 = D0 (1 + g) = D1 rs − g rs − g 9-7 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Future Dividends and Their Present Values $ 0.25 D t = D0 (1 + g)t Dt PVD t = ( + r )t P0 = ∑ PVD t Years (t) 9-8 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What happens if g > rs? • If g > rs, the constant growth formula leads to a negative stock price, which does not make sense • The constant growth model can only be used if: – r > g – g is expected to be constant forever s 9-9 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Use the SML to Calculate the Required Rate of Return (rs) • If rRF = 7%, rM = 12%, and b = 1.2, what is the required rate of return on the firm’s stock? rs = rRF + (rM – rRF)b = 7% + (12% – 7%)1.2 = 13% 9-10 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Valuing Common Stock with Nonconstant Growth D0 = $2.00 rs = 13% g = 30% 2.301 2.647 3.045 46.114 ˆ0 54.107 = P g = 30% 2.600 g = 30% 3.380 Pˆ3 = g = 6% 4.394 4.658 4.658 = $66.54 0.13 − 0.06 9-17 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Find Expected Dividend and Capital Gains Yields During the First and Fourth Years • Dividend yield (first year) = $2.60/$54.11 = 4.81% • Capital gains yield (first year) = 13.00% – 4.81% = 8.19% • During nonconstant growth, dividend yield and capital gains yield are not constant, and capital gains yield ≠ g • After t = 3, the stock has constant growth and dividend yield = 7%, while capital gains yield = 6% 9-18 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Nonconstant Growth: What if g = 0% for years before long-run growth of 6%? D0 = $2.00 r = 13% s g = 0% g = 0% 2.00 g = 0% 2.00 g = 6% 2.00 2.12 1.77 1.57 1.39 20.99 ˆ0 25.72 = P Pˆ3 = 2.12 = $30.29 0.13 − 0.06 9-19 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Find Expected Dividend and Capital Gains Yields During the First and Fourth Years • Dividend yield (first year) = $2.00/$25.72 = 7.78% • Capital gains yield (first year) = 13.00% – 7.78% = 5.22% • After t = 3, the stock has constant growth and dividend yield = 7%, while capital gains yield = 6% 9-20 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part If the stock was expected to have negative growth (g = -6%), would anyone buy the stock, and what is its value? • Yes Even though the dividends are declining, the stock is still producing cash flows and therefore has positive value D (1 + g) D Pˆ0 = = rs − g rs − g $2.00 (0.94) $1.88 = = = $9.89 0.13 − (-0.06) 0.19 9-21 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Find Expected Annual Dividend and Capital Gains Yields • Capital gains yield = g = -6.00% • Dividend yield = 13.00% – (-6.00%) = 19.00% • Since the stock is experiencing constant growth, dividend yield and capital gains yield are constant Dividend yield is sufficiently large (19%) to offset negative capital gains 9-22 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Corporate Valuation Model • Also called the free cash flow method Suggests the value of the entire firm equals the present value of the firm’s free cash flows • Remember, free cash flow is the firm’s after-tax operating income less the net capital investment Depr and Capital FCF = EBIT(1 − T) + − + ∆ NOWC amortization expenditur es 9-23 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Applying the Corporate Valuation Model • Find the market value (MV) of the firm, by finding the PV of the firm’s future FCFs • Subtract MV of firm’s debt and preferred stock to get MV of common stock • Divide MV of common stock by the number of shares outstanding to get intrinsic stock price (value) 9-24 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Issues Regarding the Corporate Valuation Model • Often preferred to the discounted dividend model, especially when considering number of firms that don’t pay dividends or when dividends are hard to forecast • Similar to discounted dividend model, assumes at some point free cash flow will grow at a constant rate • Horizon value (HVN) represents value of firm at the point that growth becomes constant 9-25 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Use the Corporate Valuation Model to Find the Firm’s Intrinsic Value Given: Long-Run gFCF = 6% and WACC = 10% r = 10% -5 -4.545 8.264 15.026 398.197 416.942 10 20 g = 6% 21.20 21.20 530 = = HV3 0.10 − 0.06 9-26 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part What is the firm’s intrinsic value per share? The firm has $40 million total in debt and preferred stock and has 10 million shares of common stock MV of equity = MV of firm − MV of debt and preferred = $416.94 − $40 = $376.94 million Value per share = MV of equity/# of shares = $376.94 /10 = $37.69 9-27 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Firm Multiples Method • Analysts often use the following multiples to value stocks – P/E – P/CF – P/Sales • EXAMPLE: Based on comparable firms, estimate the appropriate P/E Multiply this by expected earnings to back out an estimate of the stock price 9-28 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part EVA Approach EVA = Equity capital(ROE – Cost of equity) MVEquity = BVEquity + PV of all future EVAs Value per share = MVEquity/# of shares 9-29 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Preferred Stock • • Hybrid security • However, companies can omit preferred dividend payments without fear of pushing the firm into bankruptcy Like bonds, preferred stockholders receive a fixed dividend that must be paid before dividends are paid to common stockholders 9-30 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part If preferred stock with an annual dividend of $5 sells for $50, what is the preferred stock’s expected return? D Vp = rp $5 $50 = rp $5 $50 = 0.10 = 10% rˆp = 9-31 © 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part