Part 1 book “Handbook of research on computerized occlusal analysis technology applications in dental medicine” has contents: Evolution of the T-Scan technology, the T-scan 8 system, clinical use technologies that complement the T-scan system in daily dental practice, occlusal trauma and computerized occlusal analysis.
Handbook of Research on Computerized Occlusal Analysis Technology Applications in Dental Medicine Robert B Kerstein, DMD Former clinical professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA A volume in the Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice (AMTCP) Book Series Managing Director: Acquisitions Editor: Production Editor: Development Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Lindsay Johnston Kayla Wolfe Christina Henning Erin O’Dea Michael Brehm Jason Mull Published in the United States of America by Medical Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2015 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of Research on Computerized Occlusal Analysis Technology Applications in Dental Medicine / Robert Kerstein, editor p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4666-6587-3 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4666-6588-0 (ebook) ISBN 978-1-4666-6590-3 (print & perpetual access) I Kerstein, Robert B., editor [DNLM: Malocclusion diagnosis Dental Occlusion Dental Stress Analysis instrumentation Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods Jaw Relation Record instrumentation Malocclusion radiography WU 440] RK523 617.6’43075 dc23 2014029153 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice (AMTCP) (ISSN: 2327-9354; eISSN: 2327-9370) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. 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be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com Handbook of Research on Computerized Occlusal Analysis Technology Applications in Dental Medicine Robert B Kerstein, DMD (Former clinical professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2015 • 1093pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466665873) • US $475.00 (our price) Enhancing the Human Experience through Assistive Technologies and E-Accessibility Christos Kouroupetroglou (Caretta-Net Technologies, Greece) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 345pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466661301) • US $265.00 (our price) Applications, Challenges, and Advancements in Electromyography Signal Processing Ganesh R Naik (University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 404pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466660908) • US $235.00 (our price) Innovative Technologies to Benefit Children on the Autism Spectrum Nava R Silton (Marymount Manhattan College, USA) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 343pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466657922) • US $195.00 (our price) Assistive Technology Research, Practice, and Theory Boaventura DaCosta (Solers Research Group, USA) and Soonhwa Seok (Korea University, South Korea) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 342pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466650152) • US $200.00 (our price) Assistive Technologies and Computer Access for Motor Disabilities Georgios Kouroupetroglou (University of Athens, Greece) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 433pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466644380) • US $200.00 (our price) Disability Informatics and Web Accessibility for Motor Limitations Georgios Kouroupetroglou (University of Athens, Greece) Medical Information Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 443pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466644427) • US $200.00 (our price) 701 E Chocolate Ave., Hershey, PA 17033 Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 x100 To place a standing order for titles released in this series, contact: cust@igi-global.com Mon-Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661 Editorial Advisory Board Ray Becker, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, USA Julia Cohen-Levy, Paris University, France Tom Coleman, SUNY at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, USA Sushil Koirala, Mysore University, India & National Dental Hospital Complex, Nepal & Vedic Institute of Smile Aesthetics (VISA), Nepal & Thammasat University, Thailand Bernd Koos, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Sarah Qadeer, Thammasat University, Thailand John Radke, BioResearch Associates, Inc., USA Roger Solow, University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, USA List of Reviewers Nick Yiannios, Private Practice, Rogers, Arkansas, USA Rob Anselmi, McGill University, Canada & Tekscan, Inc Boston, Massachusetts, USA List of Contributors Anselmi, Robert / McGill University, Canada 95 Becker, DDS, FAGD, Ray M / International Certifying and Interpretation Instructor of the Total BioPAK System, Private Practice, USA 215 Cohen, DDS, MS, PhD, Nicolas / Private Practice, France & University of Paris, France 791 Cohen-Levy, DDS, MS, PhD, Julia / Private Practice, France 523 Coleman, DDS, Thomas A / Private Practice, USA 429 Droter, DDS, John R / The Pankey Institute, USA 672 Kerstein, DMD, Robert B / Former Clinical Professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA 1, 95, 269 Kim, DDS, MS, PhD, Jinhwan / Seoul National University, South Korea & Oneday Dental Clinic, South Korea & Theodental Ltd., South Korea 562 Koirala, Sushil / Thammasat University, Thailand & Vedic Institute of Smile Aesthetics (VISA), Nepal 905 Koos, Bernd / University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Germany 65 Qadeer, BDS, MSD, Sarah / Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand 36 Radke, BM, MBA, John C / BioResearch Associates, USA 153 Sierpińska, Teresa / Medical University of Bialystok, Poland 467 Solow, DDS, Roger / The Pankey Institute, USA 602, 649 Stevens, DDS, Christopher J / Private Practice, USA 705 Supple, DMD, Robert C / Private Practice, USA 830 Westersund, DDS, Curtis / ICCMO, Canada 744 Yiannios, DDS, Nick / Private Practice, USA 358 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004::2 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004::2 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch006::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch006::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch018::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch018::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch011::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch011::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch009::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch009::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch015::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch015::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch001::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch001::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch012::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch007::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch012::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch020::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch020::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch003::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch003::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch002::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch002::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch005::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch005::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch010::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch013::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch013::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch016::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch019::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch017::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch008::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch010::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch014::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch016::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch019::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch017::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch008::1 Table of Contents Foreword xix 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chfwd Preface xxii 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chpre Acknowledgment xxviii 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chack Volume I Section Evolution of the T-Scan Technology 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs01 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs01 Chapter History of the T-Scan System Development from 1984 to the Present Day Robert B Kerstein, DMD, Former Clinical Professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch001 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch001 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch001::1 Chapter The Limitations of Traditional Non-Digital Occlusal Indicators When Compared to the T-Scan Computerized Occlusal Analysis Technology .36 Sarah Qadeer, BDS, MSD, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch002 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch002 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch002::1 Chapter Precision and Reliability of the T-Scan III System: Analyzing Occlusion and the Resultant Timing and Distribution of Forces in the Dental Arch 65 Bernd Koos, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Germany 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch003 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch003 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch003::1 Section The T-Scan System 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs02 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs02 Chapter T-Scan Recording Dynamics, System Features, and Clinician User Skills 95 Robert B Kerstein, DMD, Former Clinical Professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA Robert Anselmi, McGill University, Canada 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004::2 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch004 Section Clinical Use Technologies That Complement the T-Scan System in Daily Dental Practice 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs03 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs03 Chapter Adding Technology to Diagnostic Methods 153 John C Radke, BM, MBA, BioResearch Associates, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch005 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch005 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch005::1 Chapter Joint Vibration Analysis (JVA) 215 Ray M Becker, DDS, FAGD, International Certifying and Interpretation Instructor of the Total BioPAK System, Private Practice, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch006 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch006 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch006::1 Chapter Employing T-Scan Synchronized with Electromyography to Treat Chronic Occluso-Muscle Disorder 269 Robert B Kerstein, DMD, Former Clinical Professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA & Private Dental Practice Limited to Prosthodontics and Computerized Occlusal Analysis, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch007 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch007 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch007::1 Section Occlusal Trauma and Computerized Occlusal Analysis 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs04 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs04 Chapter Occlusal Considerations in the Hypersensitive Dentition 358 Nick Yiannios, DDS, Private Practice, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch008 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch008 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch008::1 Chapter Detecting and Quantifying Cervical Dentin Hypersensitivity Using Air Indexing Combined with the T-Scan System .429 Thomas A Coleman, DDS, Private Practice, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch009 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch009 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch009::1 Chapter 10 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Using the T-Scan/BioEMG Synchronization Module .467 Teresa Sierpińska, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch010 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch010 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch010::1 Volume II Section The Clinical Applications of Computerized Occlusal Analysis 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs05 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs05 Chapter 11 Orthodontic T-Scan Applications 523 Julia Cohen-Levy, DDS, MS, PhD, Private Practice, France 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch011 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch011::1 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch011 Chapter 12 Digitalized Implant Occlusion with the T-Scan System 562 Jinhwan Kim, DDS, MS, PhD, Seoul National University, South Korea & Oneday Dental Clinic, South Korea & Theodental Ltd., South Korea 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch012 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch012 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch012::1 Chapter 13 Computerized Occlusal Analysis in Occlusal Splint Therapy 602 Roger Solow, DDS, The Pankey Institute, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch013 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch013 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch013::1 Chapter 14 Centric Relation Records and T-Scan Occlusal Analysis of Centric Relation Prematurities 649 Roger Solow, DDS, The Pankey Institute, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch014 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch014 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch014::1 Chapter 15 T-Scan as a Patient Education Tool 672 John R Droter, DDS, The Pankey Institute, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch015 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch015 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch015::1 Chapter 16 T-Scan Case Finishing Applications in Aesthetic Dentistry Assisted by the iTero Digital Impression System: A Case Report 705 Christopher J Stevens, DDS, Private Practice, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch016 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch016 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch016::1 Chapter 17 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Combined with the T-Scan System: A Case Report 744 Curtis Westersund, DDS, ICCMO, Canada 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch017 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch017 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch017::1 Chapter 18 Periodontal Treatment and Computerized Occlusal Analysis 791 Nicolas Cohen, DDS, MS, PhD, Private Practice, France & University of Paris, France 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch018 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch018 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch018::1 Section New Occlusal Concepts Based on Computerized Occlusal Analysis 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs06 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chs06 Chapter 19 Digital Occlusal Force Distribution Patterns (DOFDPs): Theory and Clinical Consequences 830 Robert C Supple, DMD, Private Practice, USA 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch019 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch019 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch019::1 Chapter 20 Force Finishing in Dental Medicine: A Simplified Approach to Occlusal Harmony 905 Sushil Koirala, Thammasat University, Thailand & Vedic Institute of Smile Aesthetics (VISA), Nepal 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch020 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch020 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.ch020::1 Compilation of References xxx 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chcrf About the Contributors lxxxv 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chatc Index xcii 10.4018/978-1-4666-6587-3.chidx The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear The dentition’s response to Bruxism may be loss of tooth structure, increased tooth mobility, and potential root resorption (Manfedini, Bucci, Sabattini, & Lobbezoo, 2011) When a rehabilitation is performed on a Bruxism patient, it is often necessary to install a post-treatment occlusal splint to minimize potential long-term prosthesis damage (Larson, 2012) In these patients, it is extremely important to periodically reevaluate and control the occlusal forces If any occlusal changes are revealed from one period of observation to another by using the T-Scan/BioEMG technology, it becomes simple to correct any detected aberrances, thereby minimizing the risk of potential future prosthetic damage An example of this type of post insertion case control is illustrated in Figures 24a - 24h, where a 28-year-old male with worn anterior teeth resultant from overcrowding and Bruxism, sought treatment to restore the anterior wear (Figures 24a, 24b and 24c) Orthodontic treatment was instituted (Figure 24d), followed by maxillary and mandibular anterior laminate veneer restorations (Figure 24e) The insertion T-Scan data showed reasonable occlusal balance with fairly welldistributed tooth contacts present throughout the arch But there was excessive force detected on the veneer of tooth #9 which required reduction (Figure 24f) A later T-Scan recording made at three months post insertion, clearly illustrated that Figure 24a A 28-year-old male with worn anterior teeth resultant from overcrowding and Bruxism Figure 24b The stone casts prior to definitive treatment has begun, showing the crowding and visible wear on the maxillary incisors 507 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Figure 24c The stone casts prior to definitive treatment has begun, showing the crowding and visible wear on the maxillary incisors Figure 24d Orthodontic appliances in place on the maxillary teeth attempting to uncrowd the maxillary anterior teeth (orthodontic treatment was conducted by Dr Izabela Szarmach, Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland) Figure 24e The final result of treatment after braces removal with laminate veneers placed on the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth 508 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Figure 24f The intercuspated T-Scan data made on the day of prosthetic insertion showed reasonable occlusal balance, fairly well-distributed tooth contacts throughout both arch halves, with excessive force present on the #9 veneer Figure 24g T-Scan recording made three months later illustrating subsequent destabilization of the occlusion There was visible loss of the left sided tooth contacts and excessive contact force present on the right 2nd molar The Center of Force shifted to the right side from the lessening of the left side contacts 509 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Figure 24h T-Scan data made after correction to the excessively forceful contact on the right 2nd molar The COF is more centered indicating improved overall occlusal force balance Further force corrections were required for teeth #s 7, 9, and 11 occlusal destabilization had occurred There was a loss of left sided occlusal contacts and excessive forces present on the right 2nd molar Also note, the Center of Force had shifted far to the right side resultant from the lessening of the left side contacts (Figure 24g) Figure 24h shows the TScan data changes resultant from the reduction of forceful contact on tooth #2 Note how the COF was more centered, indicating there was improved overall occlusal force balance However, further force corrections were needed to reduce excess force present on teeth #s 7, 9, and 11 The only technology clinically available that can assess occlusal force changes in the occlusion over time, is the T-Scan system(with or without the BioEMG synchronization) The T-Scan allows the clinician to evaluate, document, quantify, and store for recall, the quality and quantity of all of the occlusal parameters With the addition of the complimentary BioEMG technology, real-time muscular activity responses to the occlusal condition can also be gleaned These technologies make it possible to compare the occlusal conditions 510 over time, because all of the recorded data can be permanently saved on a hard drive for future analysis (Kerstein, 2004) The patient can very effectively undergo minor corrective optimization as needed, over time In a study performed on 50 patients who underwent prosthetic rehabilitation to treat advanced tooth wear, it was observed that on the day the prosthesis was inserted, the mean value of the electrical activity within the temporal, masseter, and digastric muscles recorded during clenching, had decreased from the levels seen during provisionalization But after a three-month period of adaptation to the prosthesis, the electrical activity of the temporalis and masetter muscles had increased significantly, compared to levels observed prior to the commencement of rehabilitative treatment (Sierpinska, Kuc, & Golebiewska, 2013) The prosthetic rehabilitation resulted in the creation of adequate occlusal-articulatory conditions, which led to an improved muscle response (compare Figures 20a and 20b, 21a, 21b, and 21c, 22a and 22b, 23a and 23b) The electrical activ- The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear ity levels of the masseter muscles was positively influenced by the presence of point contacts, as compared to the original, much flatter worn contacts (Ferrario, Sforza, Zanotti, & Tartaglia, 2004) Changes from the installed prosthetic treatment sufficiently shortened the Occlusion Time to approach the ideal (< 0.2 seconds) compared to its pre-treatment duration, where post-treatment the OT remained stable for three months following prosthesis insertion It was also observed that the post treatment Disclusion Time did not deviate from the reported norm, as well (< 0.4 sec per excursion) It is important to recognize that each patient who presents with advanced tooth wear requires individual treatment planning, individualized prosthesis design, and an individual occlusal control protocol following prosthodontic treatment Each of these stages are crucial steps in therapeutically intervening on a progressive oral wear condition, in the hopes of preserving tooth structure and the restored dentition for the long-term Solutions and Recommendations Although tooth wear is a physiological phenomenon, the recognition of the early signs of excessive wear are essential in clinically determining when to initiate preventive measures to improve the lifespan of any involved teeth When restorative treatment is required, it should be conducted with minimally invasive procedures whenever possible There is a striking lack of evidence available regarding the long-term outcome of wear reconstruction restorative procedures using different methods and materials Selection of the restorative material is critical because biomechanical materials should not simply display stability of color and shape, but should also resist the loads that occur intraorally over many years of occlusal function As stated earlier, a desirable treatment goal in rehabilitation of advanced tooth wear is to install well-fitting, high quality restorations that function under favorable occlusal conditions (low-muscle activating, short Disclusion Time in excursions, short Occlusion Time in closure, with a high degree of force equality per tooth and arch-half) Creating a proper functioning occlusion should not only involve effective materials selection, but should also allow for efficient and minimalistic force loading The consistent creation of a functioning occlusion is made possible with the advent the T-Scan It affords the astute clinician a level of predictability in promoting the long-term health of the masticatory system, but also the protection necessary to extend the lifespan of any prescribed prosthesis It is of particular importance to ensure that the physical guidance control of a restoration (or the natural teeth, for that matter) operates in harmony with the patient’s neuromuscular system and neurobehavioral attributes The most frequently recommended occlusal scheme that ensures proper restorative occlusal function is to create a measurable excursive canine or anterior guidance whenever possible, as this design establishes a minimum level of posterior occlusal surface frictional engagement during excursive movements This quantified guidance refers to canine or anterior contact on the working side that takes complete control over an excursion in < 0.5 seconds following excursive commencement Ideally in a protrusive movement, only anterior teeth should maintain protrusive contact while, in a similar fashion to lateral excursions, all posterior teeth should immediately disclude in less than 0.5 seconds When skeletal relations make it difficult to establish canine and/or anterior guidance during lateral movements, a working side group function that involves the most anterior contacting premolar can be employed as the guiding tooth Current research indicates that no molars should be part of a group function due to their capacity to incite excess muscle contractions when in contact during excursive movements (Kerstein & Radke, 2012) This thinking is supported by electromyographic clinical research, but involves an important departure from previous thought regarding work- 511 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear ing side group function and muscle physiology To reiterate, the inclusion of molars in a group function incites masticatory muscle hyperactivity, while the rapid disclusion of the aforementioned molars, promotes masticatory muscle relaxation and operational efficiency Mid-treatment and post treatment T-Scan/ BioEMG functional measurements make it possible for the clinician to assess whether the wear treatment has physiologically improved the pretreatment condition These assessments can lead to computer-guided occlusal refinements where detected occlusal force and timing abnormalities are treated, which can greatly improve the patient’s adaptation to their new occlusal design Moreover, regular follow-up assessments of the final reconstruction using the T-Scan/BioEMG system are highly recommended, as these reevaluations allow the clinician to detect occlusal discrepancies that may adversely affect long-term occlusal stability FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The exact reason why enamel is prone to excessive wear in some individuals is still unclear Despite this fact, enamel wear prevalence continues to increase To possibly ascertain differing patient susceptibilities to enamel wear, some genetic research studies may help to explain the etiology in these susceptible patients Alternatively, resistance to wear has been attributed to certain developmental abnormalities that possibly affect the structure of enamel, but to date there is not a great volume of strong scientific evidence that substantiates a genetic influence The process of enamel formation is long, which is complete when a tooth erupts intraorally Only correctly formed enamel appears to be resistant to wear, but subsequent changes to its structure are clearly influenced by the oral environment, where the processes of mineralization and demineralization play key roles Studies that evaluate 512 both pre-eruptive conditions, and post-eruptive modifications of the enamel surface resultant from the oral environment, should be undertaken to attempt to explain the true etiology of wear Another topic that should be considered for future research is the effect that the occlusion itself has on tooth wear Although, the least damaging occlusal scheme is canine or anterior guidance in lateral movements with rapid posterior disclusion, it has not been definitively determined if group function may or may not, accelerate the process of wear Group function increases muscle activation, which loads the teeth with more muscle contractions than does anterior guided occlusal schemes For this reason, studies that compare the prevalence of, or degree of visible wear, in both canine guided and group function occlusal schemes is warranted Stability of the occlusion and proper masticatory function are the essence of masticatory system health One of the features present when advanced tooth wear occurs, is the destabilization of the occlusion However, it does not seem that every episode of occlusal destabilization leads to active and excessive wear The essential question to focus on is, when and under what conditions affect the masticatory system enough that the enamel starts to wear more quickly, and whether occlusal destabilization is an additional key factor in wear progression? It would be interesting to study whether prophylactic occlusal corrections made during the early stages of wear could help slow down wear progression It would also be of importance to study the varying methods presently used to maintain occlusal stability (protective occlusal splints, occlusal adjustments, and lifestyle alterations), to determine the best approach or combination of approaches, to prevent enamel destruction and its long-term consequences The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear CONCLUSION The etiology of pathological tooth wear is often multifactorial The process can affect a single tooth, but more frequently presents as a widespread problem that may involve the entire dentition When tooth wear involves the occlusal surface, the centric stops are diminished and the masticatory system tends to seeks out a new balance point, by prolonging tooth contact interactions (indicated by the presence of long Occlusion Time), that can actually accelerate the progression of the wear Treatment needs should be established after considering the degree and type of tooth wear that is observed during a clinical examination, its etiologies, the presence of any associated symptoms, and the patient’s desire to treat their wear damage When pathological tooth wear is observed, it is often necessary to suggest preventive activities, such as desensitizing teeth, to recommend the patient make dietary changes, and to recommend the patient learn to control or avoid the stresses present within their daily lives When the decision is made to treat the wear prosthodontically, the management should be cautiously undertaken via the most minimally invasive approach possible Defining the wear patient’s functional occlusal parameters, as well as measuring their masticatory contractile muscle activity, assists the clinician in matching an appropriate rehabilitation occlusal scheme to each individual patient This matching can be accomplished using the T-Scan/BioEMG synchronization module, where the muscular activity, the occlusal force balance, the Occlusion Time (OT) and the Disclusion Time (DT) are all assessed Mid-treatment and post treatment measurements make it possible to determine if the rehabilitative treatment has physiologically improved the pretreatment condition After the definitive treatment phase is complete, occlusal stability control is recommended, whereby any occlusal discrepancies revealed from one period of observation to another, should be treated This protocol serves to minimize the risk of potential future prosthetic damage The patient can be reevaluated every six months (or more frequently), if the clinician feels this is warranted REFERENCES Abduo, J (2012) Safety of increasing vertical dimension of occlusion: A systematic review Quintessence International, 43, 369–380 PMID:22536588 Abduo, J., & Lyons, K (2012) Clinical considerations for increasing occlusal vertical dimension: A review Australian Dental Journal, 57(1), 2–10 doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01640.x PMID:22369551 Abrahamsen, T C (2005) The worn dentitionpathognomonic patterns of abrasion and erosion International Dental Journal, 55, 268–276 PMID:16167605 Al-Dlaigan, Y H., Shaw, L., & Smith, A (2001) Dental erosion in a group of British 14-year-old children Part II Influence of dietary intake British Dental Journal, 190, 258–261 PMID:11303686 Almog, D M., & Ganddini, M R (2006) Maxillary and mandibular overlay removable partial dentures for restoration of worn teeth A three-year follow up The New York State Dental Journal, 72, 32–35 PMID:16774170 Amaechi, B T., Higham, S M., Edgar, W M., & Milosevic, A (1999) Thickness of acquired salivary pellicle as a determinant of the sites of dental erosion Journal of Dental Research, 78(12), 1821–1828 doi:10.1177/002203459907 80120901 PMID:10598912 Ash, M M., & Nelson, S J (2003) Dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Ash, M M., & Ramfjord, S (1996) Occlusion Philadelphia, PA: W.B Saunders Co 513 The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Azzopardi, A., Bartlett, D W., Watson, T F., & Smith, B G N (2000) A literature review of the techniques to measure tooth wear and erosion European Journal of Prosthetic Research Dentistry, 8, 93–97 PMID:11307566 Baba, K., Haketa, T., Clark, G T., & Ohyama, T (2004) Does tooth wear status predict ongoing sleep Bruxism in 30-year-old Japanese subjects? 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doi:10.1002/9780470759363 Becker, I M (2011) Comprehensive occlusal concepts in clinical practice Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell Brocard, D., Laluque, J F., & Knellesen, Ch (2008) The question of Bruxism London, UK: Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd Davies, S J., Gray, R M., & Smith, P W (2001) Good occlusal practice in simple restorative dentistry British Dental Journal, 191, 365–368, 371–374, 377–381 PMID:11697598 Dawson, P E., & Cranham, J C (2007) Aesthetics and function: Conflict or complement? Dentistry Today, 26, 82–83 PMID:17993051 520 Johansson, A., Omar, R., & Carlsson, G E (2011) Bruxism and prosthetic treatment: A critical review Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 55(3), 127–136 doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2011.02.004 PMID:21596648 Lussi, A (2006) Dental erosion from diagnosis to therapy Monographs in Oral Science, 20 Mehta, S B., Banerji, S., Millar, B J., & SuarezFeito, J M (2012) Current concepts on the management of tooth wear: Part Assessment, treatment planning and strategies for the prevention and the passive management of tooth wear British Dental Journal, 212(1), 17–27 doi:10.1038/ sj.bdj.2011.1099 PMID:22240686 Mehta, S B., Banerji, S., Millar, B J., & SuarezFeito, J M (2012) Current concepts on the management of tooth wear: part Active restorative care 1: the management of localized tooth wear British Dental Journal, 212(2), 73–82 doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.48 PMID:22281629 Mehta, S B., Banerji, S., Millar, B J., & SuarezFeito, J M (2012) Current concepts on the management of tooth wear: part Active restorative care 2: the management of generalized tooth wear British Dental Journal, 212(3), 121–127 doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.97 PMID:22322760 Mehta, S B., Banerji, S., Millar, B J., & SuarezFeito, J M (2012) Current concepts on the management of tooth wear: Part An overview of the restorative techniques and dental materials commonly applied for the management of tooth wear British Dental Journal, 212(4), 169–177 doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.137 PMID:22361546 Satterthwaite, J D (2012) Tooth surface loss: Tools and tips for management Dental Update, 39, 86–90, 93–96 PMID:22482266 Wassell, R., Naru, A., Stelle, J., & Nohl, F (2008) Applied occlusion London, UK: Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Anterior Guidance: The influence of the contacting surfaces of the anterior teeth during mandibular excursive movements to limit posterior tooth contact Computerized Occlusal Analysis System (The T-Scan System): A diagnostic computer technology that records and displays for analysis a patient’s relative occlusal force dynamics, individual occlusal contact relative occlusal force levels, force percentage per tooth, arch half and quadrants, occlusal contact locations, and occlusal contact timing sequences, in both mandibular closure and excursive movements Functional Occlusion: The contacts of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during mastication and deglutition Occlusal Stability: The equalization of the occlusal contacts that prevents tooth movement after mandibular closure This term refers to the tendency of the teeth, jaws, Temporomandibular joints, and muscles, to remain in an optimal functioning state Occlusal Vertical Dimension: The vertical component of the intercuspal position, which is the measured distance between two points (one on each arch), when all occluding members are in occlusal contact Occlusion Analysis: A systematic examination of the masticatory structures with special consideration given to tooth contacts present, and their supportive anatomy Pathological Tooth Wear: A wear condition where the teeth become so worn that they not function effectively and/or their appearance is significantly damaged prior to being lost Tooth Wear: An age dependent physiological process that leads to the loss of enamel and dentine 521 ... 10 .4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 018 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 011 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 011 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch009: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch009: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 015 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 015 : :1. .. 10 .4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 013 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 016 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 019 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 017 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch008: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 010 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 014 : :1. .. 10 .4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch002: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch002: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch005: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch005: :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 010 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 013 : :1 10.4 018 /978 -1- 4666-6587-3.ch 013 ::1