Nghiên cứu thiết kế, chế tạo bộ điều khiển phun urea cho bộ xử lý xúc tác SCR lắp trên động cơ diesel

họ tên tác giả luận văn B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI - Nguyn Tựng Lõm ngành NGHIấN CU THIT K, CH TO B IU KHIN PHUN UREA CHO B X Lí XC TC SCR LP TRấN NG C DIESEL LUN VN THC S K THUT C KH NG LC khoá H Ni 2015 -i- B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI Nguyn Tựng Lõm NGHIấN CU THIT K, CH TO B IU KHIN PHUN UREA CHO B X Lí XC TC SCR LP TRấN NG C DIESEL Chuyờn ngnh : K thut C khớ ng lc LUN VN THC S K THUT C KH NG LC NGI HNG DN KHOA HC : TS Trn Quang Vinh H Ni 2015 - ii - LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan lun l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nờu lun l trung thc v cha tng c khỏc cụng b H Ni, thỏng 11 nm 2015 Hc viờn cao hc Nguyn Tựng Lõm - iii - LI CM N Trờn ht, cho phộp tụi c gi li cm n c bit ti thy TS Trn Quang Vinh ó tn tỡnh hng dn, giỳp tụi vt qua nhng khú khn, tr ngi bc vo th gii khoa hc ca x lý khớ thi, vi bc u l vic hon thnh lun ny Tụi xin gi li cm n chõn thnh ti B mụn ng c t trong, Trng i hc Bỏch khoa H Ni ó to iu kin h tr giỳp v ng viờn tụi quỏ trỡnh hc cao hc v thc hin lun tt nghip Ngoi ra, lun ny c hon thnh nh s c v, khuyn khớch v to iu kin thun li ca ng nghip B mụn ng c t trong, Trng i hc Giao thụng ti ni tỏc gi cụng tỏc Tỏc gi xin c gi ti cỏc ng nghip li cm n chõn thnh Cui cựng, tụi xin gi li bit n sõu sc ti nhng ngi thõn yờu gia ỡnh, nh ú m tụi cú th trung thi gian hon thnh chng trỡnh hc ti trng - iv - MC LC LI CAM OAN iii LI CM N iv MC LC v DANH MC CC Kí HIU V CH VIT TT viii DANH MC CC HèNH V x DANH MC CC BNG BIU xii M U I Mc ớch, i tng v phm vi nghiờn cu ca ti i Mc ớch nghiờn cu ii i tng iii Phm vi nghiờn cu II Phng phỏp nghiờn cu III í ngha khoa hc v thc tin IV Cỏc ni dung chớnh ti CHNG KH THI NG C DIESEL V CC BIN PHP X Lí 1.1 Thnh phn khớ thi ng c diesel v c ch hỡnh thnh 1.1.1 Thnh phn khớ thi ng c diesel 1.1.2 C ch hỡnh thnh cỏc cht khớ thi diesel 1.1.2.1 C ch hỡnh thnh NOx trờn ng c diesel 1.1.2.2 C ch hỡnh thnh PM 1.1.2.3 C ch hỡnh thnh CO 1.1.2.4 C ch hỡnh thnh HC 10 1.1.2.5 Hp cht cha lu hunh 10 1.1.3 Yờu cu v gim phỏt thi c hi 10 1.2 Cỏc bin phỏp x lý khớ thi diesel 11 1.2.1 Cỏc bin phỏp kt cu 11 1.2.2 Cỏc bin phỏp x lý sau ca thi 14 1.2.2.1 B xỳc tỏc ụ-xy húa (DOC) x lý CO v HC 14 1.2.2.2 B lc ht PM kiu kớn (DPF) 15 1.2.2.3 X lý thnh phn NOx t khớ thi diesel 17 1.3 Kt lun chng 21 Chng B X Lí XC TC CHN LC (SCR) 22 2.1 Nhim v v phõn loi 22 2.1.1 Nhim v 22 2.1.2 Phõn loi 22 2.1.2.1 Phõn loi theo cht kh 22 2.1.2.2 Phõn loi theo h xỳc tỏc 38 2.1.2.3 Phõn loi theo h thng iu khin 49 -v- 2.2 Cu to v nguyờn lý hot ng 52 2.2.1 Cu to chung b SCR 52 2.2.2 Nguyờn lý hot ng 53 2.3 Cỏc chi tit chớnh ca b x lý xỳc tỏc SCR 54 2.3.1 B xỳc tỏc kh NOx 54 2.3.2 Thit b cha urea 55 2.3.3 Bm cp urea 55 2.3.4 BK iu khin lng urea phun vo ng thi 56 2.3.5 Vũi phun urea 57 2.4 Kt lun chng 58 CHNG Mễ PHNG B X Lí XC TC CHN LC 59 3.1 C s tớnh toỏn mụ phng 59 3.1.1 C s lý thuyt tớnh toỏn mụ phng SCR 59 3.1.1.1 Phng trỡnh liờn tc ca pha khớ 59 3.1.1.2 Phng trỡnh bo ton ng nng c cho bi phng trỡnh Steady State Darcy 59 3.1.1.3 Phng trỡnh bo ton nng lng 60 3.1.1.4 Phng trỡnh cõn bng nng lng cht rn 62 3.1.2 C ch phn ng SCR 62 3.2 Mụ phng b x lý xỳc tỏc bng phn mm AVL-BOOST 63 3.2.1 Mụ hỡnh x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc trờn AVL-BOOST 63 3.2.2 Mụ phng trờn phn mm AVL-BOOST 64 3.2.2.1 Mc ớch ca mụ phng 64 3.2.2.2 Mụ phng v ỏnh giỏ cỏc nhõn t nh hng n hiu sut kh NOx 64 3.3 Kt lun chng 67 CHNG THIT K, CH TO B IU KHIN PHUN UREA-SCR 68 4.1 C s tớnh toỏn thit k h thng 68 4.1.1 Cỏc yu t nh hng n hiu sut b x lý SCR 68 4.1.2 Yờu cu thit k h thng 70 4.1.2.1 Quy trỡnh thit k h thng SCR 70 4.1.2.2 Yờu cu thit k h thng urea-SCR 70 4.1.3 Xõy dng cỏc ch hot ng ca h thng SCR 71 4.1.3.1 Cha hot ng 71 4.1.3.2 Hot ng ch chuyn tip 72 4.1.3.3 Ch lm vic n nh 72 4.1.3.4 Ch d phũng 72 4.1.4 Cỏc phng ỏn thit k 72 4.1.4.1 Phng ỏn v c cu chp hnh vũi phun 72 4.1.4.2 Phng ỏn v cỏc cm bin 73 - vi - 4.1.4.3 Phng ỏn v b iu khin 73 4.2 Tớnh toỏn h thng phun urea-SCR 73 4.2.1 Tớnh toỏn lng urea cn cung cp 73 4.2.2 Thit k h thng iu khin phun urea-SCR 75 4.2.2.1 Tớn hiu iu khin vũi phun urea 75 4.2.2.2 iu khin lng phun 76 4.3 Ch to v th nghim s b h thng phun urea-SCR 78 4.3.1 Tớn hiu t cỏc cm bin 78 4.3.1.1 S chc nng 78 4.3.1.2 Cm bin nhit T 79 4.3.1.3 Cm bin nng NOx 79 4.3.1.4 Cm bin nng NH3 81 4.3.2 Thut toỏn iu khin phun urea 82 4.3.3 Thit b th nghim iu khin phun urea 83 4.3.4 Kt qu th nghim 85 4.4 Kt lun chng 88 KT LUN CHUNG V PHNG HNG PHT TRIN CA TI 90 I Kt lun chung 90 II Phng hng phỏt trin 90 Cỏc cụng trỡnh ó cụng b 92 Ti liu tham kho 93 - vii - DANH MC CC Kí HIU V CH VIT TT Ký hiu Din gii CT ML BK CB ng c t Mó lc B iu khin Cm bin Pulse Width Modulation (iu khin lng phun da trờn thay i rng chui xung vuụng) Khớ ni-t Khớ ụ-xy Cỏc-bon mụ-nụ-xớt Cỏc-bon i-ụ-xớt Hy-rụ cỏc-bon Particulate Matter (Phỏt thi dng ht) Cỏc ụ-xớt ni-t Ni-t ụ-xớt Ni-t i-ụ-xớt i-ni-t ụ-xớt Cỏc lu hunh ụ-xớt Am-mụ-ni-c Prụ-pen En-tan-pi 298 oC H s phn ng Vanadium (Va-na-i, Va-na-i ụ-xớt) Xỳc tỏc Zeolite s dng cation l Cu Xỳc tỏc Zeolite s dng cation l Fe Platinum (Bch kim) Rhodium Palladium Bc Aluminium oxide (nhụm ụ-xớt) Silicon dioxide, Silica (Si-lớc i-ụ-xớt, si-li-ca) Titanium dioxide, titania (ti-tan i-ụ-xớt) Vonfram trioxide (vụn-ph-ram tri-ụ-xớt) Sulfuric acid (a-xớt sun-phu-rớc) Fulminic acid (a-xớt phu-mi-nớc) Barium nitrate (Mui Ba-ri ni-t-rỏt) Barium oxide (Ba-ri ễ-xớt) Ammonium hydrogen sulfate (Mui a-mụn hy-rụ sun-phỏt) PWM N2 O2 CO CO2 HC PM NOx NO NO2 N2O SOx NH3 C3H6 H 298 R V2O5 Cu-Zeolite Fe-Zeolite Pt Rh Pd Ag Al2O3 SiO2 TiO2 WO3 H2SO4 HCNO Ba(NO3)2 BaO NH4(HSO4) - viii - Th nguyờn - Ammonium sulfate (Mui a-mụn sun-phỏt) Zeolite Mordenit Zeolite Mordenit s dng cation l Cu Zeolite Mordenit s dng cation l Fe S Reynolds - rNH3 / NOx T l mol ca NH3 so vi NOx - rNO2 / NOx T l mol ca thnh phn NO2 hn hp NOx - rNH3 / SO3 T l mol ca NH3 so vi SO3 - (NH4)2SO4 MOR Cu-MOR Fe-MOR Re Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (b xỳc tỏc ụ-xy húa) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (h thng luõn hi khớ thi) Diesel Particulate Filter (b lc ht PM kiu kớn) Selective Catalytic Reduction (b x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc) B x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc s dng cht kh trc tip am-mụNH3-SCR ni-c B x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc s dng cht kh giỏn tip am-mụUrea-SCR ni-c thụng qua urea HC-SCR B x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc s dng cht kh hy-rụ cỏc-bon EtOH-SCR B x lý xỳc tỏc chn lc s dng cht kh ờ-ta-non LNT Lean NOx Trap (B hp ph NOx bng by hn hp nghốo) H s d lng khụng khớ SV Space velocity (vn tc khụng gian) GHSV Gas hourly space velocity (vn tc khụng gian tớnh theo gi) Qx Lu lng khớ x AVL-BOOST Phn mm mụ phng ca hóng AVL (o) ESC Chu trỡnh gm 13 ch cú trng thỏi n nh Chu trỡnh th gm 1800 ch chuyn tip din rt nhanh ETC theo tng giõy mt ATB (iu kin biờn) CAT (Lũ phn ng xỳc tỏc) PTN Phũng thớ nghim LCD Liquid-crystal display (Mn hỡnh hin th) SAE Society of Automotive Engineers (Hip hi k s ụ tụ) OBD On-Board Diagnostic (H thng t chn oỏn) TWC Three-way catalytic (B xỳc tỏc ng) DOC EGR DPF SCR - ix - s1h-1 l/ph - DANH MC CC HèNH V Hỡnh 1.1 T l ca cỏc thnh phn khớ thi ng c diesel [1] Hỡnh 1.2 c tớnh phỏt thi theo h s d lng khụng khớ [1] Hỡnh 1.3 Quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh PM [6] Hỡnh 1.4 Gii hn NOx, PM i vi ng c diesel xe ti [5] 11 Hỡnh 1.5 S luõn hi khớ thi [34] 13 Hỡnh 1.6 Kt cu chung b lc DPF ca hóng Johnson Matthey [20] 16 Hỡnh 1.7 Nguyờn lý v kt cu b lc kớn cht thi dng ht DPF [20] 16 Hỡnh 1.8 S h thng LNT [20] 17 Hỡnh 1.9 Quỏ trỡnh hp ph NOx hn hp nghốo [20] 18 Hỡnh 1.10 Cỏc phn ng cỏc bung x lý [20] 19 Hỡnh 1.11 Quỏ trỡnh gii phúng N2 hn hp giu nhiờn liu [20] 20 Hỡnh 1.12 S nguyờn lý hot ng ca h thng SCR 21 Hỡnh 2.1 ễ-xy húa NH3 theo nhit trờn h xỳc tỏc Zeolite [35] 26 Hỡnh 2.2 S quỏ trỡnh kh NOx bng NH3 27 Hỡnh 2.3 Hiu sut kh theo nhit cỏc mc lu lng khớ x khỏc [3] 28 Hỡnh 2.4 Hiu sut chuyn i NOx ph thuc t l mol rNO / NO 200 oC [30] 29 x Hỡnh 2.5 Hiu sut chuyn i NOx v to thnh N2O theo nhit vi thnh phn NO2 khỏc trờn h xỳc tỏc Zeolite [39] 30 Hỡnh 2.6 Nng cỏc mui a-mụn theo thnh phn SO3 [32] 31 Hỡnh 2.7 Hiu qu chuyn i theo t l mol rNH / NO cỏc nhit khỏc trờn x h xỳc tỏc Zeolite 32 Hỡnh 2.8 C ch kh NOx bng ờ-ta-non [36] 34 Hỡnh 2.9 Hiu sut kh NOx theo nhit trờn h xỳc tỏc Ag/Al2O3 [19] 35 Hỡnh 2.10 nh hng ca SO2 v H2O n hiu sut kh NOx vi ấ-ta-non trờn h xỳc tỏc Ag/Al2O3 [19] 35 Hỡnh 2.11 S c ch kh NOx bng hy-rụ cỏc-bon 36 Hỡnh 2.12 Hiu sut kh NOx vi cỏc hy-rụ cỏc-bon [13] 37 Hỡnh 2.13 C ch kh NO bng NH3 trờn h xỳc tỏc V2O5 [4] 39 Hỡnh 2.14 S lp t SCR trờn ng thi 40 Hỡnh 2.15 nh hng ca thnh phn NO2 n hiu qu kh NOx [17] 40 Hỡnh 2.16 Suy gim hiu sut kh theo thi gian th bn ng c vi nhiờn liu cha 350 ppm lu hunh nhit thp [18] 41 Hỡnh 2.17 Suy gim hiu sut kh theo thi gian th bn ng c vi nhiờn liu cha 1620 ppm lu hunh nhit thp [18] 43 -x- n hiu qu ct gim phỏt thi ca h thng i vi cỏc phng tin ang lu hnh - 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97 - Hỡnh ph lc - Boost Hỡnh PL.1 Ca s Boost Kớch thc b xỳc tỏc Hỡnh PL.2 Ca s Boost Thụng s ca b xỳc tỏc - 98 - Hỡnh PL.3 Ca s Boost Cỏc tham s Hagen-Poisseuille-Law - 99 - Hỡnh PL.4 Ca s Boost Mụ t phn t ng xỳc tỏc Hỡnh PL.5 Ca s Boost c trng vt lý ca b xỳc tỏc - 100 - Hỡnh PL.6 Ca s Boost Truyn nhit lừi xỳc tỏc Hỡnh PL.7 Ca s Boost Chn mụ hỡnh b xỳc tỏc SCR - 101 - Hỡnh PL.8 Ca s Boost nh ngha cỏc phn ng xy Hỡnh PL.9 Ca s Boost - - 102 - Hỡnh PL.10 Ca s Boost iu kin biờn v nhit d khớ x Hỡnh PL.11 Ca s Boost iu kin biờn v lu lng khớ x - 103 - Hỡnh PL.12 Ca s Boost iu kin biờn u vo v thnh phn khớ thi - - 104 - Hỡnh PL.13 Ca s Boost iu kin biờn u vo v thnh phn khớ thi - Hỡnh PL.14 Ca s Boost iu kin biờn u - 105 - ...BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI Nguyễn Tùng Lâm NGHIÊN CỨU THIẾT KẾ, CHẾ TẠO BỘ ĐIỀU KHIỂN PHUN UREA CHO BỘ XỬ LÝ XÚC TÁC SCR LẮP TRÊN ĐỘNG CƠ DIESEL.. . Chƣơng Bộ xử lý xúc tác chọn lọc (SCR)  Chƣơng Mô xử lý xúc tác chọn lọc  Chƣơng Thiết kế, chế tạo điều khiển phun urea- SCR  Kết luận chung phƣơng hƣớng phát triển -2- CHƢƠNG KHÍ THẢI ĐỘNG CƠ... thải - Tính toán thiết kế thử nghiệm điều khiển phun urea cung cấp cho hệ thống xử lý xúc tác chọn lọc II Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu nghiên cứu lý thuyết Nghiên cứu giải pháp