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I vocal folds Apart Free passage vibrating voiceless : f Narrow passage voiced :v II Articulator : tongue & lips: a tongue : tip => blade=> front=> back b alveolar ridge=> hard palate( roof of mouth)=> velum ( soft palate): air can pass nose and mouth • alveolar ridge: shape with the tongue ve rai lo lu se w Articulation : the=d=m passage > larynx=> vocal tract > air es ca pe fr o m th e m no ou se th • • III Four stages of glottis Open for normal breathy + voiceless sound Close Narrow: when “h” is produced Tightly closed : đóng chặt lại ( cause vibration) ( glottal stop is produced) vo na or U L ph lar gl Voice sounds and voiceless sounds ca sa al opp ar yn ott Oral sounds and nasal sounds l ca er w xyn is (soft palate is raised) and ( soft palate is lower) tra ca vit (u er x: = A ct (nyvit tu > vo IV Criteria for consonant classification ( where , How, voicing) y ( m be vo ca l Places of articulation ( where) ip ov > lic bilabial, labiodentals, interdental (dental), alveolar, alveolar –palate ( post- alveolar), velar s ab elar co ( velum) = le) yn bo rd sx> uv = + ul > vo a) ba ca lck of co th rd se m ou th • Consonant sounds & voiceless sounds • B • Consonant sounds: blocking air partially or completely : through lung=> vocal tract Manner of articulation ( How) Articulators may close off the oral tract for a relatively long period; narrow the space considerably a Stop (no escape the mouth) a) Oral stop (non –nasal) ( plosives)( completely) ─ Soft palate raised =>nasal tract : blocked up+ air completely obstructed ─ Oral stop consonants air are “explodes”=> âm bật − Nasal stop /m/: bilabial nasal ; /n/, / ŋ/: velar nasal consonant b English fricative: blocking the air partially=> obstruction partially /f/ ,/v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, − Alveolar palatal fricative consonants : /s/, /z/ /t/ /dʒ/: post +alve c Approximants /l/, /r/, /v/, also translated as /j/ in RP & /w/ − Approaches a certain place of articulation as for fricatives, but it does not /r/ channeling air through the central part of the mouth − Approximants − /l labiodental: velar: bilabial-alveolar ridge palato retroflex alveolar: interdental=dental: palatal / each of the tongue => central approximant − /l/ lateral approximant b) The semi-vowels /j/ & /w/ : ½ bán nguyên âm The way they are produced (phonetically) : no observation Phonological : distribution in English word ‘không có hai phụ âm đứng gần nhau” Bilabial vds stops Labio-dental Dental Alveo-palatal Palatal ɡ vd fricatives affricates velar k vds f θ ʃ vd v ð ʒ vds tʃ vd dʒ Nasal Retroflex lateral ŋ Semi-vowels y d The glottal fricatives /h/ • Phonological/h/ is consonants & almost always found before vowels • Phonetically: − voiceless =>isolation − Before vowels=>partial voice − Voiceless vowel=> follow=> quality c) Definition : − Consonant : + blocking air; + obstruction − Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream oral cavity d) Characteristics: 1) oral : produced by mouth (velum is raised) 2) voiced : vibration of vocal cords together / closed/ trạng thái: freely air w Consonant: vocal cords closed 3) Syllabic : form a syllable Vowels is centre => at syllable + because it in isolation +consonant not form a syllable Vowels vs consonants • • • Open vowel= o Half-close=e Close vowel= i Tongue position ap li /se j/ qpr r/: m front high centre iː ɪ back uː ʊ o ui ixi vds om an w Tongue height mid e ts el ɔ s ɔː ʌ æ æ ɛ low æ ɛ ɪ/ ˌɔː ʊ eɔ ɪ/ ˌɔː spread ʊ e ɔ aː ɒ ɑː æ ɛ aː ɪ/ ˌɔː ʊ e ɔ aː round neutral Not close near=> approximants • /iː / tense=> long + spread vowel=> close front area • / ɪ/ • /e/ short, lax, front, mid • / æ/ short • /u:/ rounded, produced • /ʊ/ short, lax • /ə/: long neutral=> schwa => unstress Resonance vowels Quality For: mạnh : phonological: chung với /ɜː/ short vowels=> relatively short=> không xác cho tất trường hợp Lengt h Long vowels 1) Context: fortis consonants ( âm mạnh) Quality: tongue height , tongue position, lips rounding Short vowels +voice : yếu + voiceless: mạnh bet bed short long palatal 2) Present or absence of stress ‘record & re’cord c) Dithong: glide : trượt từ âm sang âm khác centre /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ closing /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ ending /ʊ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/ d) Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in the language which can distinguish two words - Have to contrast in the same environment - Minimal pair: when two words are identical in every way, except one segment ( phoneme) which is the same position D Major Class feature 1) Obstruents 2) Sonorous: nasal/approximant/vowels => không bị chặn ex: o; a => continuent • Phonetic => articulation • Phonology=> distribution a) Sibilants (hissing sound) huýt sáo lrti fl li paon in stw esgh reu es h a p e o f t h e m o u t h b) Syllabic + central part of syllable ; + vowel liquids (unstressed syllable; /l/;/r/) & nasals => syllabic consonants are not syllabic Allophones • never occur the same position • different forms of a phonemes obstruents: non- continuant (fully obstructed, orals, affricates) continuant ( partially obstructed, fricatives) sonorous: nasals, liquids, semi-vowels Vowels: continuant Sibilants: fricative creating hissing sounds + affricate allophones: different forms of a phoneme Nature of syllable onset (C) • • • • • - Centre (V) Coda - (C) pea Vowel (optionalk ) (C) => isolation obligatory Isolation sound: m/ s (silent ) (ask to) • (indicate agreement) Onset (C) : begin (V) Coda (not onset) : ( C) after ( V) Both onset + Coda: between ( C) Structures Onset ( zero onset) : begin vowel + 1C => C: any phoneme but ( n, ʒ rare) 2C or 3C => consonant cluster rise tongue height tongue height rise Square /skæ(r) / /skiːm/ /stjuː/ Coda : end; zero consonant => no consonant Final consonant : !C at end ( except h, r, w, j) Pre-initial ( m, n, ŋ, l, s) + final Final + post-final ( s, z, t, d, θ) types of 3C cluster Pre- + final + postFinal + post-1 + post-2 Rhyme : vần Phonemic transcription : no relationship Phonetic transcription : relationship with each other sounds: quality of the sound are more accurate b: voice but come first => devoice an assimilation rule ex: sink / sɪŋk/ nasalization ~ + nasal 1) V 2) Devoice a) C i vl + nasal approximant o b) C i vd Cvdf (stops/ fricatives/affricates) [ bæd] +Deletion /ə/ schwa o o Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid casual speech Delete a / ɡ/ => before final nasal stop /m/ or /n/ Ex: sign /saɪn/ vs signature /ˈsɪgnɪtʃə/ Delete a word-final /b/ => after an /m/ Comb /kəʊm/ bomb /bɒm/ Delete the middle consonant => complex consonant cluster esp a plosive ; Scripts / skrɪpts/ Aspiration rules : voice stop /p,t, k/ Word 1st : p : possible / ‘pʰ ɒsɪbl] Word-internally => stress syllable : appear Voiceless and stops => unaspirated Shorteness Unstressed * glottal stop :t,d => replace button Unstressed * Flap/tap /t/, /d/ , changing Alveolar oral stops => voiced flap [D] Stressed vowel -[ D] –unstressed vowel Neutralization Allophones of English phonemes Clear [l] : before law Dark [l] ; /u:/ after a vowel or before a consonant Devoice [l] no voicing start a stressed syllable After [p], [k] play Syllabic [l] stand as a peak of the syllable ex: cattle ɑː ʌ ə dʒ æ ɛ tr /ɪ/ ˌɔː aɪ ʊ e ɔ aː ɜː /p/, /t/, /k/ and /tʃ/ ([pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] iː uː] /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /l/ /b/ /p/ /k//θ/ /f//ð//ɡ//ʒ//n//h//m/ rnsli oep urs nte dra ad l