Trong công nghiệp, Piping là một hệ thống nhiều thành phần liên kết với nhau, bao gồm pipe, fitting, instruments ,bolts, gaskets, valves, supports… dùng để chuyển tải lưu chất từ điểm này tới điểm khác. Piping được chia thành 3 loại chính (theo Size): Ống có đường kính lớn (Large bore pipe): thường bao gồm ống có đường kính lớn hơn 2 inch. Ống có đường kính nhỏ (Small bore pipe): thường bao gồm ống có đường kính nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng 2 inch. Tubing bao gồm các ống có đường kính lên đến 4 inch nhưng có độ dày thành ống nhỏ hơn hai loại trên và được kết nối với các compression fittings (instruments). Hệ thống ống bao gồm: Pipe Fittings (e.g. elbows, reducers, branch connections, etc.) Flanges, gaskets, bolting Valves Pipe supports Instruments.
PIPING FUNDAMENTALS Stages of Pipeline Project • Conceptualization – Establish Requirement – Evaluate Alternatives – Finalize the Concept • Feasibility Study – – – – – Pipeline Route Study and Selection Hydraulic Studies and Optimization Establish Project Cost Project Implementation Scheme Environmental Impact Assessment & Risk Analysis Stages of Pipeline Project • Basic Engineering – Process Design and Sizing – Optimization Studies – Route Surveys and Investigations • Detailed Engineering – – – – – Engineering Design Basis Route Engineering and Engineering Analysis Specifications and Job Standards Engineering for Procurement Installation Engineering and Construction Procedures Piping Fundamentals PIPE and Piping ??? PIPING • Piping: pipe, fittings (đầu nối), flanges (bích), valves, bolts (bu lông), gaskets (đệm), bellows (ống xoắn) etc Selection of Piping Materials a) b) c) d) Resistance to stress Resistance to wear Design Life, maintenace, Resistance to corrosion etc ENGINEERING MATERIALS • • • • • (1) METALLIC (i) FERROUS (ii)NON-FERROUS (2) NON-METALLIC ORGANIC INORGANIC (i) (ii) FERROUS Carbon Steel Low Alloy Steels Stainless Steels NON-FERROUS ORGANIC Nickel Plastics Monel Thermo-Plastics Brasses Thermo-Setting (3)COMPOSITES INORGANIC Ceramics Graphite Glass Most commonly used materials in refineries are • Carbon Steel • This is the most common and cheapest material used in process plants Carbon steels are used in most general refinery applications It is routinely used for most organic chemicals and neutral or basic aqueous solutions at moderate temperatures Carbon steels are extensively used in temperature range of (-) 29OC to 427 OC Low Carbon steel (LTCS) can be used to a low temperature of (- 46) OC • Alloy Steels • Low Alloy Steels contain one or more alloying elements to improve mechanical or corrosion resisting properties of carbon steel Nickel increases toughness and improves low temperature properties & corrosion resistance Chromium and silicon improve hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and resistance to oxidation Molybdenum provides strength at elevated temperatures Some of the low alloy steels are listed below • Stainless Steels • They are heat & corrosion resistant, noncontaminating and easily fabricated into complex shapes There are three groups of Stainless steels, viz, Martensitic, Ferritic & Austenitic • • • • Various codes, symbols in piping design are: ASME - American society of mechanical engg API - American petroleum institute ANSI - American National Standards institute ASTM NUMBER A-53 A-106 A-333 A-335 A-335 A-335 A-335 A-312 A-312 A-312 A-312 A-333 TYPE Gr A,B Gr A,B Gr P1 P11 P5 P9 304 316 321 347 Gr MATERIAL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY STAINLESS STAINLESS STAINLESS STAINLESS NICKEL Q: 5.36x10-3 m3/s t: 16oC; 23,9oC; 46oC pH: 5.4 (H2SO4, Chromic) ʋ: 8.94x10-7m2/s A-J=7.84m; C-J=7.33m F-G=1.7m; H-J: 2.44m K=? K=??????? Section modulus Flanges, gasket and bolting Flanges: classes: 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 Step 1: max pressure, temp of operation process Step 2: refer the temp at the temp rating (above the max operating temp.) starting from 150 Step 3: Refer the press in the row of temp Step 4: optimize Gaskets: Class: 150 – 400: 28-43 times the working press Class: 600 – 2500: 28-43 times the working press Bolting ... Transfer Components and Building Services Piping • • • • B 31. 1 - 20 01 - Power Piping B 31. 2 - 19 68 - Fuel Gas Piping B 31. 3 - 2002 - Process Piping B 31. 4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for... Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines • B 31. 9 - 19 96 - Building Services Piping • B 31. 11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems • B31G - 19 91 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength... institute ASTM NUMBER A-53 A -1 0 6 A-333 A-335 A-335 A-335 A-335 A- 312 A- 312 A- 312 A- 312 A-333 TYPE Gr A,B Gr A,B Gr P1 P 11 P5 P9 304 316 3 21 347 Gr MATERIAL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL